United States v. Wayne Robert Banks

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED
________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 05-16228 JULY 21, 2006
Non-Argument Calendar THOMAS K. KAHN
CLERK
________________________
D. C. Docket No. 05-00040-CR-3-LAC
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
WAYNE ROBERT BANKS,
a.k.a. Day Money,
agent of Berto,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
_________________________
(July 21, 2006)
Before ANDERSON, BLACK and BARKETT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Wayne Robert Banks, Jr., appeals his 480-month sentence for multiple
offenses involving his pimping of adult and juvenile prostitutes, and witness-
tampering. Banks argues that the district court erred when it applied a cross-
reference in U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3, which addresses prostitution of a minor, to use a
base offense level and specific offense characteristics of U.S.S.G. § 2A3.1, which
addresses criminal sexual abuse, to determine his sentence under the 2004 United
States Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines”).1
We review a district court’s interpretation of the Guidelines de novo, and its
factual findings for clear error. United States v. Jordi, 418 F.3d 1212, 1214 (11th
Cir.), cert. denied, 126 S.Ct. 812 (2005).
In the Guidelines, U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3 covers offenses of promoting
prostitution in which a minor victim is involved. See U.S.S.G. § 2G1.1 cmt.
background. A cross-reference within § 2G1.3 directs that “[if] the offense
involved conduct described in 18 U.S.C. § 2241 or § 2242, apply § 2A3.1
(Criminal Sexual Abuse; Attempt to Commit Criminal Sexual Abuse), if the
resulting offense level is greater than that determined [by application of § 2G1.3].”
1
Banks also raised other issues referring to count groups which the district court did not
use to determine the length of his imposed sentence. We do not need to decide Guidelines issues
when they did not affect the imposed sentence. See United States v. Hersh, 297 F.3d 1233,
1250-54 (11th Cir. 2002). Banks’s other arguments on appeal are rejected without need for
discussion.
2
U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3(c). For purposes of U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3(c)(3), conduct described
in 18 U.S.C. §§ 2241 includes aggravated sexual abuse, e.g. “engaging in, or
causing another person to engage in, a sexual act with another person: (I) using
force against the minor [or] (II) threatening or placing the minor in fear that any
person will be subject to death, serious bodily injury, or kidnapping . . . .”
U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3(c), cmt. n.5(B)(i). For purposes of this cross-reference, conduct
described in 18 U.S.C. § 2242 includes sexual abuse, e.g. “engaging in, or causing
another person to engage in, a sexual act with another person by threatening or
placing the minor in fear (other than by threatening or placing the minor in fear
that any person will be subject to death, serious bodily injury, or kidnapping . . .).”
U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3(c) cmt. n.5(B)(iii).
We have allowed the use of U.S.S.G. § 2A3.1 to enhance sentences against
pimps who ran an organized prostitution operation. United States v. Pipkins, 378
F.3d 1281, 1299-1301 (11th Cir. 2004), opinion reinstated by, 412 F.3d 1251 (11th
Cir.), cert. denied, 126 S.Ct. 591 (2005). We have determined that the district
court properly followed the cross-references in the Guidelines for offenses
involving criminal sexual abuse when the court found that pimps caused underage
girls to engage in sexual acts by placing them in fear. Id. We noted that, when the
circumstances of the cross-reference exist, the cross-reference must be applied. Id.3
at 1301.
Upon review of the appellate record, the change-of-plea hearing transcript,
the pre-sentence investigation report (“PSI”), the sentencing hearing transcript, and
upon consideration of the briefs of the parties, we find no reversible error.
We conclude that the district court properly applied this cross-reference
because the record shows that Banks used force to cause a minor to engage in a
sexual act with another person. Accordingly, we affirm.
AFFIRMED. 2
2
Banks’s motion to supplement initial brief is denied. See United States v. Hembree,
381 F.3d 1109, 1110 (11th Cir. 2004) (citing United States v. Levy, 379 F.3d 1241 (11th Cir.
2003), for proposition that new issues cannot be raised in a supplemental brief if they were not
raised in initial brief)
4