Robert Craig Wells v. Norman C. Cramer

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
JANUARY 11, 2008
No. 07-10354 THOMAS K. KAHN
CLERK
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D. C. Docket No. 04-00315-CV-T-24-EAJ
ROBERT CRAIG WELLS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
NORMAN C. CRAMER,
KENNETH L. BURROUGHS,
TERRY R. METTS,
CHRISTOPHER TAYLOR,
JEFFERY S. PREISING,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
_________________________
(January 11, 2008)
Before ANDERSON, BIRCH, and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Robert Craig Wells, a Florida prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the district
court’s orders denying his motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e) and
granting summary judgment in favor of the defendants in Wells’s civil rights suit
against officers of the Pinellas County Sheriff’s Office for excessive force under
42 U.S.C. § 1983. The district court held that Wells’s Rule 59(e) motion was filed
untimely, but addressed the motion on its merits and denied it. We determine that
Wells’s motion was timely filed. We also conclude that the district court erred in
granting summary judgment to the Appellees and in determining, at this stage of
the case, that they are entitled to qualified immunity. For the following reasons,
the district court’s order is VACATED and this case is REMANDED for further
proceedings.
I. BACKGROUND
Wells filed a pro se civil rights complaint pursuant to § 1983 naming
Norman C. Cramer, Kenneth L. Burroughs, Terry R. Metts, Christopher Taylor,
Jeffrey S. Preising (“the appellees”), all officers in the Pinellas County Sheriff’s
Office, as defendants.1 Wells alleged that the appellees “conspired to fabricate,
1
Wells named Anne S. Rahrer, and Sandra A. Jacobs as additional defendants in his
original complaint under § 1983, which was dismissed by the district court. He did not name
them in his amended complaint.
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falsify and conceal evidence” to justify their use of excessive force against him
during his arrest on 19 February 2000. The appellees filed a motion to dismiss,
which the district court construed as a motion for summary judgment. In response
to the appellees’ motion, Wells filed a declaration pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1746,
signed under penalty of perjury, stating that Cramer tackled him and then the
appellees placed him in handcuffs. Wells claimed that after he was handcuffed, the
appellees proceeded to beat him while he lay face down on the ground. Wells
averred further that the appellees “high-fived” each other while they took turns
beating him. (R1-79, Ex. A at 4). The district court granted summary judgment in
favor of the appellees. The district court construed Wells’s subsequent motion to
alter or amend judgment as being filed pursuant to both Rule 59(e) and Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) and denied the motion as untimely and on its merits.
On appeal, Wells argues that the district court abused its discretion in
denying his Rule 59(e) motion because it relied on the appellees’ arguments
without examining his motion. Further, Wells asserts that his motion was timely
filed because intervening Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays did not count towards
the ten-day filing period. Finally, Wells contends that his motion was an
appropriate filing to address the district court’s legal errors. The appellees concede
that the district court abused its discretion in finding that Wells’s motion was
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untimely and request that we remand the case to the district court for further
consideration.
II. DISCUSSION
We review the denial of a Rule 59(e) motion for an abuse of discretion.
Lambert v. Fulton County, Ga., 253 F.3d 588, 598 (11th Cir. 2001). “‘A district
court abuses its discretion if it applies an incorrect legal standard, follows improper
procedures in making the determination, or makes findings of fact that are clearly
erroneous. A district court may also abuse its discretion by applying the law in an
unreasonable or incorrect manner.’” Klay v. Humana, Inc., 382 F.3d 1241, 1251
(11th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). We hold pro se pleadings to a less stringent
standard than pleadings drafted by attorneys and construe them liberally.
Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998) (per curiam).
Issues not raised in a party’s brief are considered abandoned. Doe v. Dekalb
County Sch. Dist., 145 F.3d 1441, 1445 n.4 (11th Cir. 1994).
A. Timeliness of Wells’s Rule 59(e) Motion
An appellant has ten days from the entry of a judgment to file a timely rule
59(e) motion. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e). A court must exclude intervening
holidays, Saturdays, and Sundays when calculating time periods of eleven days or
less. Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(a)(2). “The “mailbox rule” allows a pro se prisoner’s filings
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to be dated as of the date the prisoner delivers it to prison authorities or places it in
the prison mail system. See e.g., Adams v. United States, 173 F.3d 1339, 1341
(11th Cir. 1999) (holding that a pro se prisoner’s motion to vacate is deemed filed
on the date he delivers it to prison authorities for mailing). A timely-filed Rule
59(e) motion tolls the time period for filing a timely notice of appeal. Fed. R. App.
