Dwayne Shepard v. Hallandale Beach Police Dept.

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
NOV 25, 2008
No. 07-11307 THOMAS K. KAHN
________________________ CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 06-60322-CV-WPD
DWAYNE SHEPARD,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
GEORGE DAVIS,
HALLANDALE BEACH POLICE DEPARTMENT,
THE CITY OF HALLANDALE BEACH,
Defendants-Appellees,
JASON BUDNICK,
Defendant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
_________________________
(November 25, 2008)
Before HULL, MARCUS and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
In this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 suit for unlawful arrest, Dwayne Shepard appeals
the district court’s order dismissing his amended complaint against Officer Jason
Budnick on the basis of qualified immunity. After oral argument and for the
reasons set forth more fully below, we REVERSE.
I. BACKGROUND
In both his complaint and his amended complaint, Shepard alleges that
around 9:30 p.m. on August 5, 2002, he and his wife were eating dinner in their
home when Officer George Davis and Officer Jason Budnick, of the City of
Hallandale Beach Police Department, knocked on their front door. Shepard arose
from the dining room table, went to the door, and asked, “Who’s there?” After
Officer Davis responded, “Hallandale Beach Police Department,” Shepard opened
the door, where he faced Officer Davis, who was standing alone, just outside of
Shepard’s residence at Shepard’s front door. Shepard asked, “May I help you?”
and Officer Davis replied, “We are here to arrest you[;] [y]ou are Dwayne Shepard
correct?” Shepard alleges that when he responded, “Yes I am Dwayne Shepard,”
Officer Budnick appeared and joined Officer Davis in the doorway. Shepard then
asked the officers, “Do you have a warrant?” Neither officer answered. Instead,
2
they entered through the front door, grabbed Shepard by the arm, and pushed him
into his living room and onto his sofa, which is about six feet from the front door.
The officers arrested him on the sofa.
Subsequently, Shepard was charged with lewd and lascivious conduct with a
child and contributing to the delinquency of a minor. After pleading no contest,
Shepard was sentenced to four years probation.1
On March 6, 2006, Shepard filed a pro se § 1983 complaint against Officer
Davis and Officer Budnick, alleging that they unlawfully arrested him, in violation
his constitutional rights, when they entered his home and arrested him without a
warrant or consent.2 On April 28, 2006, Shepard filed an amended complaint,
basically repeating the allegation in his original complaint. On September 7, 2006,
Officer Budnick moved to dismiss and provided supporting documents. Officer
Budnick argued that dismissal was appropriate because (1) the statute of
limitations had expired by the time he was served; (2) he was not timely served
1
Shepard violated his probation, however, and currently is serving a fifteen-year sentence
at the Moore Haven Correctional Facility in Moore Haven, Florida.
2
The district court construed Shepard’s complaint for damages as one against the officers
in their individual capacities. The district court ultimately dismissed Shepard’s § 1983 claim
based on a Miranda violation, as well as his claims against the City of Hallandale Beach and the
Hallandale Beach Police Department. Shepard does not challenge this order on appeal.
Despite several attempts by U.S. Marshals, service was never effectuated on Officer
Davis, who is no longer with the Hallandale Beach Police Department and could not be found at
any of the addresses Shepard provided to the court. On February 27, 2007, the district court
dismissed the suit against Officer Davis, without prejudice, for failure to timely serve process
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m). Shepard does not challenge this order on appeal.
3
with process; and (3) under Byrd v. State, 481 So. 2d 468 (Fla. 1985), and United
States v. Santana, 427 U.S. 38, 96 S. Ct. 2406 (1976), Shepard’s allegations clearly
indicated that he consented to the officers’ entry. On September 28, 2006, Shepard
filed a sixty-one page response opposing Officer Budnick’s motion, alleging that
he “remained standing inside of his home” at all material times before the officers
entered and arrested him. Because Shepard was pro se and his complaint and
amended complaint were verified and had supporting documentation, the
magistrate judge issued an order indicating that the motion to dismiss would be
treated as a motion for summary judgment under Rule 56.
