Amerisure Mutual Insurance Company v. Amelia Island Company

[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED
________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 10-10960 MARCH 15, 2012
________________________ JOHN LEY
CLERK
D.C. Docket No. 3:08-cv-00645-TJC-TEM
AMERISURE MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY,
a foreign corporation,
AMERISURE INSURANCE COMPANY,
a foreign corporation,
Plaintiffs - Appellees,
versus
AUCHTER COMPANY,
a Florida corporation,
Defendant,
AMELIA ISLAND COMPANY,
a Florida corporation,
Defendant - Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
________________________
(March 15, 2012)
Before TJOFLAT, CARNES and HILL, Circuit Judges.
TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge:
This insurance coverage dispute requires us to determine, under Florida law,
what constitutes “property damage” under a post-1986 standard form commercial
general liability (“CGL”) policy with products-completed operations hazard
(“PCOH”) coverage. Specifically, we must decide whether such a policy issued to
a general contractor provides coverage when a claim is made against the
contractor for damage to the part of the completed project performed by a
subcontractor, but not to any other project component, caused by a subcontractor’s
defective work.
The district court, ruling on cross-motions for summary judgment, held that
the damage at issue was not covered under the policy, granted the insurer’s
motion, and entered a declaratory judgment for the insurer.1 The insurer’s
adversary now appeals. In light of Florida precedent addressing the scope of
similar CGL policies, we conclude that the policy provides no coverage in this
case. We therefore affirm the district court.2
1
The district court exercised its diversity jurisdiction over the controversy pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 1332.
2
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Am. Bankers Ins.
Grp. v. United States, 408 F.3d 1328, 1331 (11th Cir. 2005). We have jurisdiction over the
appeal of the district court’s final judgment under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. As all parties have
2
I.
A.
1.
On April 17, 1997, the Amelia Island Company (“Amelia”) entered into a
contract with the Auchter Company (“Auchter”), a general contractor, for the
construction of an inn and conference center (the “Inn”) on Amelia’s property in
Nassau County, Florida.3 Auchter entered into a subcontract agreement with
Register Contracting Company (“Register”) to install the Inn’s roof. Amelia did
not require Auchter to obtain a performance bond to cover Auchter’s contractual
obligations.
The Inn would be constructed with a barrel tile roof. This roof was made
from concrete, S-shaped tiles installed in an interlocking fashion and in
overlapping rows. The tiles were to be installed by screwing them to the roofing
substrate, which provides the roof’s water resistance. Each tile contains two screw
holes and the installer must fasten one screw through each hole to prevent
pivoting. Moreover, each screw must be fastened at a precise tightness: if the
acknowledged, Florida law governs this dispute.
3
Along with the inn and conference center, the $26,572,363.49 standard form
construction contract that Amelia and Auchter executed provided for the construction of various
additional buildings on Amelia’s property. These other buildings are not relevant to this case.
3
screw is too tight, the tile will crack; too loose and the tile can be unfastened or
cracked by the upward force of the wind. The specific requirements of installation
were to be according to the Florida Building Code, which dictated, in part, that the
roof had to be resistant to 110 m.p.h. winds. Auchter hired Register to install the
entire roof—including the roofing substrate system and the roofing tiles—at the
Inn.
The contract gave Amelia the option to pay Auchter for some of the
building materials used on, but not yet incorporated into, the project. These
materials included the concrete roof tiles, which were delivered to and stored at
the construction site before Register began installing them. On October 6, 1997,
Auchter submitted a payment application to Amelia requesting payment for the
Inn’s roof tiles stored on site. Amelia paid Auchter for the roof tiles on October
31, 1997, at which point Amelia took ownership of the tiles under the contract.4
During September and October 1997, Register installed the roof’s substrate in
preparation for installing the roof tiles. Register then began installing the roof
tiles in November 1997, completing work on the Inn’s roof in January 1998.
4
Amelia disputes a statement in the district court’s order that “[t]he contract provided
that Auchter would . . . store and insure all materials and labor for the completed project.” Order
at 11, Amerisure Mut. Ins. Co. v. Auchter Co., No. 3:08-cv-645-J-32HTS (M.D. Fla. Feb. 4,
2010). This purported discrepancy, however, is immaterial to the present dispute. The
undisputed record shows that the tiles at issue in this case were delivered to Amelia’s property,
were paid for by Amelia, and were then installed by Register.
4
Beginning in August 2002, the concrete tiles on the Inn’s roof began
dislodging from the roof. Amelia contacted Auchter to make repairs. On two
occasions—August 18, 2002, and April 4, 2003—roofers conducted temporary
repairs on the affected areas. During the 2004 hurricane season, however,
Hurricanes Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne skirted the Amelia Island area, causing even
more tiles to come off the roof. Some of these tiles hit other tiles on the roof,
cracking them. Although the exact number of tiles lost during this time is
unknown, Amelia’s counsel has suggested the number exceeds 25 percent.
Amelia then contracted for additional temporary repairs to remedy the tile losses.
Between 2002 and 2008, Amelia paid $78,007.56 to various contractors to rectify
the roof’s failure. In response to these expenses, Amelia contacted Auchter,
arguing that Auchter was liable for the repairs. Auchter and Amelia were unable,
however, to agree regarding the cause of the roof’s failure.
In 2006, pursuant to the arbitration clause in Amelia’s contract with
Auchter,5 Amelia filed a demand for arbitration. Amelia claimed that Auchter was
5
The relevant arbitration clause, General Condition 4.5.1, provides:
Any controversy or Claim arising out of or related to the Contract, or the breach
thereof, shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Construction
Industry Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association, and judgment
upon the award rendered by the arbitrator or arbitrators may be entered in any
court having jurisdiction thereof[.]
5
liable to Amelia for over $2 million in damages for defectively installing the roof.
Amelia alleged that Auchter breached its contractual and legal obligations to
Amelia to perform its work in a good and workmanlike manner. Although Amelia
asserted that the failed roof was aesthetically deficient and dangerous to persons
and property, Amelia did not allege that falling roof tiles damaged any other
property or part of the project. Nor did Amelia allege that the loss of tiles had
caused the roof to fail in such a way as to allow the elements to damage other
components of the project. Amelia did allege, however, that it would suffer lost
profits because the Inn would be unusable during the course of roof repairs.
Amerisure Mutual Insurance Company and Amerisure Insurance Company
(“Amerisure”) had issued successive CGL and umbrella liability (“UL”) policies
to Auchter for coverage between May 2002 and January 2006.6 Amerisure
defended Auchter in the arbitration proceedings under a reservation of rights. On
June 25, 2008, Amerisure filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States
District Court for the Middle District of Florida seeking a declaration that
Amelia’s claim against Auchter was not covered by the insurance policies
Amerisure issued to Auchter. Specifically, Amerisure argued that Amelia’s claim
6
The provisions of these policies relevant to the present dispute are provided in part
I.A.2, infra.
6
against Auchter was not for “property damage” as required to trigger coverage
under the policies. If the district court granted Amerisure’s requested relief,
Amerisure would have no duty to indemnify or defend Auchter in its dispute with
Amelia.
