Rash v. Rash

Joseph J. RASH, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
Joann H. RASH, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 97-2531.
United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
April 30, 1999.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. (No. 96-1077-CIV-t-17B)
Elizabeth A. Kovachevich, Judge.,
Before BARKETT, Circuit Judge, and GODBOLD and GOODWIN*, Senior Circuit Judges.
GODBOLD, Senior Circuit Judge:
This case involves a dispute in federal court between a former husband and wife over the priority to
be accorded to two competing state court judgments entered in the courts of different states.
Both husband and wife had contacts with the states of Florida and New Jersey. On February 25, 1994
the husband sued for divorce in state court in Florida. On March 14 the wife was served with process under
Fla. Stat. Ann. § 48.193, which provides that, for persons maintaining a matrimonial domicile in the state,
Florida has personal jurisdiction with respect to a proceeding for alimony, child support, or division of
property in connection with an action to dissolve a marriage. The wife entered no appearance in the Florida
case.
On March 21, 1994 the wife sued for divorce in state court in New Jersey. The next day she filed
in the New Jersey court an emergency application asking that the husband be restrained from proceeding in
the Florida divorce action. The court set a "return" for March 29 and directed that the husband be given
notice.
*
Honorable Alfred T. Goodwin, Senior U.S. Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by designation.
On March 29, 1994 the husband filed a response, describing contacts that he and his wife had with
Florida and describing the filing of the Florida divorce action and service of process on his wife. The wife
filed a response, alleging that the parties' residence was New Jersey and denying Florida residence. The same
day, March 29, the court heard oral argument with counsel for both parties present and participating.
On March 31, 1994 the New Jersey court entered an order finding that the husband was subject to
the in personam jurisdiction of the New Jersey court and restraining him from proceeding in personam
against the wife in the Florida divorce action and from obtaining relief on any issues regarding distribution
of personal and real property, attorney fees, cost and suit money, or the parties' marital debts.
In the March 31 order the New Jersey court set the matter down for a plenary hearing on May 10,
1994, on whether the temporary injunction should be made permanent and for other relief. However, the
hearing was not conducted on May 10.
On July 8, despite the New Jersey injunction, the husband filed a motion for leave to proceed in
Florida, which the Florida court granted.
On October 21 the Florida court entered a "Final Judgment of Dissolution of Marriage." The husband
had appeared and submitted his testimony and other evidence. The wife had entered no appearance. The
court found that the husband had been a resident of Florida for six months next preceding the filing of his
petition and that the court had jurisdiction of the parties. It directed that real property in New Jersey should
be equally divided between husband and wife, that the husband should have sole ownership of his
Pennsylvania Retirement System pension, and declared that the wife have no form of alimony or support from
the husband. The court expressly retained jurisdiction for the purpose of enforcing all terms and provisions
of the final judgment.
On November 17, 1994 the wife asked the New Jersey court to direct that proceeds of a sale that had
been made of the New Jersey real estate be held in escrow and that the husband be held in contempt for
violating the injunctive order of March 31.
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On December 5, 1994 the New Jersey court ordered the real estate proceeds held in escrow.
On December 9, 1994 the New Jersey court conducted a hearing on the issue of jurisdiction. Both
parties were present with their counsel and testimony was taken.
On December 14 the New Jersey court entered an order finding that Florida had inappropriately
asserted in personam jurisdiction over the wife, that New Jersey had sole in personam jurisdiction over both
parties, and that it was the appropriate forum to resolve those issues relating to distribution of property and
support.
On December 19 the husband filed an answer and counterclaim in the New Jersey case.
On June 19, 1995 the New Jersey court entered a "Final Judgment of Divorce." It ruled that both
parties and counsel had appeared before it. It found that the wife had resided in New Jersey for more than
a year preceding the filing of the suit and that jurisdiction had been acquired over the husband. The court
divided New Jersey real property and a trailer located in Florida and held the wife was entitled to alimony
and half of the husband's social security payments and of his disability pension.
On March 18, 1996 the New Jersey court acting "pursuant to the terms of the Final Judgment of
Divorce" entered on June 19, 1995 directed fifty percent of the husband's pension to be distributed to the wife.
The husband brought this suit against the wife on May 31, 1996 in the United States District Court,
M.D. Florida, under the Federal Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201-02, alleging that the Florida
judgment dissolving the marriage and dividing property is valid, as opposed to the later New Jersey judgment
that also purported to dissolve the marriage and divide property.