In its report and recommendation, the magistrate judge examined Shepard’s
“unrefuted evidence” and found no hot pursuit nor any other form of exigent
circumstance to justify the officers’ warrantless entry into Shepard’s home, thereby
distinguishing this case from Santana. The magistrate judge also found that the
facts surrounding Shepard’s arrest distinguished this case from Byrd, where “the
arrestee Byrd opened the door, and stepped back, and did nothing in opposition,
thereby effectively inviting the officers to enter.” The magistrate judge
recommended that summary judgment be denied. Construing the evidence in
Shepard’s favor, the magistrate judge pointed out that Shepard’s evidence showed
as follows:
4
The plaintiff Shepard’s evidence, which is not refuted by
evidence from the defendant, is that although he knew
that the person at his door [Davis] was a police officer,
and that he had announced that his presence was for the
purpose of conducting an arrest, he [Shepard] after
opening the door had challenged the officers by
demanding that they tell him if they had an arrest
warrant, and they refused to answer. They then simply
burst through the door, grabbing him and forcefully
pushing him from the doorway into a sitting position on a
couch approximately six feet away.
[alterations in original.]
On December 28, 2006, after hearing objections and performing a de novo
review, the district court adopted the factual findings the magistrate judge made in
its report and recommendation. Noting that neither party addressed the issue of
qualified immunity, the court raised the issue sua sponte, but did not fully address
it. In its analysis, the district court first declined to decide whether a constitutional
violation occurred because the parties’ differing versions of the arrest left
“unresolved factual matters that need to be submitted to a jury.”
Despite not having concluded that a constitutional violation occurred, the
court proceeded to examine whether the law was clearly established in 2002 that a
warrantless entry and arrest “just inside” the arrestee’s home, without consent or
exigent circumstances, violated the Fourth Amendment. Citing our precedent in
Bashir v. Rockdale County, 445 F.3d 1323, 1331 (11th Cir. 2006), the district court
5
declared that “[c]learly, a reasonable law enforcement officer would have known in
2001 or 2002 that he could not enter a home and arrest a plaintiff without a
warrant, exigent circumstances or consent.”3
Nevertheless, the court concluded that it could not decide whether the law
was clearly established because case law from other circuits, as well as from the
Eastern District of Michigan and the Eastern District of New York, indicated “that
the law on doorway arrests was not sufficiently defined.” The court “question[ed]
whether, under even a possible factual scenario in this case, most favorable to
Shepard, Officer Budnick could have been aware of clearly established law
prohibiting this doorway arrest.” Consequently, the court determined that
supplemental briefing on the qualified immunity issues was necessary and gave the
parties until January 16, 2007 to file their briefs.
On January 22, 2007, without having received supplemental briefing, the
court dismissed Shepard’s amended complaint against Officer Budnick, concluding
that he was entitled to qualified immunity for the reasons set forth in the December
28th order. The next day, the court learned that Shepard had filed two motions, on
3
In Bashir, we denied qualified immunity for an officer in a § 1983 false arrest suit,
holding that, under Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 586, 100 S. Ct. 1371, 1380 (1980), the
law was clearly established that “[a] reasonable law enforcement officer . . . would have known
he could not enter the home and arrest Bashir without a warrant, exigent circumstances, or
consent.” 445 F.3d at 1331.
6
January 10th and January 16th, for an extension of time to respond. The court
granted the first motion and set a new deadline of February 13, 2007 for Shepard to
file his brief.4 On February 13, 2007, Shepard gave his responsive supplemental
briefs to prison officials to be mailed.5 On February 27, 2007, however, before
having received Shepard’s timely response, the district court entered an order
dismissing the claim against Officer Davis for failure to serve, denying all pending
motions, and closing Shepard’s case. Shepard filed a notice of appeal on March
13, 2007.6
On appeal, Shepard argues that Officer Budnick violated his “constitutional
4
After granting the first motion, the court denied the second motion as moot.