While the declaratory judgment action was pending, the arbitration between
Amelia and Auchter took place. The arbitrator7 conducted a two-day hearing at
which counsel for Amelia and Auchter made appearances.8 The arbitrator found
Auchter liable to Amelia for $2,167,313.67 in damages for the defective
installation of the roof, which constituted a breach of Auchter’s contract with
Amelia. Specifically, the arbitrator found that
the requirement of compliance with the 110 mile an hour wind
velocity was a condition of the contract and that the failure itself
combined with other evidence such as missing screws and
excessively loose tiles constitute [proof] by a preponderance of [the]
evidence that the roof was not installed in accordance with contract
requirements.
Appellees’ Br. app. 3, at 4 (citing Cmty. Television Servs., Inc. v. Dresser Indus.,
Inc., 586 F.2d 637 (8th Cir. 1978)).
7
The arbitration clause in the construction contract provided for arbitration before a
panel of three arbitrators. Amelia and Auchter, however, stipulated that the arbitration would be
heard instead by a single arbitrator.
8
Amerisure was not a party to the arbitration. Amerisure sent a representative to the
arbitration proceedings but the representative did not participate in the arbitration.
7
The amount of damages was supported, in part, by evidence that the entire
roof had to be replaced. For one, the roof design did not permit inspection and
replacement of defectively installed tiles on an individual basis. Individual
replacement was impossible because “in order to determine whether all tiles have
been properly nailed or screwed down, it would be required to remove the tiles in
the next tier, in essence requiring removal of the entire roof.” Id. at 5. Moreover,
tiles identical to those used on the Inn’s roof were unavailable.
Amelia then demanded payment of the award. Auchter, however, made no
payment.9 On August 7, 2009, Amelia converted the arbitrator’s award to a final
judgment against Auchter in state court. This judgment includes the full amount
awarded by the arbitrator plus interest and fees. Thus, Amelia has a state court
judgment in hand that it is prepared to execute, but has not yet executed against
any party.
2.
We return briefly to the insurance policies at issue in Amerisure’s
declaratory judgment action. Amerisure insured Auchter between May 1, 2002,
and January 1, 2006, through a series of CGL and UL policies. In all, Amerisure
9
The record before us indicates that at some point before the arbitration finished,
Auchter ceased doing business.
8
issued three CGL policies and three UL policies with coverage effective during
this period. For the present case, however, only two policies are relevant: the
CGL and UL policies in effect in August 2002—the approximate time the Inn’s
roof began to fail.10 Nevertheless, all the CGLs are standard form Insurance
Services Office (“ISO”) policies.11 The operative policy language is thus identical
for each of Amerisure’s CGLs issued for coverage between 2002 and 2006.
The CGL policy provides, in relevant part, “[Amerisure] will pay those
sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages because
of . . . ‘property damage’ to which this insurance applies. . . . This insurance
applies to . . . ‘property damage’ only if . . . the ‘property damage’ is caused by an
‘occurrence[.]’” The CGL defines “property damage” as “[p]hysical injury to
tangible property, including all resulting loss of use of that property. . . .
or . . . [l]oss of use of tangible property that is not physically injured.” An
“occurrence” is “an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to
substantially the same general harmful conditions.”
10
Those policies are CGL policy CPP 1156636090002, effective May 1, 2002, to May 1,
2003, and UL policy CUF-1319343, effective May 1, 2002, to May 1, 2003.
11
As the Florida Supreme Court has explained, the ISO is “an industry organization that
promulgates various standard insurance policies that are utilized by insurers throughout the
country, including the standard CGL policy at issue in this case.” U.S. Fire Ins. Co. v. J.S.U.B.,
Inc., 979 So. 2d 871, 879 n.6 (Fla. 2007) (citing Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. California, 509 U.S.
764, 772, 113 S. Ct. 2891, 2896, 125 L. Ed. 2d 612 (1993)).
9
After this general grant of coverage, the GCL excludes certain losses:
j. “Property damage” to:
....
(5) That particular part of real property on which you or
any contractors or subcontractors working directly or
indirectly on your behalf are performing operations, if
the “property damage” arises out of those operations; or
(6) That particular part of any property that must be
restored, repaired or replaced because “your work” was
incorrectly performed on it.
....
Paragraph (6) of this exclusion does not apply to “property damage”
included in the “products-completed operations hazard.”
....
l. “Property damage” to “your work” arising out of it or any part of it
and included in the “products-completed operations hazard.”
This exclusion does not apply if the damaged work or the work out of
which the damage arises was performed on your behalf by a
subcontractor.
Exclusion (l) is known as the “your work” exclusion. See, e.g., U.S. Fire Ins. Co.
v. J.S.U.B., Inc., 979 So. 2d 871, 879 (Fla. 2007). The exception to the “your
work” exclusion is known as the subcontractor exception. See id.10
The Amerisure CGL policy issued to Auchter also included PCOH
coverage. PCOH is defined under the policy as follows:
[PCOH] [i]ncludes all . . . “property damage” occurring away from
premises you own or rent and arising out of “your product” or “your
work” except:
(1) Products that are still in your physical possession; or
(2) Work that has not yet been completed or abandoned.
However, “your work” will be deemed completed at the
earliest of the following times:
(a) When all of the work called for in your
contract has been completed.
(b) When all of the work to be done at the
job site has been completed if your contract
calls for work at more than one job site.
(c) When that part of the work done at a job
site has been put to its intended use by any
person or organization other than another
contractor or subcontractor working on the
same project.
Work that may need service, maintenance, correction,
repair or replacement, but which is otherwise complete,
will be treated as completed.
The UL provides coverage under the following provision: “[Amerisure] will
pay on behalf of the insured those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated
to pay as damages which exceed the limit of ‘underlying liability insurance’ . . .
11
because of . . . ‘property damage’ . . . caused by an ‘occurrence’ to which this
insurance applies.” The CGL is the “underlying liability insurance” for the UL.
The UL covers the same “property damage” as the CGL. Coverage under the UL,
therefore, depends on the existence of coverage under the CGL. In effect, without
“property damage” as covered by the CGL, there is no coverage under the UL.
3.
The insurance coverage discussed in the previous subsection lays the
foundation for the arguments in the declaratory judgment action. Amerisure
moved for summary judgment, seeking a declaration of no coverage for the
arbitrator’s award—enforceable through the state court judgment—under
Amerisure’s policies, on the ground that none of the arbitration damages awarded
to Amelia constitute “property damage.” Amelia filed a cross-motion for summary
judgment seeking a declaration of coverage under Amerisure’s policies.12
Although named as a defendant, Auchter, which the record indicates has ceased
doing business, hired no counsel and took no part in the suit.
Both Amerisure and Amelia conceded that the crux of the dispute was
whether the roof had suffered “property damage.” In support of its position,
12
Although Amelia filed a Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition while the cross-motions for
summary judgment were still pending, Amelia waived the automatic-stay benefits of 11 U.S.C.
§ 362(a) for purposes of litigating this dispute.
12
Amerisure argued that Amelia’s claim was essentially one to recover the roof it
had paid for but not received; any damage was limited to the roof itself. In
response, Amelia argued that the plain meaning of “property damage” under the
CGL imposes no requirement that “other” property be damaged to trigger
coverage. Even if such a requirement existed, Amelia argued, the cracked and lost
roofing tiles themselves would constitute damaged property and would be covered
because no CGL exclusion applied. Amelia proposed distinguishing between
construction defects like the one in this case—where a defective installation
caused some physical degradation of the project component and thus constituted
“property damage”—and other breaches of contract that had not physically
manifested themselves in a detrimental way. The parties did not dispute that the
subcontractor’s installation of the roofing tiles was defective or that the defective
installation constituted an “occurrence” under the CGL. It was also undisputed
that the tiles themselves were nondefective.