P. 4(a)(4)(iv).
In this case, the district court abused its discretion in ruling that Wells’s
motion to alter or amend judgment was untimely. The district court entered its
judgment on 14 November 2006. Wells filed his motion on 29 November 2006,
when he gave it to prison authorities. Excluding the Thanksgiving holiday and
intervening Saturdays and Sundays, Wells had until 29 November 2006 to file his
motion with prison authorities to file a timely motion. Therefore, the district court
abused its discretion in ruling that Wells’s motion was untimely.2 Nevertheless,
the district court addressed and ruled on the merits of Wells’s motion. The district
court stated that, because Wells did not offer “anything legally or factually new to
warrant further review[,] . . . [h]is motion . . . fails to demonstrate a basis for
relief.” (R1-88 at 3). Therefore, even though the district court incorrectly
2
We have jurisdiction over the underlying order granting summary judgment because
Wells’s timely post-judgment motion tolled the time period to file a notice of appeal. Fed. R.
App. P. 4(a)(4)(iv).
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calculated the time Wells had to file a Rule 59(e) motion, the error was harmless,
and we are not required to remand the case on this ground. Accordingly, we may
review the district court’s underlying order granting the appellees summary
judgment.
B. Excessive Force
Wells argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment to
the appellees because his allegations of excessive force were unrelated to his
attempts to evade the appellees by car and on foot. Further, Wells maintains that
he posed no threat to others and claims that the appellees’ actions were not
objectively reasonable. Finally, Wells contends that his declaration created a
material dispute of fact concerning the manner in which the appellees effected his
arrest.3
We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment, viewing
all evidence and inferences in a light most favorable to the non-moving party.
Burton v. Tampa Hous. Auth., 271 F.3d 1274, 1276-77 (11th Cir. 2001).
“‘Summary judgment is appropriate when there are no genuine issues of material
fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” Id. at 1277
(citation omitted). When considering a motion for summary judgment, all
3
On appeal, Wells does not argue that the appellees were deliberately indifferent to his
medical needs, so we do not consider this claim.
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reasonable doubts about the facts are resolved in favor of the nonmovant. Burton
v. City of Belle Glade, 178 F.3d 1175, 1187 (11th Cir. 1999). “‘Genuine disputes
are those in which the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict
for the non-movant. For factual issues to be considered genuine, they must have a
real basis in the record.’” Mize v. Jefferson City Bd. of Educ., 93 F.3d 739, 742
(11th Cir. 1996) (citation omitted). If the initial burden is met, then the non-
moving party may not rest on his pleadings, but must “go beyond the pleadings and
by [his] own affidavits, or by the ‘depositions, answers to interrogatories, and
admissions of file’, designate ‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue
for trial’” in order to avoid summary judgment. Graham v. State Farm Mut. Ins.
Co., 193 F.3d 1274, 1281-82 (11th Cir. 1999) (per curiam) (citation omitted).
Though the facts alleged in an inmate’s sworn pleading are sufficient to
defeat a motion for summary judgment and a separate affidavit is not necessary,
mere conclusions and unsupported factual allegations are legally insufficient to
defeat summary judgment. Sammons v. Taylor, 967 F.2d 1533, 1544 n.5 (11th
Cir. 1992). Unsworn statements, even from pro se parties, should not be
considered “in determining the propriety of summary judgment.” Gordon v.
Watson, 622 F.2d 120, 123 (5th Cir. 1980) (per curiam). Federal law, however,
does provide an alternative to making a sworn statement, but requires that the
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statement include a handwritten averment, signed and dated, that the statement is
true under the penalties of perjury. See 28 U.S.C. § 1746.
“The Fourth Amendment provides the right to be ‘free from the use of
excessive force in the course of an investigatory stop or other “seizure” of the
person.’” Beshers v. Harrison, 495 F.3d 1260, 1265 (11th Cir. 2007) (citation
omitted). To establish an excessive-force claim, the plaintiff must establish that he
was “seized” within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. Id. A Fourth
Amendment seizure occurs when “‘there is a governmental termination of freedom
of movement through means intentionally applied.’” Id. “[A] “[s]eizure” alone is
not enough for § 1983 liability; the seizure must be ‘unreasonable.’” Id. at 1266
(alterations in original) (citation omitted). The “reasonableness” inquiry is
objective: “‘the question is whether the officer’s actions are “‘objectively
reasonable’” in light of the facts and circumstances confronting him, without
regard to his underlying intent or motivation.’” Id.(citation omitted).