5
Pursuant to the prison mailbox rule, Shepard’s brief should be considered timely filed
despite the fact that it was not actually filed with the court until February 27, 2007. See Drew v.
Dep’t of Corr., 297 F.3d 1278, 1299 (11th Cir. 2002) (“A prisoner who [timely] delivers a
document to prison authorities gets the benefit of the prison mailbox rule.”).
6
After learning that Shepard had timely mailed supplemental briefs as requested, the
court entered an amended order and final judgment on April 24, 2007, again dismissing
Shepard’s claim against Officer Budnick. In this amended order, the court noted that Shepard’s
responses “add[ed] nothing factually to the sworn complaint except that Shepard was inside his
apartment and not at the threshold when Officer Budnick made his entry.” Yet, the district court
entered this amended order after it was stripped of jurisdiction by Shepard’s filing of a notice of
appeal. See United States v. Farmer, 923 F.2d 1557, 1565 (11th Cir. 1991) (“The filing of a
notice of appeal generally strips the district court of jurisdiction as to the matters appealed.”).
Shepard did not file an amended notice of appeal after the district court purported to
amend its order and, therefore, failed to properly perfect an appeal from the district court’s
amended order. For this reason, the district court’s amended order is outside the scope of this
appeal, and we decline to consider Shepard’s arguments on appeal relating to the amended order.
See Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(4)(B)(ii); Green v. Union Foundry Co., 281 F.3d 1229, 1233 (11th Cir.
2002) (declining to consider the district court’s ruling on Green’s second post-judgment motion
because Green failed to either amend his original notice of appeal or file a separate appeal).
7
right of expectancy of privacy” by crossing the threshold of his home without a
warrant, exigent circumstances, or consent. To that end, Shepard first argues that
the district court erred in finding that his arrest was a “threshold arrest” because he
was not at the threshold, but inside his home. Second, Shepard argues that Officer
Budnick has not disputed Shepard’s allegation that the officers grabbed his arm as
they crossed over the doorway into Shepard’s apartment, pushed him back six feet,
and arrested him in his living room. Third, Shepard asserts that exigent
circumstances do not justify the warrantless, nonconsenual entry because Officer
Budnick failed to show that there was insufficient time to secure a warrant.
Finally, Shepard contends that the law in 2002 was very clear, precise, and
well-established that, in the absence of exigent circumstances or consent, the police
were required to have a warrant before entering Shepard’s residence.7
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Although the magistrate judge treated the defendant’s motion to dismiss as a
7
Shepard also argues on appeal that qualified immunity is an affirmative defense that
Officer Budnick waived by not raising it in his motion to dismiss. Because Officer Budnick did
not assert the defense in his motion to dismiss, the district court should not have “injected the
issue of qualified immunity into the case” sua sponte. Moore v. Morgan, 922 F.2d 1553, 1558
(11th Cir. 1991) (citing Williams v. Life Savings and Loan, 802 F.2d 1200, 1202 (10th Cir.
1986)). We conclude, however, that the defense of qualified immunity has not been waived as
Budnick has yet to file an answer. See Skrtich v. Thornton, 280 F.3d 1295, 1306 (11th Cir.
2002). Furthermore, it is undisputed that Budnick does claim the defense of qualified immunity
and that both parties have adequately briefed the issue before this court. Accordingly, because
qualified immunity issues should be addressed at the earliest opportunity, we address the merits
of Officer Budnick’s qualified immunity defense.
8
motion for summary judgment, the district court treated it more like a motion to
dismiss and “dismissed” the case. Indeed, the defendant has never yet filed an
answer. Thus, we review the grant of a motion to dismiss on the basis of qualified
immunity de novo and construe the allegations in the amended complaint in the
light most favorable to the plaintiff. Long v. Slaton, 508 F.3d 576, 579 (11th Cir.