On February 4, 2010, the district court entered its order granting
Amerisure’s motion for summary judgment, ruling that the damage to the roof was
not “property damage,” and that Amerisure thus had no continuing duty to defend
or to indemnify Auchter regarding the arbitrator’s award. The district court denied
13
Amelia’s motion and directed the clerk of the district court to enter a declaratory
judgment for Amerisure, which was entered on February 5, 2010.
B.
Along with its order, the district court issued an opinion evaluating Florida
Supreme Court jurisprudence on what qualifies as “property damage” under a
CGL. Relying on two cases we discuss at length in part II, infra, the district court
ruled that, under Florida law, claims solely for the repair and replacement of
defective work are not claims for “property damage.” A claim for “property
damage” requires physical injury to some tangible property other than the
contractor’s own defective work.
Applying these principles, the district court found that Amelia’s claim in the
underlying arbitration did not allege property damage. The amounts Amelia
sought were solely for the repair and replacement of the entire roof. Amelia never
alleged that the defective installation caused damage to any other component of
the project but the roof. The district court rejected as irrelevant Amelia’s
argument that the roofing damage was “property damage” because Amelia owned
the tiles at the time of installation. Amelia’s claim was not, the court observed, for
individual broken tiles, but rather to remedy the failure of the roofing system.
II.
14
We turn to Florida law to resolve this dispute. See, e.g., Ernie Haire Ford,
Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 260 F.3d 1285, 1290 (11th Cir. 2001) (“In rendering a
decision based on state substantive law, a federal court must decide the case the
way it appears the state’s highest court would.” (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted)). The Florida Supreme Court, in two seminal cases, has opined at
length regarding the scope of coverage provided by CGL policies issued to general
contractors in construction-defect cases. Both Amerisure and Amelia argue that
these two cases—United States Fire Insurance Co. v. J.S.U.B., Inc., 979 So. 2d
871 (Fla. 2007), and Auto-Owners Insurance Co. v. Pozzi Window Co., 984 So.
2d 1241 (Fla. 2008)—control the outcome of the present litigation. We agree with
Amerisure that J.S.U.B. and Pozzi establish that a claim like that in the present
case is not a claim for “property damage” covered by CGL policies. Because the
present case involves no “property damage,” we need not examine the scope of the
exclusions to Auchter’s CGL policies.
A.
In J.S.U.B., a general contractor engaged in home construction purchased a
CGL policy with PCOH coverage that was, for our purposes, identical to the
policy Amerisure issued to Amelia. 979 So. 2d at 875–76. After completion and
delivery of the contractor’s work—the completed homes—damage to the
15
foundations, drywall, and other parts of the homes appeared. Id. at 875. This
damage was undisputedly caused by a subcontractor’s improper soil use,
compaction, and testing. Id. Pursuant to the CGL policy, the insurer paid for
damage to the homeowner’s personal property that resulted from the
subcontractor’s faulty work, but denied insurance coverage for the costs of
repairing the structural damage to the homes. Id. at 876. J.S.U.B., the general
contractor, filed a declaratory action to determine whether the CGL policy covered
property damage to the work it contracted to perform caused by the defective work
of its subcontractors. Id. The circuit court entered judgment in favor of the
insurer, but the Second District Court of Appeal reversed. J.S.U.B., Inc. v. U.S.
Fire Ins. Co., 906 So. 2d 303 (Fla. 2d Dist. Ct. App. 2005).
1.
The Florida Supreme Court exercised its jurisdiction13 to address “whether a
post-1986 standard form commercial general liability (CGL) policy with products-
13
The Florida Constitution authorizes the supreme court to “review any decision of a
district court of appeal . . . that expressly and directly conflicts with a decision of another district
court of appeal . . . on the same question of law.” Fla. Const. art. V, § 3(b)(3).
The Second District Court of Appeal’s decision in J.S.U.B., Inc. v. United States Fire Ins.
Co., 906 So. 2d 303 (Fla. 2d Dist. Ct. App. 2005), conflicted directly with the Fourth District
Court of Appeal’s holding in Lassiter Construction Co. v. American States Insurance Co., 699
So. 2d 768 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct. App. 1997), which found that a post-1986 CGL policy did not
cover damage to the general contractor’s work caused by a subcontractor’s defective
construction.
16
completed operations hazard coverage, issued to a general contractor, provides
coverage when a claim is made against the contractor for damage to the completed
project caused by a subcontractor’s defective work.” J.S.U.B., 979 So. 2d at874–75. The supreme court ultimately “answer[ed] this question in the
affirmative.” Id. at 875. The J.S.U.B. court began its analysis, however, by
stating the rules of construction for interpreting insurance contracts, which also
guide our analysis today. Under Florida law, insurance contracts are “construed
according to their plain meaning, with any ambiguities construed against the
insurer and in favor of coverage.” Id. at 877 (citing Taurus Holdings, Inc. v. U.S.
Fid. & Guar. Co., 913 So. 2d 528, 532 (Fla. 2005)). Further, a court construing an
insurance policy should interpret the policy as a whole, “endeavoring to give every
provision its full meaning and operative effect.” Id. (quoting Auto-Owners Ins.
Co. v Anderson, 756 So. 2d 29, 34 (Fla. 2000)). Accordingly, the “pertinent
provisions” of the insurance contract should be read in pari materia. Id. (quoting
State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. CTC Dev. Corp., 720 So. 2d 1072, 1075 (Fla.
1998)). Exclusionary clauses, however, “cannot be relied upon to create
coverage” through principles of contract interpretation where otherwise there is
none. Id. (quoting CTC Dev., 720 So. 2d at 1074).
17
The supreme court then discussed the origin and evolution of the standard
form CGL policy. Significantly, the court addressed the ISO’s 1986 addition of
exclusion (l), the “your work” exclusion, as well as the subcontractor exception to
the “your work” exclusion. Explaining these additions to the standard form
policy, the court stated:
[T]he insurance and policyholder communities agreed that the CGL
policy should provide coverage for defective construction claims so
long as the allegedly defective work had been performed by a
subcontractor rather than the policyholder itself. This resulted both
because of the demands of the policyholder community (which
wanted this sort of coverage) and the view of insurers that the CGL
was a more attractive product that could be better sold if it contained
this coverage.
Id. at 879 (alteration in original) (quoting 2 Jeffrey W. Stempel, Stempel on
Insurance Contracts § 14.13[D], at 14-224.8 (3d ed. Supp. 2007)). Further, the
court quoted a circular promulgated by the ISO that “confirm[s] that the 1986
revisions to the standard CGL policy . . . specifically ‘cover[ed] damage caused by
faulty workmanship to other parts of work in progress; and damage to, or caused
by, a subcontractor’s work after the insured’s operations are completed.’” Id.
(quoting Insurance Services Office Circular, Commercial General Liability
Program Instructions Pamphlet, No. GL-86-204 (July 15, 1986)).
18
Because the policy in J.S.U.B. was a post-1986 CGL policy, the court had to
first determine whether pre-1986 Florida Supreme Court construction-defect
jurisprudence was controlling precedent. The leading case in that respect was
LaMarche v. Shelby Mutual Insurance Co., 390 So. 2d 325 (Fla. 1980). LaMarche
was “generally cited to support the proposition that CGL policies do not provide
coverage for damage to the contractor’s work caused by faulty workmanship.”
