United States v. Marvin Leigh Madkins

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________ FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
No. 09-15583 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
JULY 30, 2010
Non-Argument Calendar
JOHN LEY
________________________
CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 08-00343-CR-J-34-MCR
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
MARVIN LEIGH MADKINS,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
_________________________
(July 30, 2010)
Before CARNES, BARKETT and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Marvin Madkins appeals his sentences following his convictions for two
counts of recruiting, enticing, and transporting a minor, while knowing that force,
fraud, and coercion would be used to cause that minor to engage in a commercial
sex act, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1591, and knowingly transporting minors from
Norfolk, Virginia to Jacksonville, Florida with the intent that they engage in
prostitution, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2423(a). On appeal, Madkins raises two
issues related to his Guideline calculations: (1) the district court erred in applying a
two-level enhancement for unduly influencing a minor to engage in prohibited
sexual conduct, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3(b)(2)(B), and (2) the district court
plainly erred in applying a two-level enhancement for using a computer to entice,
encourage, or solicit persons to engage in prohibited sexual conduct with minors,
pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3(b)(3)(B). After review, we affirm.
I.
Madkins argues that while he influenced A.L. and M.M., an examination of
the relevant factors, including (1) increased knowledge, (2) persuasive power, or
(3) superior resources, reveals that he did not unduly influence A.L. and M.M.
We review de novo a district court’s application of the guidelines to the facts and
review all factual findings for clear error. United States v. Root, 296 F.3d 1222,
1232 n.18 (11th Cir. 2002).
The Guidelines provide a two-level sentence enhancement if “a participant
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. . . unduly influenced a minor to engage in prohibited sexual conduct . . .”
U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3(b)(2)(B). “In determining whether subsection (b)(2)(B) applies,
the court should closely consider the facts of the case to determine whether a
participant’s influence over the minor compromised the voluntariness of the
minor’s behavior.” U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3, comment. (n.3(B)); see also United States v.
Vance, 494 F.3d 985, 996 (11th Cir. 2007) (explaining that the focus is on the
defendant’s intent, not whether the victim is real or fictitious). Application Note
3(B) further provides that, where a participant is at least ten years older than the
minor, there is a rebuttable presumption of undue influence. U.S.S.G.
§ 2G1.3(b)(2), comment. (n.3(B)). In determining whether the defendant’s
conduct constituted undue influence, the court “may look to a variety of factors,
including whether it displays an abuse of superior knowledge, influence and
resources.” Root, 296 F.3d at 1234.
We find no error in the application of a two-level enhancement for unduly
influencing a minor to engage in prohibited sexual conduct. Madkins presented no
evidence to rebut the presumption of undue influence arising from the over ten-
year age difference between himself and A.L. and M.M., arguing only that the girls
chose to engage in prostitution for pecuniary gain. Moreover, the presumption was
amply supported by the evidence.
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II.
Madkins also argues that the district court plainly erred in applying a two-
level increase for using Craig’s List to advertise the minor girls for prostitution,
pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3(b)(3)(B), arguing that the Guidelines commentary
states that this enhancement applies only where the computer is used to
communicate directly with a minor or a person who exercises custody, care, or
supervisory control of the minor. Madkins contends that nothing in the record
shows that a computer was used to communicate directly with A.L. or M.M. He
argues that this error affected his substantial rights because it caused his advisory
guideline range to increase from 360 months to life to simply life imprisonment.
Because the district court varied his sentence downward from life to 50 years
imprisonment, Madkins asserts that there is a reasonable probability that with the
correct guideline range, the court would have sentenced him below fifty years’
imprisonment.
Because Madkins challenges this enhancement for the first time on appeal,
we review for plain error only. See United States v. Vance, 494 F.3d 985, 993
(11th Cir. 2007). “Plain error exists only where (1) there is an error; (2) the error is
plain; (3) the error affects the defendant’s substantial rights in that it was
prejudicial and not harmless; and (4) the error seriously affects the fairness,
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integrity or public reputation of a judicial proceeding.” Id. In the context of a
sentencing error and advisory Guidelines, the defendant cannot show that his
substantial rights were affected if the impact of the error on the court’s ultimate
sentence is so uncertain and indeterminate as to be considered speculative. United
States v. Rodriguez, 398 F.3d 1291, 1301 (11th Cir. 2005).
Pursuant to U.S.S.G. §2G1.3(b)(3)(B), a district court must apply a
two-level increase to a defendant’s offense level “[i]f the offense involved the use
of a computer or an interactive computer service to . . . entice, encourage, offer, or
solicit a person to engage in prohibited sexual conduct with the minor.”
Application Note 4 to § 2G1.3 explains that “[s]ubsection (b)(3) is intended to
apply only to the use of a computer or an interactive computer service to
communicate directly with a minor or with a person who exercises custody, care,
or supervisory control of the minor.” U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3, comment. (n.4).
Guidelines commentary that interprets or explains a guideline is authoritative
unless it violates the Constitution or a federal statute, or is inconsistent with, or a
plainly erroneous reading of, that guideline. Stinson v. United States, 508 U.S. 36,
45, 113 S.Ct. 1913, 1919, 123 L.Ed.2d 598 (1993). We have applied this two-level
enhancement where the defendant communicated with a “father,” who was a police
officer, about having sex with the father’s thirteen-year-old daughter. United
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States v. Murrell, 368 F.3d 1283, 1284, 1289-90 (11th Cir. 2004); see also Vance,
494 F.3d at 997 (applying the enhancement where defendant communicated with
an undercover officer whom he believed exercised supervisory control over minor
girls).
Here, the district court arguably erred in applying this two-level
enhancement. Madkins placed ads on Craig’s List for A.L. and M.M.’s services,
but nothing in the record suggests, as the commentary requires, that Madkins used
a computer or interactive computer service to communicate directly with A.L. and
M.M. or with a person who exercised care or custody of them.
Although a persuasive case has been made that the commentary is at odds
with the plain language of this enhancement, we need not decide whether the
commentary is inconsistent with or a plainly erroneous reading of the guideline, for
the case can be decided on a narrower ground. Madkins has not shown that this
error affected his substantial rights. Nothing in the record suggests that the district
court would have imposed a different sentence absent this enhancement. At most,
the impact of any revision to Madkins’s guideline range is speculative, and Madkin
cannot carry his burden to show prejudice or a miscarriage of justice. See
Rodriguez, 398 F.3d at 1301.
The district court was adamant that Madkins deserved a life sentence, which
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it believed a 50-year sentence for a 29-year-old individual accomplished. The
court stated that Madkins’s “individual history and characteristics don’t do
anything to warrant anything less than a life sentence. Everything about this
offense . . . suggests that you should have abandoned any right to live in freedom
in a civilized society.” Moreover, even without this enhancement, the district court
still could have imposed the same sentence and remained within an advisory range
of 360 months to life in prison. Because Madkins has not shown that this error
affected his substantial rights, we affirm his sentences.
AFFIRMED.
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