The wife moved to dismiss this case. The district judge held that the federal court, as a court of
limited jurisdiction, did not have subject matter jurisdiction, on the ground that federal courts usually decline
review of domestic relation cases over which state courts traditionally have jurisdiction. Although the court
concluded that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction it also found that the Florida judgment was not entitled
to full faith and credit because the New Jersey court had found (at the temporary injunction stage in March
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1994) that Florida did not have personal jurisdiction over the wife. The court dismissed the case and the
husband appealed.
In our decision, Rash v. Rash, 147 F.3d 1291 (11th Cir.1998) this panel ruled with the wife and held
that Florida was required to give full faith and credit to the New Jersey order entered March 31, 1994. On
reconsideration we adhere to the view that the wife prevails but on a different ground, that Florida is required
to give full faith and credit to the New Jersey judgment entered June 19, 1995. We withdraw the prior
opinion and substitute this opinion in its place.
The husband filed a motion to file out of time a petition for rehearing/rehearing en banc. The panel
pointed out to counsel that a judgment need be given only the same credit, validity and effect that it had in
the state where it was pronounced and noted that the parties had not briefed New Jersey law on this issue.
Therefore, the panel called on the parties to file supplemental briefs on the issue of whether the New Jersey
order of March 31 was entitled to full faith and credit under the law of New Jersey. Supplemental briefs have
been filed. The panel has considered those briefs and reconsidered the case.
First, we look to the jurisdiction of the federal court to consider this case. Diversity jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1332 is subject to a judicially created exemption for domestic relations and probate cases.
But the exception is narrowly confined; it is not an absolute rule, but rather the question is whether the court
in its discretion should abstain. Kirby v. Mellenger, 830 F.2d 176, 179 (11th Cir.1987). The court should
abstain only when hearing the claim would require the court to delve into the parties' domestic affairs.
Ingram v. Hayes, 866 F.2d 368, 370 (11th Cir.1988). Primarily, this case is a dispute over assets—alimony,
rights to pension, and real property in New Jersey and Florida—and only secondarily of domestic differences.
It is not a dispute over a single decree but over which of two competing state decrees should be enforced.
Also it concerns the interests of two states and of their respective courts in protecting their judgments and
their constitutional entitlement to full faith and credit. It does not raise the types of concerns that justify
application of the domestic relations exception.
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District courts will enforce a divorce decree of a court of another state under the full faith and credit
clause. Williams v. North Carolina, 325 U.S. 226, 65 S.Ct. 1092, 89 L.Ed. 1577 (1945). The federal court
is open to consider claims that the courts of one state have not given the full faith and credit to the judgment
of a sister state that is required by Article IV, § 1 of the Constitution. The discharge of this duty does not
make the court a court of probate and divorce. Id. at 232-33, 65 S.Ct. 1092. Accordingly there is federal
jurisdiction over this proceeding.
We conclude that the March 31 order lacked the finality New Jersey requires of an order to entitle
it to full faith and credit. Whether action by a court possesses the necessary finality to be a final judgment
is determined by the local law of the state of rendition. Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 107
(1971). A judgment is not a final judgment if further judicial action by the rendering court is required to
resolve the matter litigated. Id. at cmt. a. A second court is free to refuse to honor a sister state judgment
insofar as the judgment remains subject to modification by the original court. Id. at cmt. c.
In Paramore v. Paramore, 32 N.J.Super. 491, 108 A.2d 455-458 (1954) the New Jersey court said:
In my judgment the faith and credit contemplated by the constitution and the laws only extends to
judgments or decrees, and has no reference whatsoever to process in the nature of an execution ...
The transcendent force given by the federal laws to the judicial proceedings of sister states is
confined to such judicial determinations as possess the quality of judgment; it does not extend to
proceedings in the nature of execution, or to orders merely ancillary to some special form of relief.
(citations omitted).
In Frank v. Frank, 7 N.J. 225, 81 A.2d 172 (1951) the New Jersey Supreme Court was faced with
whether full faith and credit would be given to a Florida decree. It held that the Florida decree was merely
an adjudication of contempt that could be modified, vacated or changed. It was, therefore, not a final
judgment entitled to enforcement under full faith and credit principles. Though addressing a Florida order
the case applied New Jersey's rule requiring finality pursuant to standards of the rendering state as a
prerequisite for full faith and credit.