J.S.U.B., 979 So. 2d at 880. The J.S.U.B. court, however, rejected LaMarche as
binding precedent because the LaMarche court based its holding on pre-1986
exclusionary language. Id. at 881 (citing LaMarche, 390 So. 2d at 326).14
Moreover, LaMarche was factually distinguishable from J.S.U.B.: “LaMarche
14
The relevant pre-1986 exclusionary language was standard language in post-1973 CGL
policies. Coverage did not apply
(a) to liability assumed by the insured under any contract or agreement except as
an incidental contract; but this exclusion does not apply to a warrant[y] of fitness
or quality of the named insured’s products or a warranty that work performed by
or on behalf of the named insured will be done in a workmanlike manner;
(n) to property damage to the named insured’s products arising out of such
products or any part of such products; [or]
(o) to property damage to work performed by or on behalf of the named insured
arising out of the work or any portion thereof, or out of materials, parts or
equipment furnished in connection therewith[.]
J.S.U.B., 979 So. 2d at 880 (quoting LaMarche, 390 So. 2d at 326) (first and third alterations in
original). The J.S.U.B. court noted additionally that LaMarche adopted the holding of Weedo v.
Stone-E-Brick, Inc., 405 A.2d 788 (N.J. 1979), which was based on the same policy language as
that in LaMarche. J.S.U.B., 979 So. 2d at 881 (citing LaMarche, 390 So. 2d at 326–27).
19
involved a claim of faulty workmanship by the contractor, rather than a claim of
faulty workmanship by the subcontractor.” J.S.U.B., 979 So. 2d at 882. The
Florida Supreme Court thus determined that LaMarche did not control on the issue
of “whether a subcontractor’s faulty workmanship is covered in a post-1986 CGL
policy.” Id. at 883.
2.
Because LaMarche was not dispositive, the Florida Supreme Court had to
analyze whether the claim against J.S.U.B. was covered by the CGL. The court
began by addressing the “threshold issue” of “whether a subcontractor’s defective
work can constitute an ‘occurrence.’”15 Id. at 880. Well-settled Florida insurance
jurisprudence held that when a CGL policy defines an “occurrence” as an
“accident,” the policy “provide[s] coverage not only for accidental events, but also
injuries or damage neither expected nor intended from the standpoint of the
15
We need not belabor this discussion; the parties to this case do not dispute that there
was an “occurrence” within the coverage period, and instead focus their arguments on the
existence of “property damage.” We do the same.
It is worth noting, however, that the Florida Supreme Court declined to “make the
definition of ‘occurrence’ depend[] on which property was damaged,” J.S.U.B., 979 So. 2d at
883, and rejected drawing a distinction between tort and contract claims, where faulty
construction causing a tort would constitute an “occurrence,” but such construction causing a
breach of contract would not, id. at 884 (“If [the insurer] intended to preclude coverage based on
the cause of action asserted, it was incumbent on [the insurer] to include clear language to
accomplish this result.” (citation omitted)). In declining to endorse a line of demarcation
between tort and contract claims, the court noted that there exists a breach-of-contract
endorsement that was not present in the CGL policy at issue in the case. Id. at 884.
20
insured.” Id. at 883 (quoting CTC Dev., 720 So. 2d at 1076 (internal quotation
marks omitted)). The bulk of the insurer’s argument in J.S.U.B. was thus that
defective workmanship in breach of contract could never give rise to covered
claims because damage could be expected from the breach. Id. at 883–85.
The supreme court, however, rejected the insurer’s argument. The court
specifically repudiated the proposition that a breach of contract could never give
rise to a covered “occurrence” within the meaning of the CGL’s coverage-granting
provision. Id. at 885 (citing Travelers Indem. Co. of Am. v. Moore & Assocs.,
Inc., 216 S.W.3d 302, 307 (Tenn. 2007); Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Am. Girl,
Inc., 673 N.W.2d 65, 76 (Wis. 2004)). Such a definition of “occurrence” would, in
large part, render the “your work” exclusion meaningless, for “if the insuring
provisions do not confer an initial grant of coverage for faulty workmanship, there
would be no reason for [the insurer] to exclude damage to ‘your work.’” Id. at
886. Nor would there be a need for the subcontractor exception to the “your
work” exclusion. Id. at 887. Extending CTC Development, the court held instead
that “faulty workmanship that is neither intended nor expected from the standpoint
of the contractor can constitute an ‘accident’ and, thus, an ‘occurrence’ under a
post-1986 CGL policy.” Id. at 888. Because J.S.U.B. did not expect or intend its
21
subcontractor’s faulty work, the defective soil preparation was an “occurrence.”
Id.The supreme court also explained that allowing claims arising from faulty
workmanship would not convert CGLs to performance bonds. Id. at 887–88.
Performance bonds, explained the court, protect a project’s owner—not its
contractor—by guaranteeing the project’s completion after the contractor defaults.
Id. at 887 (citing Am. Home Assur. Co. v. Larkin Gen. Hosp., Ltd., 593 So. 2d
195, 198 (Fla. 1992); Sch. Bd. of Palm Beach Cnty. v. Vincent J. Fasano, Inc., 417
So. 2d 1063, 1065 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct. App. 1982)). A performance bond does not
protect the contractor or his subcontractor from liability. Id. at 888 (citing Fid. &
Deposit Co. of Md. v. Hartford Cas. Ins. Co., 189 F. Supp. 2d 1212, 1218 (D. Kan.
2002)). The CGL insurer, by contrast, “indemnifies the insured,” and does so
“only for resulting ‘property damage’ arising after the project is completed.” Id.(quoting Lennar Corp. v. Great Am. Ins. Co., 200 S.W.3d 651, 674 (Tex. App.
2006)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Because of this distinction, “a variety
of deficiencies that do not constitute ‘property damage’ may be covered by a
performance bond, and not all deficiencies cause additional property damage.” Id.(quoting Lennar Corp., 200 S.W.3d at 674) (internal quotation marks omitted).
The supreme court was thus satisfied that CGLs would not become performance
22
bonds by recognizing that construction defects could give rise to covered claims.
Id.
3.
Having determined that a subcontractor’s faulty workmanship could give
rise to an occurrence, the supreme court turned to whether the subcontractor’s
faulty soil work had caused “property damage” within the meaning of the CGL.
As an initial matter, the court summarized,
[The insurer] and the amici that argue in favor of its position assert
that faulty workmanship that injures only the work product itself does
not result in “property damage.” However, just like the definition of
the term “occurrence,” the definition of “property damage” in the
CGL policies does not differentiate between damage to the
contractor’s work and damage to other property.
Id. at 889.
The court rejected the insurer’s contention that a subcontractor’s defective
work “rendered the entire project damaged from its inception.” Id. Instead, the
court drew the following distinction:
[F]aulty workmanship or defective work that has damaged the
otherwise nondefective completed project has caused “physical injury
to tangible property” within the plain meaning of the definition in the
policy. If there is no damage beyond the faulty workmanship or
defective work, then there may be no resulting “property damage.”
Id.