A court must view the facts from the “‘perspective of a reasonable officer on
the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight’” and must allow “‘for the
fact that police officers are often forced to make split-second judgments–in
circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving–about the amount of
force that is necessary in a particular situation.’” Id. (citation omitted). In
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assessing the reasonableness of the use of force a court must consider a number of
factors, “including the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an
immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether he is actively
resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.” Lee v. Ferraro, 284 F.3d
1188, 1197-1198 (11th Cir. 2002). We have recognized “that the typical arrest
involves some force and injury.” Rodriguez v. Farrell, 280 F.3d 1341, 1351 (11th
Cir. 2002).
In Lee, we held that a police officer used excessive force and was not
entitled to qualified immunity, even though he was lawfully permitted to arrest the
plaintiff and secure her with handcuffs. Lee, 284 F.3d at 1199. After securing the
plaintiff with handcuffs, the police officer had slammed the plaintiff’s head against
the trunk of her car, even though she was not resisting the officer. Id. at 1191. We
determined that the plaintiff posed no threat to the officer after she was arrested
and secured in handcuffs, so the force the officer used after the arrest was
unnecessary and disproportionate. Id. at 1198.
On the record in this case, we conclude that the district court reversibly erred
by granting summary judgment to the appellees. Wells alleges sufficient facts to
create a genuine dispute of material fact when viewing these facts in a light most
favorable to Wells. The evidence shows that the appellees seized Wells when
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Cramer tackled him following the low-speed chase because Cramer had
intentionally terminated Wells’s freedom of movement. The appellees presented
several affidavits and testimony showing that they used force only in their attempts
to place the resisting Wells in handcuffs. The appellees also alleged facts showing
that Wells was an immediate threat to the safety of others and that he evaded arrest
by flight. Wells, however, filed a declaration, made under penalty of perjury, as
required by 28 U.S.C. § 1746, that the appellees immediately handcuffed him after
tackling him, and then continued to beat him as he lay on the ground. Wells never
actually averred that he was no longer resisting arrest after he was handcuffed.
However, he does aver that he was lying face down on the ground, and the police
officers were “high-fiving” each other. (R1-79, Ex. A at 4). Thus, drawing
reasonable inferences in Wells’s favor, we can infer that Wells was no longer
resisting arrest.
Wells’s sworn pleadings and exhibits create a genuine dispute of material
fact as to whether the appellees used a reasonable amount of force when arresting
him. While the level of force used by the officers, as alleged by Wells, may have
been justified before the appellees placed him in handcuffs, that level of force may
not have been justified once Wells was handcuffed and had ceased resisting
because he may have ceased to pose a threat to the officers. Further, Wells
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provided photographs showing injuries to his face and back that could have been
sustained, as the appellees allege, in Wells being tackled, or during the beating that
Wells describes. Wells’s declaration that he was handcuffed and no longer
resisting arrest when he was beaten creates a genuine issue of material fact and,
therefore, the district court erred in granting the appellees summary judgment on
Wells’s excessive force claim.
C. Qualified Immunity
Finally, Wells argues that the district court erred in finding that the appellees
are entitled to qualified immunity as to Wells’s excessive-force claim. When
reviewing the grant of qualified immunity at the summary judgment stage, we must
“view the evidence and all factual inferences therefrom in the light most favorable
to the non-moving party, and resolve all reasonable doubts about the facts in favor
of the non-movant.” Kingsland v. City of Miami, 382 F.3d 1220, 1226 (11th Cir.
2004). Qualified immunity completely protects government officials performing
discretionary functions from suit in their individual capacities unless their conduct
violates “‘clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a
reasonable person would have known.’”4 Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 739, 122
4
On appeal, Wells does not challenge the district court’s conclusion that the appellees
were acting in their discretionary authority when they apprehended him following a low speed
chase. He argues only that they violated clearly established law in subjecting him to excessive
force.