2006).
III. DISCUSSION
A. The Qualified Immunity Framework
Law enforcement officers are entitled to qualified immunity from actions
brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 so long as the alleged civil damages arose from
the officers’ discharge of their discretionary functions and their conduct “could
reasonably have been thought consistent with the rights they are alleged to have
violated.” Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 638, 107 S. Ct. 3034, 3038
(1987). Qualified immunity does not provide a mere defense to liability, but rather
a complete immunity from suit. Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 200–01, 121 S. Ct.
2151, 2156 (2001). This complete immunity from suit aims to reduce “the risk that
fear of personal monetary liability and harassing litigation will unduly inhibit
officials in the discharge of their duties.” Anderson, 483 U.S. at 638, 107 S. Ct. at
3038. Saucier instructs that qualified immunity is protected at the earliest stages of
9
litigation by granting summary judgment “[i]f the law did not put the officer on
notice that his conduct would be clearly unlawful.” 533 U.S. at 202, 121 S. Ct. at
2156–57 (emphasis added).
To claim qualified immunity, the officer first must show that he was acting
within his discretionary authority when the alleged violation occurred. Kessinger
v. Herrington, 381 F.3d 1243, 1248 (11th Cir. 2004). Once this is shown, “the
burden shifts to the plaintiff to show that the official is not entitled to qualified
immunity.” Skop v. City of Atlanta, 485 F.3d 1130, 1137 (11th Cir. 2007). To
avoid summary judgment on the basis of qualified immunity, the plaintiff must
show that “(1) the defendant violated a constitutional right, and (2) this right was
clearly established at the time of the alleged violation.” Holloman ex rel.
Holloman v. Harland, 370 F.3d 1252, 1264 (11th Cir. 2004). These two inquiries
must be followed in this order “to set forth principles which will become the basis
for a [future] holding that a right is clearly established.” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S.
372, 372, 127 S. Ct. 1769, 1774 (2007) (alteration in original) (quotation marks
omitted).
B. Officer Budnick’s Burden
The district court did not err in concluding that Officer Budnick was acting
within his discretionary authority. Shepard’s suit arises out of Officer Budnick’s
10
decision to arrest Shepard for lewd or lascivious conduct and contributing to child
delinquency after the victim gave Officer Budnick a taped, sworn statement
outlining the factual bases for the offenses.
C. Shepard’s Burden
Because Officer Budnick was acting within his discretionary authority, the
burden shifts to Shepard to show (1) that Officer Budnick violated a constitutional
right and (2) that right was clearly established at the time of the alleged violation.
1. Unlawful Arrest: Constitutional Violation
Shepard’s amended complaint raises a Fourth Amendment violation in
alleging that Officer Budnick violated his constitutional right to privacy by
entering his home without a warrant, consent, or exigent circumstances and
arresting him six feet inside his living room. Citing Byrd, Officer Budnick argued
before the district court that by voluntarily opening the door to the officers’ knock
and announcement and not making an objection, Shepard consented to his entry.
481 So. 2d 468. On appeal, Officer Budnick does not address whether his actions
amounted to a constitutional violation, but rather argues that, “even assuming the
facts as alleged by Plaintiff-Shepard are true, he has failed to show that the law was
clearly established that a doorway arrest was unlawful in 2002.” However, under
Scott v. Harris, we first must address whether a constitutional violation occurred
11
here. 550 U.S. at 372, 127 S. Ct. at 1774.
