Imari Maisha Mackey v. United States

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
MAR 30, 2007
No. 06-12547 THOMAS K. KAHN
Non-Argument Calendar CLERK
________________________
D. C. Docket Nos. 00-08059-CV-CO-S
98-00108-CR-CO-S
IMARI MAISHA MACKEY,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
No. 06-13271
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D. C. Docket Nos. 00-08011-CV-LSC-S
98-00108-CR-LSC
FRED LEWIS MACKEY,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Alabama
_________________________
(March 30, 2007)
Before BLACK, CARNES and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Imari Maisha Mackey and Fred Lewis Mackey, proceeding pro se, appeal
the district court’s order denying their motions under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 60(b)(4), which had sought relief from a previous district court order
denying their 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motions to vacate, set aside, or correct their
sentences. We affirm.
I.
The procedural history of these consolidated appeals is extensive, but we
will set forth only the part of it that is necessary to a decision of this appeal.
The Mackeys were convicted in 1998 on various counts stemming from
their participation in cocaine trafficking. After their conviction, but before their
sentencing, the Mackeys filed with the Clerk of the Eleventh Circuit, pursuant to
the rules of the Judicial Council of the Eleventh Circuit governing complaints of
judicial misconduct, a complaint under chapter 16 of Title 28, United States Code,
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against Judge Edwin Nelson, the district court judge who had presided over their
trial. In their complaint the Mackeys alleged that Judge Nelson was racially and
“judicially” biased against them. Thereafter, Judge Nelson presided over the
sentence hearing of both defendants and sentenced them (one in November 1998
and the other in January 1999) to lengthy prison terms.
Although the record in this appeal does not indicate what action was taken
on the Mackeys’ complaint against Judge Nelson, it does show that he entered a
one-sentence order in April 1999 stating in its entirety that: “The undersigned
hereby recuses himself from any further participation in this matter.” No
explanation for the order appears anywhere in the record before us.
The Mackeys appealed their convictions and their sentences, which this
Court affirmed. United States v. Mackey, 211 F.3d 598 (11th Cir. 2000)
(unpublished table opinion). After our affirmance, the Mackeys each filed,
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, motions to vacate, set aside, or correct their
sentences. In April 2002, three years after Judge Nelson’s recusal order, a
magistrate judge issued a report and recommendation that both of their § 2255
motions be denied. On May 9, 2002, Judge Nelson, despite his prior recusal
order, entered an order adopting the magistrate judge’s report and denying the
Mackeys’ § 2255 motions. He also denied their applications for a certificate of
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appealability. They each filed an application for a COA with this Court, which we
denied as untimely. Neither in the district court nor in their applications for COA
in this Court did the Mackeys raise the issue of Judge Nelson deciding their §
2255 motions after his earlier order of recusal.
In December 2005 and February 2006, the Mackeys filed motions for relief
from the denial of their § 2255 motions on the ground that Judge Nelson should
not have decided their § 2255 motions after he had recused himself. They
specifically denominated their motions for relief from judgment as ones under
Rule 60(b)(4), asserting that the judgments denying their § 2255 motions were
void. Their contention was that Judge Nelson’s earlier recusal deprived him of
jurisdiction to rule on their § 2255 motions, and an order or judgment entered
without jurisdiction is void.
The district court, acting through the person of a different judge (Judge
Nelson having died during the interval), denied the Mackeys’ Rule 60(b)(4)
motions, but granted them a COA on the following issue:
whether the court incorrectly denied the movant’s Rule 60(b)(4)
motion to vacate an earlier denial of § 2255 relief, where the judge
now assigned to the case has independently reviewed the earlier §
2255 denial and found it to be correct, notwithstanding the fact that
the predecessor judge had recused himself before ruling on the § 2255
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motion.1
II.
We stated in Burke v. Smith, 252 F.3d 1260, 1263 (11th Cir. 2001), that
“[g]enerally, a judgment is void under Rule 60(b)(4) if the court that rendered it
lacked jurisdiction of the subject matter, or of the parties, or if it acted in a manner
inconsistent with due process of law.” Burke, 252 F.3d at 1263 (citation and
quotation marks omitted). The Supreme Court has not held, however, that the
failure of a judge to recuse himself is jurisdictional. See Liljeberg v. Health
Services Acquisition Corp., 486 U.S. 847, 862–63, 108 S. Ct. 2194, 2203–05
(1988). As to due process of law, neither we nor the Supreme Court has held that
the decision of a judge in a case after he has recused himself in an earlier
proceeding involving the same conviction and sentence violates due process of
law. The fact that Judge Nelson, after he had sentenced the Mackeys a few
months before, recused himself in April 1999 “from any further participation in
1
After the district court denied his Rule 60(b)(4) motion, Imari Mackey actually filed a
Rule 59(e) motion to alter or amend, arguing (1) that the district court failed to address a claim he
brought in his § 2255 petition and (2) that regardless of the unaddressed claim, the district court
nonetheless erred in finding that Judge Nelson’s denial of his § 2255 petition was not void under
Rule 60(b)(4). The district court denied Imari Mackey’s Rule 59(e) motion, and although he
filed a timely notice of appeal from the denial of his Rule 59(e) motion, we dismissed it for want
of prosecution. However, we reinstated his appeal after he filed a motion to proceed in forma
pauperis, and the district court granted a COA on the same question addressed by this opinion.
The issue in that appeal, which is consolidated with this one, is the same given that the COA is
identical in both appeals.
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this matter” does not mean that he was required to recuse himself in April 2002
when he denied their motions for § 2255 relief. The Mackeys’ motions for § 2255
relief were not part of “this matter” at the time of the April 1999 recusal; those
motions would not be filed until more than a year and a half later. We do not
even know why Judge Nelson recused himself earlier or whether that reason,
whatever it was, had dissipated during the three years before he ruled on their §
2255 motions. It is simply not true that once recused, always recused.
The weight of what we do not know and cannot tell from the record—and in
all probability can never know since Judge Nelson has died—falls on the § 2255
movants, because they have the burden of establishing their right to relief from the
judgment against them. See Coloma v. Holder, 445 F.3d 1282, 1284 (11th Cir.
2006). Because the Mackeys have not carried that burden, their Rule 60(b)(4)
motions were due to be denied.
We are reassured in our decision on this matter by the way in which the
district court, per Judge Coogler, reached the same result. Taking a harmless error
approach, the district court examined the Mackeys’ § 2255 motions afresh and
concluded that they were due to be denied and would have been denied regardless
of who the judge was. See generally Doddy v. Oxy USA, Inc., 101 F.3d 448,
457–59 (5th Cir. 1996) (applying the harmless error rule to rulings by a judge after
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he had recused himself). What this means is that even if we were to conclude that
the Mackeys were entitled to the Rule 60(b)(4) relief they seek, it would do them
no good. All that Rule 60(b) relief does is set aside the judgment under attack,
and here that would be the judgment denying their § 2255 motions. Setting aside
the judgment denying their § 2255 motions would leave it to be ruled on by a
judge other than Judge Nelson. In this case that would be Judge Coogler, who has
been assigned the case. He would reach the same conclusion that he did in ruling
on this Rule 60(b)(4) proceeding, which is that their § 2255 motions are due to be
denied. The Mackeys would be no better off.
AFFIRMED.
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