23
In so holding, the supreme court cited a long list of cases from Florida and
other jurisdictions recognizing this distinction. Claims solely for “the costs of
repairing and replacing the actual defects in . . . construction” are not covered
under CGL policies. Id. at 889–90 (citing Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. Venetian
Terrazzo, Inc., 198 F. Supp. 2d 1074, 1079 n.1 (E.D. Mo. 2001); W. Orange
Lumber Co. v. Ind. Lumbermens Mut. Ins. Co., 898 So. 2d 1147, 1148 (Fla. 5th
Dist. Ct. App. 2005); Auto Owners Ins. Co. v. Tripp Constr., Inc., 737 So. 2d 600,
601 (Fla. 3d Dist. Ct. App. 1999); Moore & Assocs., 216 S.W.3d at 310; Lennar
Corp., 200 S.W.3d at 679–80). In West Orange Lumber, for example, the cost of
removing and replacing cedar siding of the wrong grade, installed in breach of
contract, was not “property damage.” 898 So. 2d at 1148; see also Lennar Corp.,
200 S.W.3d at 679–80 (holding that the cost of removing and replacing defective
synthetic stucco to preempt water damage to buildings was not “property
damage”). In Moore & Associates, on the other hand, a subcontractor’s defective
window installation caused “property damage” because the defective installation
allowed water penetration that damaged the windows’ surroundings. 216 S.W.3d
at 310.
The supreme court reasoned that the claim in J.S.U.B. was more like that in
Moore & Associates than those in West Orange Lumber and Lennar. “[J.S.U.B.]
24
does not involve a claim for the cost of repairing the subcontractor’s defective
work”—the soil preparation itself—“but rather a claim for repairing the structural
damage to the completed homes caused by the subcontractor’s defective work.”
J.S.U.B., 979 So. 2d at 890.
Accordingly, we hold that a post-1986 standard form commercial
general liability policy with products completed-operations hazard
coverage, issued to a general contractor, provides coverage for a
claim made against the contractor for damage to the completed
project caused by a subcontractor’s defective work provided that
there is no specific exclusion that otherwise excludes coverage.
Id. at 891. Finding no CGL exclusion applicable, the court held that the structural
damage to the homes J.S.U.B. built was covered by its insurance policies. Id.B.
Another case from the Florida Supreme Court, Auto-Owners Insurance Co.
v. Pozzi Window Co., 984 So. 2d 1241 (Fla. 2008), sheds light upon the scope of
“property damage” within the meaning of CGL policies with PCOH coverage. In
Pozzi, a subcontractor defectively installed custom windows into a multimillion-
dollar home. Id. at 1243. After completion of the home, the owner complained of
water leakage around the windows, which had caused damage to the areas of the
home surrounding the windows, as well as to the windows themselves. Id. at
25
1244. The homeowner filed suit against the builder and the subcontractor, along
with the manufacturer and retailer of the windows. Id. at 1243.
The manufacturer of the windows, the Pozzi Window Company, settled with
the homeowner and agreed to remedy the defective installation of the windows.
Id. at 1243–44. The manufacturer also settled with the builder, and, as the
assignee of the builder, filed suit against the builder’s insurer seeking coverage for
the repair and replacement of the windows.16 The builder’s insurance policy was,
for our purposes, identical to the policy held by Amelia in the present
litigation—i.e., a CGL policy with PCOH coverage.
The case reached this court, which certified the following question to the
Florida Supreme Court:
DOES A STANDARD FORM [COMMERCIAL] GENERAL
LIABILITY POLICY WITH PRODUCT[S] COMPLETED
OPERATIONS HAZARD COVERAGE, SUCH AS THE POLICIES
DESCRIBED HERE, ISSUED TO A GENERAL CONTRACTOR,
COVER THE GENERAL CONTRACTOR’S LIABILITY TO A
THIRD PARTY FOR THE COSTS OF REPAIR OR
REPLACEMENT OF DEFECTIVE WORK BY ITS
SUBCONTRACTOR?
16
The only issue in the suit between the manufacturer and insurer was whether the
insurer was obligated to pay for the repair and replacement of the damaged windows; the insurer
had already paid “for personal property damage caused by the leaking windows, but refused to
provide coverage for the cost of repair or replacement of the windows.” Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v.
Pozzi Window Co., 984 So. 2d 1241, 1244 (Fla. 2008).
26
Id. at 1243 (quoting Pozzi Window Co. v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 446 F.3d 1178,
1188 (11th Cir. 2006)) (alteration in original).17
In answering this question, the Florida Supreme Court first reiterated
J.S.U.B.’s pronouncement on property damage. Namely, “there is a difference
between a claim for the costs of repairing or removing defective work, which is
not a claim for ‘property damage,’ and a claim for the costs of repairing damage
caused by the defective work, which is a claim for ‘property damage.’” Id. at 1248(quoting J.S.U.B., 979 So. 2d at 889) (internal quotation marks omitted). In so
explaining, the court cited West Orange Lumber, the cedar-siding case discussed
supra, for the proposition that there is no property damage “when the only damage
alleged was the cost of removing and replacing the wrong grade cedar siding that
had been installed” because “[t]here was no damage to the construction itself.” Id.
(citing W. Orange Lumber, 898 So. 2d at 1148). “[T]he mere inclusion of a
defective component, such as a defective window or the defective installation of a
window, does not constitute property damage unless that defective component
17
As the Florida Supreme Court noted,
[w]hen the Eleventh Circuit certified the question, it did not have the benefit of
our decision in United States Fire Ins. Co. v. J.S.U.B., Inc., 979 So. 2d 871 (Fla.
2007), in which we held that a subcontractor’s defective work can constitute an
“occurrence” under a post-1986 standard form general commercial liability policy.
Pozzi, 984 So. 2d at 1243.
27
results in physical injury to some other tangible property.” Id. Thus, the supreme
court determined that the answer to the certified question was dependent on a
critical factual determination: “whether the windows themselves were defective or
whether the faulty installation by the Subcontractor caused damage to both the
windows and other portions of the completed project.” Id. at 1247.
If the windows contracted for were defective prior to installation, then the
damage to the windows would not be covered. Id. at 1248. In that case, the claim
would be “merely a claim to replace a ‘defective component’ in the project” and
could not, in and of itself, constitute property damage. Id. Moreover,
the mere inclusion of a defective component, such as a defective
window or the defective installation of a window, does not constitute
property damage unless that defective component results in physical
injury to some other tangible property.
Id.; see also id. at 1249 (“Without more, this alleged defect[ive] [installation] is
the equivalent of the ‘mere inclusion of a defective component’ such as the
installation of a defective tire [on a car], and no ‘property damage’ has occurred.”
(quoting Moore & Assocs., 216 S.W.3d at 310) (emphasis omitted)).
On the other hand,
[i]f the windows were purchased by the Homeowner and were not
defective before being installed, coverage would exist for the cost of
repair or replacement of the windows because there is physical injury
28
to tangible property (the windows) caused by defective installation by
a subcontractor.
Id. at 1248. The damage to the windows themselves would be “property damage”
in this situation “because the windows were purchased separately by the
Homeowner, were not themselves defective, and were damaged as a result of the
faulty installation.” Id. at 1249. The damage to the windows themselves would
thus be “similar to damage to any other personal item of the Homeowner, such as
wallpaper or furniture.” Id.18
C.