The Fourth Amendment establishes “[t]he right of the people to be secure in
their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and
seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. “An arrest is quintessentially a seizure of the
person, and therefore subject to the Fourth Amendment’s reasonableness
requirement.” McClish v. Nugent, 483 F.3d 1231, 1238 (11th Cir. 2007). It is a
“‘basic principle of Fourth Amendment law’ that searches and seizures inside a
home without a warrant are presumptively unreasonable.” Payton v. New York,
445 U.S. 573, 586, 100 S. Ct. 1371, 1380 (1980). “This basic principle is founded
on ‘the very core’ of the Fourth Amendment: the right of a man to retreat into his
own home and there be free from unreasonable governmental intrusion.” Bashir,
445 F.3d at 1327 (quotation marks omitted).
Although the Fourth Amendment shields one’s home from unwanted and
warrantless intrusions by law enforcement officers, “the ultimate touchstone of the
Fourth Amendment is ‘reasonableness,’ [and thus,] the warrant requirement is
subject to certain exceptions.” Brigham City, Utah v. Stuart, 547 U.S. 398, 403,
126 S. Ct. 1943, 1947 (2006). A warrantless search made pursuant to consent is
one “specifically established and well-delineated” exception. Katz v. United
States, 389 U.S. 347, 357, 88 S. Ct. 507, 514 (1967). When the consent exception
12
is invoked, “an officer who conducts a warrantless search or seizure inside the
home bears the burden of proving that his conduct was justified.” McClish, 483
F.3d at 1241. For the consent exception to the warrant requirement to apply, the
consent must be voluntary, or, as we have stated, “‘the product of an essentially
free and unconstrained choice.’” United States v. Gonzalez, 71 F.3d 819, 829
(11th Cir. 1996) (quoting United States v. Garcia, 890 F.2d 355, 360 (11th Cir.
1989)).
We also have addressed the issue of implied consent. We have consistently
stated that “‘whatever relevance the implied consent doctrine may have in other
contexts, it is inappropriate to sanction entry into the home based upon inferred
consent.’” McClish, 483 F.3d at 1241 (quoting Gonzalez, 71 F.3d at 830).
Moreover, we have determined that a defendant’s act of opening his door, stepping
back, and placing his hands behind his head did not amount to implied consent to
be arrested. United States v. Edmondson, 791 F.2d 1512, 1515 (11th Cir. 1986).
Construing the factual allegations in the light most favorable to Shepard, the
record shows that Shepard opened the door in response to the officers’ knock and
announcement, asked, “May I help you?”, to which Officer Davis replied, “We are
here to arrest you[;] [y]ou are Dwayne Shepard correct?” After confirming his
identity, Shepard asked the officers for a warrant. According to Shepard’s
13
amended complaint, the officers then entered through the front door, grabbed
Shepard by the arm, and pushed him about six feet into the living room. Nothing
in Shepard’s amended complaint places him in the threshold or inside the doorway.
Rather, Shepard alleges the officers came through the door and pushed him six feet
back into the living room and onto his sofa. The officers arrested Shepard on the
sofa. Shepard’s response to the motion to dismiss adds that he “remained standing
inside of his home” at all material times. However, even ignoring that response,
the amended complaint itself does not place Shepard in the threshold or inside the
doorway.
Accordingly, construing the facts in the light most favorable to Shepard,
Officer Budnick did not have Shepard’s consent, either express or implied, to enter
the home and arrest him in his living room, six feet within his home. Although one
may voluntarily surrender to the police at the door, the facts alleged here show that
Shepard neither surrendered to the police nor had an opportunity to do so. See
McClish, 483 F.3d at 1241. Consequently, Officer Budnick violated Shepard’s
constitutional rights under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments.8 We now
examine whether those rights were clearly established on August 5, 2002, the date
the arrest occurred.
8
Officer Budnick does not argue that exigent circumstances justified his warrantless entry
and arrest, and we find none from our review of the record as of this juncture.
