Eddy J. Burks v. Louisiana, State of

In re: Eddy J. BURKS, Debtor.
Eddy J. Burks, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
Louisiana, State of, & Board of Regents, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 00-14650
Non-Argument Calendar.
United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
March 19, 2001.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama. (No. 885-CV-S-NE), c.
Lynwood Smith, Jr., Judge.
Before ANDERSON, Chief Judge, and BIRCH and BARKETT, Circuit Judges.
ANDERSON, Chief Judge:
This is an appeal from a district court order affirming a judgment entered by the United States
Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Alabama, holding that the obligation to repay certain stipends
received by Appellant Eddy Burks ("Burks") from Appellee, the State of Louisiana Board of Regents
("Board"), was not dischargeable in bankruptcy by operation of 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8). For the reasons stated
below, we affirm.
The facts of this case are not disputed. From 1982 to 1989, the Board had a "Graduate Fellowship
Program" through which eligible persons received educational stipends to obtain graduate-level degrees and,
in exchange, the recipients agreed to teach at "other-race" institutions of higher learning in Louisiana. Burks
received his graduate education at Louisiana Tech University. His education was financed by three annual
$10,000 stipends granted and administered by the Board in 1983, 1984, and 1985 as part of the Graduate
Fellowship Program. The agreements entered into between Burks and the Board stated in relevant part:
Recipient agrees that upon completion of [his] study under the Program and/or conferral of the
terminal degree [he] will be available to teach for a minimum of three years at a Louisiana public
institution of higher education at which [he] would be an other-race faculty member (i.e., a white
faculty member at a predominantly black institution or a black faculty member at a predominantly
white institution).
Recipient agrees to repay the stipends received in full plus legal interest from the date of receipt of
these funds until paid in full if [he] willfully fails to teach for the full three-year period either
following completion of [his] study under the Program or following attainment of the terminal
degree.
After obtaining his graduate degree, Burks failed to fulfill his teaching commitment and failed to
repay the stipends plus interest. On February 2, 1999, Burks filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 13. On
August 23, 1999, he instituted an adversary proceeding against the Board in order to determine whether his
obligation to the Board—which had grown to $98,167.42 due to the accumulation of interest—was
dischargeable. The Board filed a motion for summary judgment on January 6, 2000, and Burks filed a motion
for summary judgment on January 10, 2000. On February 2, 2000, the bankruptcy court awarded summary
judgment to the Board. Burks appealed to the United States District Court for the Northern District of
Alabama which affirmed the judgment of the bankruptcy court and held that Burks' obligation to the Board
was non-dischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8).
The sole issue on appeal is whether Burks' obligation to the Board is dischargeable in bankruptcy by
operation of 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8). Section 523(a)(8) of the Bankruptcy Code states:
(a) A discharge under section 727, 1141, 1228(a), 1228(b), or 1328(b) of this title does not discharge
an individual debtor from any debt ... (8) for an educational benefit overpayment or loan made,
insured or guaranteed by a governmental unit, or made under any program funded in whole or part
by a governmental unit or nonprofit institution, or for an obligation to repay funds received as an
educational benefit, scholarship or stipend, unless excepting such debt from discharge under this
paragraph will impose an undue hardship on the debtor and the debtor's dependents.
11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8).
There is no dispute that Burks received stipends, issued by the Board, a governmental unit, which
enabled him to attain his graduate degree. Burks also does not assert that excepting his debt from discharge
would impose an undue hardship. Rather, Burks argues that, because his stipends were made available not
only for the purpose of assisting Burks in obtaining his graduate-level education, but also for the purpose of
achieving diversity among instructors in Louisiana's universities, his stipends were not for an "educational
benefit" and thus are not excepted from the general discharge provisions of the Bankruptcy Code. We
disagree and hold that Burks' obligation incurred under the "Graduate Fellowship Program" was
non-dischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8).
Burks contends that the obligation to repay the monies he received from the Board is dischargeable,
because he did not receive an "educational benefit."1 However, numerous courts have held that loans such
as this one—where funds are loaned to students to assist them with their education in exchange for an
agreement to fulfill a service obligation or, in the alternative, to repay the amount received plus interest—are
nondischargeable. See U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Servs. v. Smith, 807 F.2d 122 (8th Cir.1986) (holding
1
Burks does not challenge the legality of the program, nor its wisdom as a policy matter.
that Smith's debt to Department of H.H.S. incurred as part of the Physician Shortage Area Scholarship
Program, whereby Smith received scholarship grants to finance his medical training in exchange for his
agreement to practice medicine in a designated physician shortage area or to repay the amount of the grants
plus interest, was non-dischargeable under § 523(a)(8)); In re Lipps, 79 B.R. 67 (Bankr.M.D.Fla.1987)
(concluding that four loans given to Lipps by Rural Kentucky Scholarship Fund for tuition and expenses
while Lipps was enrolled in medical school, in exchange for Lipps' agreement to practice medicine in rural
Kentucky or other designated area or to repay the loans if he failed to fulfill his service obligation was a
non-dischargeable educational loan under § 523(a)(8)); U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Servs. v. Brown,
59 B.R. 40 (Bankr.W.D.La.1986) (concluding that funds advanced under Public Health and National Health
Service Corps Scholarship Training Program to assist Brown with tuition and fees for medical school, in
exchange for Brown's agreement to serve as a member of the National Health Service Corps in a "critical
health manpower shortage area" for three years or to repay the amount received plus interest, was clearly for
educational purposes and non-dischargeable under § 523(a)(8)); U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Servs. v.
Vretis, 56 B.R. 156, 157 (Bankr.M.D.Fla.1985) (holding that funds given to Vretis as a stipend and for tuition
and fees as part of the Public Health and National Health Service Corps Scholarship Training Program in
exchange for his agreement to serve on active duty for at least two years as a member of the National Health
Services Corp in a designated manpower shortage area, or to repay the amount of the award plus interest, was
an educational loan within the meaning of § 523 and stating that "[t]he fact that the obligations under the
award could be discharged by either service or by payment does not change its initial character of being for
educational purposes"); U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Servs. v. Avila, 53 B.R. 933, 937
(Bankr.W.D.N.Y.1985) (concluding that awards given to Avila over period of three years as stipends and for
tuition and fee payments for medical school pursuant to Public Health Service Scholarship, in exchange for
Avila's agreement to repay the governmental agency either through service or direct repayment, constituted
a non-dischargeable educational loan under § 523(a)(8)).2
It is clear from the agreements entered into between Burks and the Board that Burks agreed to repay
2
Burks' attempt to distinguish these cases from his own on the basis that these cases involved
programs which sought to promote "health" rather than "diversity" fails to make any meaningful
distinction. To the extent that A.L. Lee Memorial Hosp. v. McFadyen, 192 B.R. 328(Bankr.N.D.N.Y.1995), on which Burks relies, suggests that educational benefits made available under a
program in exchange for an agreement by the recipient of the funds to provide services for a specified
time period is per se not "educational" in purpose, we disagree with any such suggestion.
the Board for the three loans he received to help finance his graduate education and that repayment thereof
was available either through serving as an instructor at an "other-race" institution, or through repayment of
the loans plus interest. These loans clearly fall within the ambit of non-dischargeable loans contemplated by
11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8).
Accordingly, we
AFFIRM.