Ultimately, we hold that the Florida Supreme Court has drawn a distinction
between “a claim for the cost of repairing the subcontractor’s defective work,”
which is not covered under a CGL policy, and “a claim for repairing the structural
damage to the completed [project] caused by the subcontractor’s defective work,”
which is covered. J.S.U.B., 979 So. 2d at 890. “A claim limited to faulty
workmanship or materials,” as the J.S.U.B. court illustrated, “is one in which the
sole damages are for replacement of a defective component or correction of faulty
installation.” Id. at 889–90 (quoting Moore & Assocs., 216 S.W.3d at 310
18
With the certified question answered, we held that the damage to the windows was
covered because Pozzi never argued that the windows themselves were defective. Pozzi Window
Co. v. Auto-Owners Ins., 294 F. App’x 588, 591 (11th Cir. 2008).
29
(internal quotation marks omitted) (alteration omitted)). Because of this principle,
there is no coverage “[i]f there is no damage beyond the faulty workmanship,” i.e.,
unless the faulty workmanship has damaged some “otherwise nondefective”
component of the project. Id. at 889. Moreover, if a subcontractor is hired to
install a project component and, by virtue of his faulty workmanship, installs a
defective component, then the cost to repair and replace the defective component
is not “property damage.” Pozzi Window, 984 So. 2d at 1248. Similarly,
nondefective and properly installed raw materials can constitute a defective project
component when the contract specifications call for the use of different materials,
yet the cost to reinstall the correct materials is not “property damage”—even
though the remedy for such a nonconformity is to remove and replace that
component of the project. Id. (citing W. Orange Lumber, 898 So. 2d at 1148). In
other words, “unless th[e] defective component results in physical injury to some
other tangible property,” i.e., other than to the component itself, there is no
coverage. Id. (emphasis added).
III.
We now apply the CGL language and the Florida law distilled above to the
present dispute. Amelia’s claim against Auchter for the Inn’s defective roof is not
a claim for “property damage” within the plain wording of the CGL policy issued
30
to Auchter by Amerisure. Register’s defective installation of the Inn’s roof did not
cause “physical injury to tangible property” as required to trigger coverage under
the CGL. Because there is no coverage, Amerisure has no duty to indemnify or
defend Auchter against Amelia’s execution of the state court judgment enforcing
the arbitrator’s award.
In its arbitration pleadings, Amelia alleged that “the concrete tile roof
system for the Inn and Conference Center began to fail, resulting in large, concrete
tiles falling from the top of the Inn and Conference Center, with resulting aesthetic
deficiencies and danger to persons and property.” Record, vol. 4, no. 43-5, at 4.
Amelia claimed that Auchter’s roof was in breach of the construction contract.
Regarding damages, Amelia contended that “Auchter, through its subcontractor,
installed roofs in a defective manner resulting in damage to the Inn roof and the
need to replace the entire roof system at the Inn and Conference Center.” Id. vol.
2, no. 34, app. B, at 3. The arbitration award reflects that full replacement was
necessary because repairing the roof piecemeal was impossible. Appellees’ Br.
app. 3, at 5. Amelia has never alleged that any part of the Inn other than the roof
was damaged by the defective roof.
The only damages Amelia alleges are those to correct the faulty roof
supplied by Auchter’s subcontractor. In so claiming, Amelia is effectively seeking
31
to secure the roof that Auchter should have installed in the first instance: one that
conformed with the contract specifications. Amelia’s claim is thus simply a
“claim for the cost of repairing the subcontractor’s defective work.” U.S. Fire Ins.
Co. v. J.S.U.B., Inc., 979 So. 2d 871, 890 (Fla. 2007). As such, Amelia’s claim
alleges no “property damage.” See id. Although the loss of roof tiles may be said
to have “damaged” the structural integrity of the roof, thereby rendering it
defective, “there is no damage beyond the faulty workmanship” because the
defective roof has not damaged some “otherwise nondefective” component of the
project. See id. at 889. This case is like West Orange Lumber Co. v. Indiana
Lumbermens Mutual Insurance Co., 898 So. 2d 1147, 1148 (Fla. 5th Dist. Ct. App.
2005), cited with approval in J.S.U.B., 979 So. 2d at 889, and in Auto-Owners
Insurance Co. v. Pozzi Window Co., 984 So. 2d 1241, 1248 (Fla. 2008), where the
cost of removing and replacing siding shingles—which were tiled in an
overlapping, interlocking manner—was not property damage even though the
defect necessitated a total replacement. See W. Orange Lumber, 898 So. 2d at
1148. The outcome is no different where, as here, the tiles are installed atop a
32
building rather than on its faces. Amerisure’s CGL policy thus does not cover
Amelia’s claim.19
Moreover, Amelia’s claim all along has been solely to remedy the
installation of a defective component, which in this case is the roof as a whole.
Because the Inn’s roof was an amalgamation of scores of interlocking roofing tiles
and other roofing materials, the roofing tiles themselves are not the relevant
components in this case. They are simply some of the raw materials from which
this particular roof was made. Rather, the relevant component in this case is the
Inn’s entire roof itself. Amelia hired Auchter to provide an Inn with a roof;
Auchter hired Register to construct that roof—not simply to install tiles. The
19
The CGL contains language that, taken in isolation, superficially suggests coverage for
the roof in this case. The policy provides coverage for “tangible property” that “suffers physical
injury,” unless a policy exclusion applies. The roof here is “tangible,” perhaps as opposed to
intangible. And the roof is “property”: Amelia owned it, the tiles from which it is made, the
building upon which it rests, and the land upon which that building sits. Also, through the
subcontractor’s faulty installation, the roof’s integrity and performance were injured, if at all,
physically. There is simply no other way—emotionally or spiritually, for example—to injure a
roof. The crux of Amelia’s contention, then, is that a roof whose tiles have blown away is a roof
lacking structural integrity, and that a roof without integrity is an injured roof. As Amelia would
have it, the subcontractor whose defective installation enabled those tiles to blow away thus
caused “physical” “injury” to “tangible” “property.”
Combining these four words, however, does not yield coverage. Amelia’s claim, in
effect, reduces to the following: Amelia paid Auchter to construct a building with a roof; due to
Auchter’s subcontractor’s faulty workmanship in installing the roof’s tiles, Amelia did not
receive the roof for which it paid. Based on this premise, as Amerisure argued at the summary
judgment hearing, “The reason [Auchter] had to replace [the roof] is because [Amelia] didn’t get
what [it] paid for.” Record, vol. 6, no. 66, at 14. This is not a claim for “property damage.” See
J.S.U.B., 979 So. 2d at 889.
33
entire roof’s faulty construction rendered the roof defective—a defect that, as the
parties acknowledge, can be remedied only through total reconstruction. As Pozzi
Window instructs, however, this defect alone cannot constitute property damage.
See 984 So. 2d at 1248. If the defective roof had “result[ed] in physical injury to
some other tangible property,” id., there would have been property damage, but
because Amelia seeks only to remedy the defect—in effect, to obtain the
nondefective roof that should have been built in the first place—there is none, see
id.Amelia’s argument that the tiles damaged by the faulty installation
constitute property damage is unpersuasive. Although the tiles themselves were
nondefective, they were simply the materials used to construct the defective
component and are thus irrelevant to the “property damage” determination. See id.Even if the broken tiles constituted “property damage,” as the district court
explained, “Amelia’s recovery would be limited to the damages to the individual
tiles that are broken.” Order at 12, Amerisure Mut. Ins. Co. v. Auchter Co., No.
3:08-cv-645-J-32HTS (M.D. Fla. Feb. 4, 2010). Of course, Amelia’s claim is not
for damage to individual tiles, but rather to receive the roof for which it paid.