14
2. Unlawful Arrest: Clearly Established Law
A constitutional right is “clearly established” when the “contours of the right
[are] sufficiently clear [such] that a reasonable officer would understand that what
he is doing violates that right.” Creighton, 483 U.S. at 640, 107 S. Ct. at 3039. To
avoid having his suit barred by qualified immunity, a plaintiff need not show that
the officer’s conduct specifically has been held unlawful, but rather that “in the
light of pre-existing law the unlawfulness [was] apparent.” Id. As the Supreme
Court has explained, “general statements of the law are not inherently incapable of
giving fair and clear warning, and in other instances a general constitutional rule
already identified in the decisional law may apply with obvious clarity to the
specific conduct in question.” Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 741, 122 S. Ct. 2508,
2516 (2002). In our qualified immunity analysis, “decisions of the United States
Supreme Court, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, and
the highest court of the pertinent state (here, the Supreme Court of Florida) can
clearly establish the law.” McClish, 483 F.3d at 1237; see also Marsh v. Butler
County, 268 F.3d 1014, 1032, n.10 (11th Cir. 2001) (en banc).
Officer Budnick concedes that a warrantless arrest inside a home violates
Payton, but argues that under New York v. Harris, 495 U.S. 14, 110 S. Ct. 1640
(1990), “the arrest at a doorway may not.” Relying also on Byrd, 481 So. 2d 468,
15
and Santana, 427 U.S. 38, 96 S. Ct. 2406, Officer Budnick argues that in 2002 the
law was not clearly established that a doorway arrest would have been unlawful.
In Santana, a plurality of the Supreme Court held that an arrest set in motion
in a public place is proper even if the arrest ultimately is made in the home.
Undercover officers who had arrested one suspect involved in a drug-sting
operation went to Santana’s home after the arrested suspect informed them that
“Mom Santana” had the marked bills. Santana, 427 U.S. at 40, 96 S. Ct. at 2408.
As the officers pulled up to the house, they saw Santana—who was holding a
brown paper bag—already standing in the doorway, so that “one step forward
would have put her outside, one step backward would have put her in the vestibule
of her residence.” Id. at 40 n.1, 96 S. Ct. at 2408 n.1. After the officers pulled up
to within 15 feet of Santana, got out of the van, and began approaching her,
Santana retreated into the vestibule. Id. at 40, 96 S. Ct. at 2408. Under these facts,
a plurality of the Supreme Court held that “a suspect may not defeat an arrest
which has been set in motion in a public place, and is therefore proper under
Watson [involving a warrantless arrest in a restaurant], by the expedient of
escaping to a private place.” Santana, 427 U.S. at 43, 96 S. Ct. at 2410 (emphasis
added). In so holding, the plurality reasoned that, armed with probable cause, an
officer could effectuate the kind of warrantless, public arrest approved in United
16
States v. Watson, 423 U.S. 411, 96 S. Ct. 820 (1976), and that a suspect could not
“thwart an otherwise proper arrest” by retreating into her home. Santana, 427 U.S.
at 42, 96 S. Ct. at 2409.9
Four years after Santana, the Supreme Court held that in the absence of
consent or exigent circumstances, the warrantless search or seizure of a suspect in
his home violates the Fourth Amendment. Payton, 445 U.S. at 590, 603, 100 S. Ct.
at 1382, 1388. The Supreme Court specifically rejected the government’s
argument that Watson’s rationale applied to justify warrantless arrests effectuated
in one’s home because “neither history nor this Nation’s experience requires us to
disregard the overriding respect for the sanctity of the home that has been
embedded in our traditions since the origins of the Republic.” Id. at 601, 100 S.
Ct. at 1387–88. In so holding, the Supreme Court stated that “[i]n terms that apply
equally to seizures of property and to seizures of persons, the Fourth Amendment
has drawn a firm line at the entrance to the house.” Id. at 590, 100 S. Ct. at 1382.
As the Payton Court explained, an officer must have an arrest warrant before
demanding that a suspect open his door and allow the officer’s entry.
If there is sufficient evidence of a citizen’s participation
9
In Watson, the Supreme Court approved the warrantless arrest of a defendant as
reasonable under the Fourth Amendment where officers, who had probable cause based on
reliable information from an informant, arrested Watson in a restaurant and removed him to the
street. 423 U.S. at 412–13, 424, 96 S. Ct. at 822, 828.
