United States v. Crystal S. Douglas

Case: 14-10439 Date Filed: 07/23/2014 Page: 1 of 5
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 14-10439
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 5:13-cr-00101-AKK-HGD-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
CRYSTAL S. DOUGLAS,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Alabama
________________________
(July 23, 2014)
Before MARCUS, WILSON and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Crystal Douglas appeals her conviction for knowingly making a false
statement on a loan application, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1014. On appeal,
Case: 14-10439 Date Filed: 07/23/2014 Page: 2 of 5
Douglas argues that the district court plainly erred by delivering an Allen 1 charge,
which she contends unduly coerced the jury into returning a split verdict finding
her guilty on one of the two charged counts. After careful review, we affirm.
Generally, we review the district court’s use of an Allen charge for abuse of
discretion, and will hold that a court abused its discretion only if the charge was
inherently coercive. See United States v. Woodard, 531 F.3d 1352, 1364 (11th Cir.
2008). Where a party does not object to the district court’s use of an Allen charge,
however, we will review a challenge to the charge on appeal only for plain error.
United States v. Taylor, 530 F.2d 49, 51 (5th Cir. 1976). 2 Under plain error
review, the defendant must show: (1) error; (2) that is plain; and (3) that affects
substantial rights. United States v. Rodriguez, 398 F.3d 1291, 1298 (11th Cir.
2005). We may then exercise our discretion to notice a forfeited error, but only if
“‘the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial
proceedings.’” Id. (citation omitted). “To determine whether an Allen charge is
plain error, we must evaluate whether the particular charge is coercive in light of
the facts and circumstances of the case and whether further instructions following
timely objection could correct the problem.” Taylor, 530 F.2d at 51. We have
held that, even if factors lead to the conclusion that the district court erred in giving
1
Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492 (1896).
2
In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir.1981) (en banc), we adopted as
binding precedent all Fifth Circuit decisions issued before October 1, 1981.
2
Case: 14-10439 Date Filed: 07/23/2014 Page: 3 of 5
an Allen charge, the error does not constitute plain error if further instructions by
the court could have cured the error. See id. at 52.
In giving an Allen charge, the district court “instructs a deadlocked jury to
undertake further efforts to reach a verdict.” United States v. Bush, 727 F.3d 1308,
1311 n.1 (11th Cir. 2013), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 967 (2014) (quotations omitted).
In considering whether an Allen charge was inherently coercive, we consider both
the language of the charge and the totality of the circumstances under which it was
delivered. Woodard, 531 F.3d at 1364.
We have noted our approval of the current pattern jury instruction for an
Allen charge, concluding that it is not, based on its language alone, inherently
coercive. Bush, 727 F.3d at 1320. However, because of the potential for coercion
inherent to an Allen charge, “close scrutiny is demanded of any modification of the
accepted language.” United States v. Alonso, 740 F.2d 862, 878 (11th Cir. 1984).
In assessing the propriety of a particular Allen charge, we look to whether “partial
or one-sided comments were engrafted” upon the instructions. See Posey v.
United States, 416 F.2d 545, 552 (5th Cir. 1969). Moreover, “[a]n instruction
which appears to give a jury no choice but to return a verdict is impermissibly
coercive.” United States v. Jones, 504 F.3d 1218, 1219 (11th Cir. 2007). On the
other hand, we have held that an Allen charge is not coercive where the district
court specifically states to the jury that no juror is expected to give up his or her
3
Case: 14-10439 Date Filed: 07/23/2014 Page: 4 of 5
honest belief regarding the evidence. United States v. Trujillo, 146 F.3d 838, 846-
47 (11th Cir. 1998).
In considering the totality of the circumstances, we consider, inter alia, the
amount of time between the delivery of the Allen charge and the return of the
jury’s verdict. Woodard, 531 F.3d at 1364. We have held that, even where the
window of time between the giving of the Allen charge and the return of the
verdict is relatively brief, such an occurrence does not necessarily render the
charge coercive. See, e.g., United States v. Chigbo, 38 F.3d 543, 545-46 (11th Cir.
1994) (holding that a 15-minute window between the Allen charge and the return
of the jury’s verdict did not demonstrate that the charge was coercive); United
States v. Scruggs, 583 F.2d 238, 241 (5th Cir. 1978) (48 minutes). We’ve also
held that the fact that the jury returned a split verdict does not establish that the
given Allen charge was coercive. United States v. Demarest, 570 F.3d 1232, 1243
(11th Cir. 2009).
Here, the district court did not commit any error, much less plain error, in
giving the Allen charge. As the record shows, the district court’s Allen charge was
nearly identical to the approved Eleventh Circuit pattern instruction, and it clearly
instructed the jurors that they were not to give up their honest beliefs as to the
evidence. See Trujillo, 146 F.3d at 846-47. Additionally, neither of the court’s
non-pattern comments that Douglas challenges on appeal demonstrate that the
4
Case: 14-10439 Date Filed: 07/23/2014 Page: 5 of 5
charge was unduly coercive. Specifically, Douglas challenges two of the court’s
given statements as coercive: (1) the court’s statement, made at the beginning of
the charge, that “I have read your latest note, and I’ve read all of your notes from
yesterday that gave me the same message as you gave me today with your last
note”; and (2) the court’s later statement, given at the end of the charge, providing
that “we will wait to hear from you before we call it a day.” Contrary to Douglas’s
attempts to label these comments by the district court as coercive, neither comment
was partial or one-sided, as neither would lead a reasonable juror to believe that
either the majority’s or minority’s views on the evidence were correct. See Posey,
416 F.2d at 552. Further, neither of the challenged comments expressed to the
jurors that they had no choice but to return a verdict. See Jones, 504 F.3d at 1219.
Finally, there is nothing in the record that indicates that the district court’s Allen
charge was unduly coercive under the totality of the circumstances.
AFFIRMED.
5