Although the arbitrator determined that replacing the roof was the only way to
remedy the degradation caused by the tiles’ defective installation, that
34
determination does not transform Amelia’s claim into one for “property
damage.”20
Similarly, Amelia’s proposed distinction between defective workmanship
alone (uncovered) and defective workmanship that ultimately damages the
functional integrity of the workman’s product (covered) is a distinction without a
difference.21 If the alleged defect were, for example, that Register installed the
20
To be clear, Pozzi Window does not compel a finding of coverage in this case on the
ground that the owner-purchased roofing tiles in this case are analogous to the owner-purchased,
custom-built windows in Pozzi Window. The components involved in these two cases are not
analogous. A window may be a component of a building, but each window is itself composed of
various elements: glazing, jambs, sills, sashes, etc. To say that nondefective but improperly
installed sashes within the finished window damaged the window is not to say that the sashes
caused “property damage” to the window, but rather that the window is itself defective. Pozzi
Window instructs that there would be no coverage for the installation of such a defective
window. See 984 So. 2d at 1248. The properly analogous description of the construction of
Amelia’s building is thus that nondefective but improperly installed roofing tiles within the
finished roof rendered the roof defective. Just as we cannot say that the defective sashes caused
“property damage” to the windows, we cannot say the tiles caused “property damage” to the roof.
So, too, is it irrelevant that Amelia purchased the roofing tiles Register used to construct
the Inn’s roof. This is because the installation of a defective component—here, the roof—does
not give rise to a claim for “property damage” absent damage to some property other than the
component itself. See id. Again, the proper analog to Pozzi Window would be, for instance, a
case in which Amelia purchased a modular prefabricated roof, which, though nondefective, was
installed defectively by a subcontractor, thereby damaging the roof itself. Pozzi Window
suggests that, in such a case, there would be coverage. See id. at 1249. Such facts, however, are
not the facts of this case. Auchter hired Register to construct the roof component of the Inn, of
Amelia’s tiles, which Register did defectively and in breach of contract. This is thus a defective-
component-replacement case, for which there can be no coverage under Pozzi Window and
J.S.U.B.
21
Amici provide further illustration in their brief:
Examples of ‘faulty workmanship’ which do not involve ‘property damage[]’
include, but are not limited to, use of incorrect or insufficient materials, wrong
color or type of paint, failure to complete job-related tasks, and improper
35
wrong grade of tiles in breach of contract, Amelia’s claimed “damage” would be
the same: because of the way a roof is constructed, a new roof would have to be
installed to correct such a defect. Essentially the same claim was held not to be
property damage in West Orange Lumber, 898 So. 2d at 1148. The particular
manifestation of the breaching defective workmanship would therefore be
irrelevant, so long as it does not damage some other nondefective project
component. Amelia’s claim thus reduces to one where the only alleged damage is
the defect itself. This damage alone is not “property damage” under the language
of the CGL or Florida law. See Pozzi Window, 984 So. 2d at 1248; J.S.U.B., 979
So. at 889.22
installation of doors that open in the wrong direction.
Brief of Amicus Curiae Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders, Fla. Home Builders Ass’n & United
Policyholders 10.
22
Put another way, the claim in this case would be the same if, as Amelia tries to
distinguish, the tiles had been installed defectively but the defect had been discovered before tiles
began blowing away. Defective installation, as the arbitrator found, meant that the tiles were
prone to rotation and breakage. Because there was no way to determine which individual tiles
had been improperly installed, the only way to remedy the defective installation was to remove
and replace all the tiles—in effect, to install a new roof that complied with the contract
specifications. Not only did each tile have to be attached to the roofing system in a precise
manner, but each tile in a roof relies on its neighboring tiles to function as a cohesive system.
Because of the tiles’ interconnectivity, installations thereof that were in breach of contract and
that would require replacing the roof would include installations that—as here—made the tiles
more prone to flying off the roof. But such breaching installations would also include the
installation of tiles which were of the wrong grade. In the latter case, were Amelia to insist on
tiles of the grade specified in the contract, the roofing subcontractor would have to remove the
nonconforming tiles and reinstall the roof with the conforming tiles. If Amelia’s policy
interpretation were accepted, therefore, many breaching installations of the tiles would thus
36
Because we determine that Amelia’s claim involves no “property damage,”
we need not determine whether any policy exclusions or exceptions apply. Cf.
J.S.U.B., 979 So. 2d at 891 (“[A] post-1986 standard form [CGL] policy with
[PCOH] coverage . . . provides coverage for a claim made against the contractor
for damage to the completed project caused by a subcontractor’s defective work
provided that there is no specific exclusion that otherwise excludes coverage.”).
The application of the “your work” exclusion and its subcontractor exception thus
has no impact on the outcome of this case. We note, however, that these
provisions can be read in pari materia with the “property damage” requirement and
still be given full effect. See id. at 877. As the district court explained,
[F]aulty workmanship to one part of a project (the roof, for example)
can lead to damage to another part of the project (such as stucco walls
which may leak from faulty roof construction). In such an example,
under Auchter’s CGL policies, the damage to the stucco walls would
be “property damage” within the meaning of the policy, but would
ordinarily be excluded under the “your work” exclusion, unless the
stucco walls had been constructed by a subcontractor, in which case
the damage could be covered by the subcontractor exception to the
“your work” exclusion.
“damage” the roof by requiring reinstallation. Reinstalling roof tiles may be, as here, a very
expensive proposition. A very expensive claim for repair and replacement of defective
workmanship alone is not, however, a claim for property damage covered by a CGL policy.
37
Order at 14 n.9. Amelia, on the other hand, has never claimed such damage to any
component of the Inn other than the roof itself and thus has not claimed “property
damage.”
Accordingly, the district court’s Order granting Amerisure’s motion for
summary judgment and denying Amelia’s motion for summary judgment is hereby
AFFIRMED.
38
HILL, concurring dubitante:
I believe that the significant disagreement between Judges Tjoflat and
Carnes regarding which case – West Orange Lumber Co. or Pozzi Window Co. –
more accurately predicts what the Florida Supreme Court would hold on the facts
of the instant case militates in favor of the certification of this case to that court.
Unable to persuade my brothers as to this prudent court of action, I concur
dubitante in the opinion of Judge Tjoflat.
39
CARNES, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
My colleague, Judge Hill, concurs “dubitante” in the decision of this Court
affirming the judgment of the district court. By contrast, my dissent is free of
dubitante-ness. I am not dubitante in the least that the Florida Supreme Court’s
decision in Auto-Owners Insurance Co. v. Pozzi Window Co., 984 So. 2d 1241(Fla. 2008), dictates a decision in this case different from the one the majority
reaches.
In the Pozzi Window case, the Florida Supreme Court held that coverage for
the cost of repair or replacement of damaged windows depended on whether the
windows were defective to begin with or were damaged because of improper
installation. See id. at 1249. The court held that if the windows were not
defective before being installed, the damage done to them was “property damage”
for purposes of a commercial general liability insurance policy. See id. In our
case, the Amelia Island Company’s roof tiles were not defective to begin with but
were damaged when improperly installed. Under the Pozzi Window decision, that
is “property damage” covered by the Amelia Island Company’s commercial
general liability policy.
The windows involved in the Pozzi Window case were custom-made ones
that a property owner bought directly from a retailer and had delivered to his
40
property on which a house was being constructed for him. 984 So. 2d at 1243.