17
in a felony to persuade a judicial officer that his arrest is
justified, it is constitutionally reasonable to require him
to open his doors to the officers of the law. Thus, for
Fourth Amendment purposes, an arrest warrant founded
on probable cause implicitly carries with it the limited
authority to enter a dwelling in which the suspect lives
when there is reason to believe the suspect is within.
Id. at 602–603, 100 S. Ct. at 1388 (emphasis added).
In Harris, decided ten years after Payton, the Supreme Court made clear that
a warrantless arrest of a suspect inside his home violates the Fourth Amendment
unless exigent circumstances are present or the suspect consents. The Supreme
Court was addressing whether the exclusionary rule required the suppression of
statements made at the police station after an in-home warrantless arrest. Harris,
495 U.S. at 16, 110 S. Ct. at 1642. In that case, police officers with probable cause
to believe that Harris committed a murder went to Harris’s home, knocked on the
door, and displayed their guns and badges; Harris allowed them to enter. Id. at
15–16, 110 S. Ct. at 1642. Accepting the New York Court of Appeals’s conclusion
that Harris did not consent to the officers’ entry, the Supreme Court stated, “[i]t is
also evident, in light of Payton, that arresting Harris in his home without an arrest
warrant violated the Fourth Amendment.” Harris, 495 U.S. at 17, 110 S. Ct. at
1642.
Byrd, decided by the Supreme Court of Florida in 1985, held merely that a
18
person could be arrested at the threshold of his residence if he so consented. Byrd,
481 So. 2d at 472. In Byrd, the court addressed whether statements obtained after
the defendant’s warrantless home-arrest should have been suppressed in his
subsequent criminal trial. Id. On the question of whether a Fourth Amendment
violation occurred, the Supreme Court of Florida found the entry lawful under
Payton by holding that “the arrest of appellant at the threshold of his residence was
the result of a consensual entry.” Id. In the court’s view, without any evidence of
the officers’ deception or forced entry, “the appellant consented to the law
enforcement officers’ entry into the threshold area by voluntarily opening the door,
stepping back, and standing in the threshold after knowing who was present.” Id.
One year after Byrd, we rejected the government’s similar argument that
“because Edmondson went to the door to open it after the FBI agent ordered him to
do so, stepped back, and placed his hands on his head, his actions amounted to an
implied consent to be arrested.” Edmondson, 791 F.2d at 1515. Under the same
circumstances presented in Byrd, we held that “[a] suspect does not consent to
being arrested within his residence when his consent to the entry into his residence
is prompted by a show of official authority.” Id. Furthermore, only two months
before the events at issue in this case, the Supreme Court reaffirmed the central
rule from Payton, reiterating that the “firm line at the entrance to the house . . . may
19
not reasonably be crossed without a warrant.” Kirk v. Louisiana, 536 U.S. 635,
638, 122 S. Ct. 2458, 2459 (2002).
In the context of warrantless searches of a home, we have concluded that
meaningful consent cannot be derived from the mere failure to object to a search,
and that “whatever relevance the implied consent doctrine may have in other
contexts, it is inappropriate to ‘sanction[ ] entry into the home based upon inferred
consent.’” Gonzales, 71 F.3d at 829 (quoting United States v. Shaibu, 920 F.2d
1423, 1426 (9th Cir.1990)).
Here, Shepard opened the door and asked the officers, “May I help you?”
and “Do you have a warrant?” Construing the amended complaint in Shepard’s
favor, the officers in this case ignored Shepard’s questions, entered through the
front door, grabbed Shepard’s arm and pushed him six feet in his living room and
onto the sofa, where they arrested him. In essence, the officers not only failed to
acquire a warrant or obtain consent before going to Shepard’s house, but also
forced their entry into his home. Shepard’s questions about the warrant, if
anything, showed a lack of implied consent.