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S. Ct. 2508, 2515 (2002) (citation omitted). To be eligible for qualified immunity,
government officials must show that they were acting within their discretionary
authority. Gonzalez v. Reno, 325 F.3d 1228, 1234 (11th Cir. 2003). The Supreme
Court created a two-part analysis to determine whether a grant of qualified
immunity is appropriate. Id. The threshold question is whether the alleged facts
demonstrate that the defendants violated any constitutional rights of the plaintiff.
Id. If a constitutional violation is alleged, the final step of the qualified immunity
analysis is whether the right was clearly established. Id. We must ask whether, at
the time the violation occurred, “every objectively reasonable police officer would
have realized the acts violated already clearly established federal law.” Garrett v.
Athens-Clarke County, Ga., 378 F.3d 1274, 1279 (11th Cir. 2004) (per curiam).
A party can show that the law clearly established that particular conduct was
unconstitutional through several methods. Vinyard v.Wilson, 311 F.3d 1340, 1350
(11th Cir. 2002). First, using the “obvious clarity” approach, a plaintiff can show
that a federal constitutional provision or statute is so clear, and the conduct so bad,
that case law is not needed to establish that the conduct cannot be lawful. Id. We
have issued several decisions holding that an official’s conduct was “‘far beyond
the hazy border between excessive and acceptable force,’” and thus, facially
violated the Fourth Amendment. Id. at 1350 n.18 (citation omitted); see e.g.,
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Slicker v. Jackson, 215 F.3d 1225, 1233 (11th Cir. 2000) (concluding, without case
law on point, that the evidence, if credited, suggested “the officers used excessive
force in beating [the plaintiff] even though he was handcuffed and did not resist,
attempt to flee, or struggle with the officers in any way”). Second, if the conduct is
not so egregious as to facially violate a constitutional provision, we look to case
law to find a broad principle concerning such conduct, untied to particularized
facts, that clearly establishes the law applicable in the future to different facts.
Vinyard, 311 F.3d at 1351. Third, a plaintiff can point to a materially similar case
that has already been decided in which the particular conduct, in similar
circumstances, was unconstitutional. Id. at 1351-52. On the facts of this case,
Smith v. Mattox, 127 F.3d 1416 (11th Cir. 1997) (per curiam), is materially
similar. Smith, when confronted by a police officer conducting a drug operation,
raised a baseball bat at the officer and then dropped the bat and fled. Id. at 1418.
When Smith was later surrounded by that officer and other police officers, he
pretended to run and then suddenly “docilely submitted to arrest.” Id. Once Smith
was on the ground, Mattox put his knee on Smith’s back to handcuff him and
pulled Smith’s forearm such that it caused him to complain of discomfort. Smith
then heard Mattox grunt before the officer delivered a blow that broke Smith’s arm
in multiple places. We held that Mattox’s grunt and his blow to Smith’s arm,
13
coupled with the severity of Smith’s injury, showed, at the summary judgment
stage, that Mattox had violated clearly established law. Id. at 1419. We assumed
Smith’s facts as true, and determined that (1) Smith’s lack of resistance at the time
of the blow; (2) Mattox’s grunt; (3) Smith’s sensation that he received a “blow”;
and (4) the broken arm showed that Mattox’s use of force was clearly
unconstitutional. Id. at 1420.
Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to Wells, we find that the
district court erred in finding that the appellees are entitled to qualified immunity at
the summary judgment stage. Further, as we have explained, Wells produced
sufficient evidence to show the appellees violated his Fourth Amendment rights by
attesting that they severely beat him after he had been placed in handcuffs. The
appellees’ conduct, as alleged by Wells, facially violates the Fourth Amendment
with obvious clarity and violates clearly established law in view of our decision in
Smith. Therefore, the district court erred in granting the appellees summary
judgment on qualified immunity grounds.
III. CONCLUSION
Wells appeals the district court’s orders denying his motion under Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e) and granting summary judgment in favor of the
defendants in Wells’s civil rights suit against police officers of the Pinellas County
14
Sheriff’s Office for excessive force under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The district court
erred by finding that Wells’s Rule 59(e) was filed untimely. The district court also
erred in granting summary judgment to the appellees on Wells’s excessive force
claim and in finding that they are entitled to qualified immunity at this stage of the
litigation. Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s order and remand this case
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
VACATED AND REMANDED.
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