After a subcontractor installed the windows, water leaked in around them. See id.An insurance coverage dispute arose about the scope of “property damage,” which
is the same term at issue in the present case. See id. at 1244–45. The insurer
refused to pay for the cost of repairing or replacing the damaged windows. Id. at
1244.
In response to a certified question from this Court, the Florida Supreme
Court held that whether the cost of repairing or replacing the windows was
“property damage” under the policy hinged on a crucial factual issue. See id. at
1247. That factual issue was “whether the windows themselves were defective or
whether the faulty installation by the Subcontractor caused damage to both the
windows and other portions of the completed project.” Id. The “both . . . and”
construction in that sentence might be read to imply that damage to the windows
alone would not be enough to constitute property damage. But that is not an
accurate reading because the “damage to . . . other portions of the completed
project,” id., was not at issue in Pozzi Window; it was not at issue because the
insurer had already paid for the “personal property damage caused by the leaking
windows.” Id. at 1244. In response to our inquiry, the Florida Supreme Court
addressed the question of whether the cost of repairing or replacing the damaged
41
windows themselves was covered. See id. at 1243–44. The answer it gave was
that it depended on whether the windows were defective or damaged before being
installed. If they were, there was no policy coverage; however, if they were not
defective or damaged before the installation began, the policy covered the cost of
repairing or replacing the windows. Id. at 1243–44.
No one has suggested that the roof tiles involved in this case were defective
or damaged before the installation began. Instead, everyone agrees that the
damage to the tiles occurred because the subcontractor improperly installed them.
As the majority opinion explains, defective installation caused the tiles to fall off
of the roof, and some of the tiles that fell hit other tiles and cracked them. Maj.
Op. at 6. None of the damaged tiles could be used or re-used, so all of those tiles
were effectively destroyed. Destroyed roof tiles meet the commercial general
liability policy’s definition of “property damage” as “[p]hysical injury to tangible
property.” Doc. 36-2 at § V, ¶ 17a.
The destruction of those individual tiles was not the full extent of the
property damage caused by the defective installation. Because some of the tiles
were destroyed, all of the tiles on the roof had to be replaced. As the majority
opinion explains, “the roof design did not permit inspection and replacement of
defectively installed tiles on an individual basis,” and “tiles identical to those used
42
on the Inn’s roof were unavailable.” Maj. Op. at 9. For those reasons, under the
terms of the general commercial liability insurance policy, the “property damage”
that occurred as a result of the defective installation of the tiles was both the
“[p]hysical injury to tangible property” (the destroyed tiles) and the “[l]oss of use
of tangible property that is not physically injured” (the other tiles on the roof).
Doc. 36-2 at § V, ¶¶ 17a, 17b.
Substituting roof “tiles” for “windows” in the key parts of the Florida
Supreme Court’s Pozzi Window opinion shows that there is coverage in this case:
“If the [tiles] were purchased by the [Amelia Island Company] and were not
defective before being installed, coverage would exist for the cost of repair or
replacement of the [tiles] because there is physical injury to tangible property (the
[tiles]) caused by defective installation by a subcontractor.” Pozzi Window, 984
So. 2d at 1248.
Again, substituting “tiles” for “windows” in the Pozzi Window opinion
shows how we should decide this case:
[I]f the claim is for the repair or replacement of [tiles] that were not
initially defective but were damaged by the defective installation,
then there is physical injury to tangible property. In other words,
because the [tiles] were purchased separately by [the Amelia Island
Company], were not themselves defective, and were damaged as a
result of the faulty installation, then there is physical injury to
tangible property, i.e., [tiles] damaged by defective installation.
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Indeed, damage to the [tiles] themselves caused by the defective
installation is similar to damage to any other personal item of the
[property owner], such as wallpaper or furniture. Thus, coverage
would exist for the cost of repair or replacement of the [tiles] because
the Subcontractor’s defective installation caused property damage.
Id. at 1249.
The majority opinion misinterprets the following sentence from the Pozzi
Window opinion: “[T]he mere inclusion of a defective component, such as a
defective window or the defective installation of a window, does not constitute
property damage unless that defective component results in physical injury to
some other tangible property.” 984 So. 2d at 1248; see Maj. Op. at 28. But the
sentence that immediately follows that one in the Pozzi Window opinion shows
how inapplicable the statement in the first sentence is to the present case:
“Accordingly, if the claim in this case is for the repair or replacement of windows
that were defective both prior to installation and as installed, then that is merely a
claim to replace a ‘defective component’ in the project.” 984 So. 2d at 1248(emphasis added). In this case, the roof tiles were not a defective component —
they were not “defective both prior to installation and as installed,” id.; the insured
is not seeking to replace an initially defective component in the roofing project.
Instead, under Pozzi Window held, because the claim in this case is for the repair
or replacement of tiles “that were not initially defective but were damaged by the
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defective installation, then there is physical injury to tangible property.” Id. at
1249. The Pozzi Window formula is: non-defective tiles damaged by defective
installation equals physical injury to tangible property, which is property damage.
Fed into that formula, the facts of this case add up to “property damage” and
coverage.
The majority opinion attempts to frame the roof as a whole as the “defective
component” in this case. See Maj. Op. at 34, 36 n.20. But no part of the roof was
ever defective except for the tiles that were damaged or destroyed because they
were improperly installed. The facts of this case simply do not fit in the defective
component scenario described in Pozzi Window. See 984 So. 2d at 1248. Instead,
these facts fit into the non-defective component/defective installation scenario.
See id. at 1249. For that reason, I would hold that the Pozzi Window decision
resolves the dispute in favor of insurance coverage.
The majority opinion, however, asserts that “[t]his case is like West Orange
Lumber Co. . . . where the cost of removing and replacing siding shingles—which
were tiled in an overlapping, interlocking manner—was not property damage even
though the defect necessitated a total replacement.” Maj. Op. at 33. The
majority’s West Orange Lumber analogy, like any defective component, won’t
work. The installation of the siding shingles in that case did not damage them; the
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shingles were already “defective” before they were installed because they did not
conform to the contract specifications. See W. Orange Lumber Co. v. Ind.
Lumbermens Mut. Ins. Co., 898 So. 2d 1147, 1148 (Fla. 5th DCA 2005). The
subcontractor who had installed those defective shingles sued the supplier of them,
and the court held that the insurance company had no duty to defend or indemnify
the shingle supplier. Id. at 1147–48. The court noted: “[T]he allegations in the
complaint show the owner or general contractor’s property suffered no damage
from the failure to supply the correct quality of [shingles]. The only damage
alleged was the cost or expense to the vendor to remove the defective product and
supply an acceptable substitute.” Id. at 1148. The court also noted that the
insurance policies in that case contained “exclusions which clearly exempt from
coverage damages incurred by a vendor who supplies defective products and is
required to remove and replace them with the specified products.” Id. at 1149(emphasis added).
One more time. In this case tiles, which were the correct product and were
not defective, were sold to the Amelia Island Company, and then they were
damaged by defective installation, and as a result of that damage all of the tiles
had to be replaced. The West Orange Lumber case is different because in it the
shingles were the wrong product and for that reason were defective, requiring that
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they all the shingles be replaced even though they were installed correctly. The
Florida Supreme Court’s Pozzi Window decision is open and shut on the issue in
this case, and the majority’s attempt to hammer the facts of this case into the West
Orange Lumber decision is itself an instance of defective installation. And there is
no reason to be dubitante about that.
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