Considering the above precedents, on August 5, 2002, the preexisting case
law from the Supreme Court, this circuit, and the Supreme Court of Florida clearly
established that (1) in the absence of consent or exigent circumstances, a
20
warrantless arrest made within a suspect’s home is unreasonable under the Fourth
Amendment; and (2) a person does not consent to being pushed back into his home
and arrested in his living room by merely opening the front door in response to a
knock and announcement by law enforcement officers, especially when that person
immediately asks if the officers have a warrant. Applying this clearly-established
law to the facts of this case, a reasonable officer would have had “fair and clear
warning” that he could not go to a suspect’s home, knock on his front door, wait
for him to answer, and without hearing anything else besides, “May I help you . . .
I am Dwayne Shepard,” or “Do you have a warrant,” grab the suspect’s arm, push
him six feet into his living room, and arrest him on his couch, all without a
warrant of any kind. At this juncture, there is nothing in Shepard’s amended
complaint that places him in the threshold or inside the doorway. Simply put,
Shepard’s arrest was not a “threshold” arrest. Accordingly, because Officer
Budnick violated Shepard’s clearly-established Fourth Amendment rights by
arresting Shepard in his home without a warrant, consent, or exigent
circumstances, we find that he is not entitled to qualified immunity on Shepard’s
unlawful arrest claim.
Finally, our holding in McClish v. Nugent, 483 F.3d 1231 (11th Cir. 2007),
does not support Officer Budnick’s argument that the law as to arrests within the
21
home was not clearly established in August 2002. In McClish, we held that an
officer who grabbed a suspect from within his home but pulled the suspect out of
his home before making the arrest was entitled to qualified immunity. Id. at 1233.
We recognized that a constitutional violation occurred during the non-consensual
arrest,10 reemphasizing the language from Payton that the “Fourth Amendment has
drawn a firm line at the entrance to the house.” Id. at 1240 (quotation marks
omitted). Nonetheless, “we ha[d] no basis upon which to conclude that a
reasonable law enforcement officer fairly would have known that the arrest alleged
by McClish, within the house yet within reach of an officer standing outside, was
unlawful.” Id. at 1249. We therefore concluded that the illegality of McClish’s
arrest was not clearly established at the time of the arrest.
This case is entirely different from McClish. According to Shepard, he was
arrested six feet inside of his house. McClish, on the other hand, was pulled
outside of his house, where he then was arrested. Id. at 1233. As the
aforementioned cases make clear, and McClish reaffirmed, at the time of Shepard’s
arrest, the law was clearly established that a warrantless arrest could not be made
within the home absent consent or exigent circumstances. Officer Budnick had fair
10
Notably, in determining that McClish did not consent to the arrest, we held, “McClish
did not completely surrender or forfeit every reasonable expectation of privacy when he opened
the door, including, most notably, the right to be secure within his home from a warrantless
arrest.” McClish, 483 F.3d at 1247.
22
warning that his conduct violated the Fourth Amendment, and he therefore is not
entitled to qualified immunity.
IV. CONCLUSION
We reaffirm that the warrantless arrest of a person in his home, with neither
consent nor exigent circumstances, violates the Fourth Amendment. We repeat
what we held in Edmondson, that is, a person does not consent to a warrantless
arrest in his home merely by opening the door in response to the demands of law
enforcement officers. Construing the facts, as we must, in the light most favorable
to Shepard, Officer Budnick violated Shepard’s Fourth Amendment rights by
entering his home without a warrant, pushing Shepard six feet further into his
living room, and arresting him on his couch without a warrant. A reasonable
officer would have had fair and clear notice that such actions were objectively
unreasonable on August 5, 2002. For these reasons, we conclude that the district
court erred in granting Officer Budnick’s motion to dismiss based on qualified
immunity from Shepard’s § 1983 suit.
REVERSED.
23