United States v. Donna Walker

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________ FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-13569 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
Non-Argument Calendar JUNE 9, 2011
________________________ JOHN LEY
CLERK
D.C. Docket No. 1:10-cr-20215-DLG-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
l Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
DONNA WALKER,
l Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(June 9, 2011)
Before BARKETT, MARCUS and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Donna Walker1 appeals her 24-month sentence imposed after pleading
guilty to illegal reentry after deportation, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326. Walker
argues on appeal that the district court erred in assigning a 12-level increase to her
offense pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(B), because her prior conviction under
state law did not categorically qualify as a drug trafficking offense within the
meaning of the Sentencing Guidelines. She contends certain acts that the Ohio
statute criminalizes would not qualify as a drug trafficking offense under
§ 2L1.2(b)(1)(B) because they do not require the requisite act and mens rea.
Therefore, she maintains that the court should have looked beyond the language of
the statute to consider the factual circumstances of her conviction through
examination of certain judicial documents.
“We review questions of law with respect to the district court’s application
of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo." United States v. Aguilar-Ortiz, 450 F.3d
1271, 1272 (11th Cir. 2006) (reviewing whether district court correctly interpreted
a conviction under a Florida solicitation statute to fall within the meaning of "drug
trafficking offense" under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2). We generally adopt the “categorical
approach” to determine “whether a prior conviction is a qualifying offense for
1
It appears that the defendant’s true name is Donna Warner. However, for
consistency with the proceedings below, we refer to the defendant as Donna Walker.
2
enhancement purposes.” Id. at 1273. This approach requires the sentencing court
to look no farther than the fact of conviction and the statutory offense to see if it is
the equivalent of a relevant offense level-enhancing definition in the Sentencing
Guidelines. United States v. Palomino Garcia, 606 F.3d 1317, 1328 (11th Cir.
2010). When a violation of a state statute is broader than the offense as described
in the Guidelines, so that a state conviction may or may not qualify for an offense
level enhancement, this Court employs the modified categorical approach. Id.This approach allows a court to consider certain judicial documents to ascertain
the factual circumstances of a defendant’s prior conviction, and determine whether
it warrants an enhancement under the Guidelines. See id.Guideline § 2L1.2(b)(1)(B) provides a 12-level enhancement if the
defendant was deported after a conviction for a felony “drug trafficking offense” if
the sentence imposed was “13 months or less.” The Application Notes to § 2L1.2
state that drug trafficking is “an offense under federal, state, or local law that
prohibits the manufacture, import, export, distribution, or dispensing of, or offer to
sell a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) or the possession of a
controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) with intent to manufacture,
import, export, distribute, or dispense.” U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, comment. (n.1(B)(iv)).
In interpreting whether a violation of a state statute categorically falls
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within the meaning of this particular enhancing provision, we have held that we
are not constrained by the element-oriented approach used to interpret the meaning
of other provisions, such as a “crime of violence” under the same Guideline
section. See United States v. Madera-Madera, 333 F.3d 1228, 1231-33 (11th Cir.
2003). There, we examined the Georgia drug trafficking statute and determined
that a conviction under it qualified as a drug trafficking offense under U.S.S.G. §
2L1.2 even though all the state statute required for conviction was “possession of
28 grams or more of methamphetamine.” We clarified that a state law violation
can qualify as a drug trafficking offense under § 2L1.2 even though the literal
language of the statute does not contain an element as described in the Sentencing
Guidelines. Id. We held that where the literal language of the state statute is
missing an element of intent to distribute, this element may be inferred from the
structure of the state’s statutory system. Id. In Georgia, the state devised a three-
tier system with different, more serious crimes becoming available as the amount
of drugs increased. At the top was drug trafficking, which criminalized the
possession of 28 grams or more of methamphetamine. Id. at 1231.
The Ohio statute Walker was convicted of violating provides: “(A) No
person shall knowingly do any of the following: (2) Prepare for shipment, ship,
transport, deliver, prepare for distribution, or distribute a controlled substance,
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when the offender knows or has reasonable cause to believe that the controlled
substance is intended for sale or resale by the offender or another person.” Ohio
Rev. Code Ann. § 2925.03(A)(2) (“Trafficking offenses”). Other circuits have
held that the statute triggers § 2L1.2(b). See United States v. Fuentes-Oyervides,
541 F.3d 286 (5th Cir. 2008); United States v. Karam, 496 F.3d 1157 (10th Cir.
2007) “While the relevant portion of the Ohio statute prohibits conduct which
alone may consist of no more than mere possession, it does so only when the
offender knows or has reasonable cause to believe the controlled substance is
intended for sale or resale by . . . another. This language makes clear that the
statute prohibits only acts of distribution.” Karam, 496 F.3d at 1167-68 (internal
quotations and citation omitted). As our precedent makes clear, even if abstract
portions of the statutory language could be said to prohibit only acts of possession,
it is proper to infer the intent to distribute by looking at the provision in its entirety
and in relation to the statutory scheme as a whole. See Madera-Madera, 333 F.3d
at 1232-33. Looking at the statute in this light, a violation of Ohio Rev. Code
Ann. § 2925.03(A)(2) categorically qualifies as a drug trafficking offense within
the meaning of the Sentencing Guidelines.
Within her argument discussed above, Walker also argues that because the
district court improperly applied the Guidelines, her sentence was procedurally
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unreasonable. Therefore, she alleges, the district court abused its discretion.
Because we hold that a conviction under Ohio Rev. Code Ann.
§ 2925.03(A)(2) categorically qualifies as a drug trafficking offense, the district
court did not misapply the Guidelines. Therefore, Walker's sentence was
procedurally sound, and the district court did not abuse its discretion.
AFFIRMED.2
2
Walker’s request for oral argument is denied.
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