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When we apply New Jersey law to the New Jersey order of May 31 it appears that New Jersey would
not extend full faith and credit to such an order. It was only an order pendente lite with the issue of
jurisdiction to be finally determined in a later plenary hearing. The effect of an interlocutory order on the
finality of a judgment depends on the law of the rendering state. Scoles and Hay, Conflict of Laws 963
(1992). Moreover, injunctions against litigation in sister states are said not to be entitled to full faith and
credit. Id. at 981.
We turn then to the consequences of the final judgment entered in New Jersey on June 19, 1995 and
the earlier Florida judgment of October 21, 1994. Where a party appears for the purpose of litigating the
question of jurisdiction, presents its case and is fully heard, he is thereafter concluded on the judgment of the
court to which he has submitted the matter. Baldwin v. Iowa State Traveling Men's Ass'n, 283 U.S. 522, 51
S.Ct. 517, 75 L.Ed. 1244 (1931). Baldwin presents the situation in which the court has proceeded to
judgment on the issue of jurisdiction. In the present case the only court that has addressed the issue of
jurisdiction with both parties present and participating is the New Jersey court. It determined the place of
jurisdiction as New Jersey.
The husband contends that the Florida judgment controls because it was first in time and that the
Florida court had in personam jurisdiction over the wife, pursuant to Fla. Stat. Ann. § 48.193(1)(e). That
argument is unavailing. The wife had not appeared in the Florida case and was in default. A defendant may
defeat subsequent enforcement of a default judgment in another forum by demonstrating that the judgment
issued from a court lacking personal jurisdiction even if the court entering the default determined that it had
personal jurisdiction over the defendant. Borg-Warner Acceptance Corp. v. Lovett & Tharpe, Inc., 734 F.2d
639, 640-41 (11th Cir.1984); Hazen Research, Inc. v. Omega Minerals, Inc., 497 F.2d 151, 154 (5th
Cir.1974); 18 Wright, Miller & Cooper Federal Practice and Procedure: Jurisdiction § 4430 (1981).
The wife was free to question in the New Jersey proceedings the determination by the Florida court
that it had personal jurisdiction over the parties. The New Jersey court, with both parties present and
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participating, was free to rule on the jurisdictional issue in its plenary hearing of December 9, 1994, and to
enter its order of December 14, 1994, and its final judgment of March 6, 1995. That judgment controls. New
Jersey is the only court with jurisdiction over both parties to have determined the issue of jurisdiction. That
judgment is entitled to full faith and credit. The purported final judgment entered in Florida is not entitled
to full faith and credit because a court with jurisdiction—New Jersey—has found that Florida lacked
jurisdiction. If the husband wished to question the judgment of the New Jersey court concerning jurisdiction
he could have done so in the courts of New Jersey where both parties were present and participating.
The previous opinion of this court is VACATED and this opinion substituted in its place. The
judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. The husband may, if he chooses, file a petition for
rehearing/rehearing en banc under the usual procedures of this court.
BARKETT, Circuit Judge, concurring:
I concur with the majority in its holding that the October 21, 1994 judgment of the Florida court is
not entitled to full faith and credit. This is not a case where both parties appeared to present their respective
positions in both jurisdictions. To the contrary, Ms. Rash never appeared by counsel or otherwise before the
Florida court, and instead continued to prosecute her claim in New Jersey. In contrast, Mr. Rash did appear
with counsel in New Jersey and participated fully in the case there. The New Jersey court's determination
of December 14, 1994 that the Florida court lacked personal jurisdiction over Ms. Rash was reached after a
hearing at which both parties were represented and were able to present their arguments. The New Jersey
court was thus the first court of competent jurisdiction to pass judgment in this case, and we are therefore
obliged to give its judgment, and not that of the Florida court, full faith and credit. Where a "defendant makes
no appearance and the judgment goes by default, the defendant may defeat subsequent enforcement in another
forum by demonstrating that the judgment issued from a court lacking personal jurisdiction." Hazen Research
Inc. v. Omega Minerals, Inc., 497 F.2d 151 (5th Cir.1974); see also Baldwin v. Iowa State Traveling Men's
Assoc., 283 U.S. 522, 525, 51 S.Ct. 517, 75 L.Ed. 1244 (1931) ("[The defendant] had the election not to
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appear at all. If, in the absence of appearance, the court had proceeded to judgment, and the present suit had
been brought thereon, respondent could have raised and tried out the issue in the present action, because it
would never have had its day in court with respect to jurisdiction.").
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