Donald C. Maynard v. Pneumatic Products Corp.

Donald C. MAYNARD, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
PNEUMATIC PRODUCTS CORP., Defendant-Appellee.
No. 99-12881.
United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
July 12, 2001.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. (No. 98-00022-CIV-OC-10C),
Wm Terrell Hodges, Judge.
Before TJOFLAT, WILSON and B. FLETCHER*, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Upon sua sponte reconsideration of this appeal, we vacate our prior opinion, published at 233 F.3d
1344 (11th Cir.2000), and substitute the following in its place:
Donald C. Maynard appeals the district court's grant of judgment as a matter of law to Pneumatic
Products Corporation ("Pneumatic"). The grant was predicated upon the finding that Maynard failed to prove
that he timely filed a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
("EEOC"). Because we find that the district court was correct in concluding that the discrimination charge
was not timely filed, we affirm the district court's grant of judgment to Pneumatic.
I. BACKGROUND
Pneumatic Products Corporation ("Pneumatic") hired Donald Maynard in 1991 as an assembly line
worker on Pneumatic's filter product line.1 In 1994, Maynard sustained an on-the-job back injury in which
he herniated a disc in his back, and by March of 1996, as a result of the herniated disc, Maynard could not
lift more than fourteen pounds, sleep sufficiently (due to severe back pain), sit in a chair for more than fifteen
to twenty minutes at a time, stand for more than ten to fifteen minutes at a time, bend at the waist, run up
steps, or walk more than forty to fifty yards at a time. Pneumatic knew about Maynard's back condition, and
the limitations caused by his condition.
Pneumatic terminated Maynard's employment on March 22, 1996. Pneumatic purported to fire
*
Honorable Betty B. Fletcher, U.S. Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by designation.
1
Maynard went on to work for Pneumatic in several capacities, but for sake of brevity and clarity we
summarize his positions as "assembly line worker."
Maynard because it was discontinuing the product line on which Maynard worked, but Maynard contended
that Pneumatic actually fired him "because of [his] back." Maynard submitted an affidavit to the EEOC 292
days after his termination, claiming that Pneumatic violated the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA"),
42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq., by firing him because of a disability (his back condition).2 In response, the EEOC
sent Maynard a letter on January 15, 1997 advising him that he needed to complete the enclosed Form 5
documentation and should return it within five days. (Court Exh. 2). After receiving his right to sue letter,
Maynard sued Pneumatic for violations of the ADA and the Florida Civil Rights Act, Fla. Stat. ch. 760.01
et seq. (1997). Prior to trial, Pneumatic at various times raised motions to dismiss and for summary judgment,
all were denied.3
Maynard's claim proceeded to a jury trial, and the district court granted Pneumatic's motion for a
directed verdict following the presentation of plaintiff's case. The district court relied on the fact that
Maynard's EEOC charge was not timely filed, hence his claims were time barred. Alternatively, the court
stated that Maynard failed to establish that he had a disability within the meaning of the ADA. Maynard
appeals both rulings.
II. DISCUSSION
We review de novo the district court's grant of judgment as a matter of law, and view all evidence
in the light most favorable to Maynard, the non-movant. See Wideman v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 141 F.3d
1453, 1454 (11th Cir.1998).
Assuming without deciding, as the district court initially did, that Maynard made out a prima facie
case of disability, we only address an issue we declined to reach in our original opinion—whether Maynard
2
The evidence of the claim being initiated 292 days after his termination on January 8, 1997 takes two
forms. In opposition to appellee's motion for summary judgment, Maynard attached his affidavit as proof
that his claim was timely filed, (Tab 14), and in the EEOC's notice to the Florida Commission on Human
Relations that the EEOC is investigating the matter pursuant to the worksharing agreement between the
two, they acknowledge the date of receipt of the charge as January 8, 1997. See EEOC Form 212, March
10, 1997 (Tab 10, Exh. D).
3
It should be noted that Pneumatic continuously contested the timeliness of Maynard's filing.
Maynard asserted in his initial complaint that he had filed a claim with the FCHR on November 26, 1996.
See Complaint and Demand for Jury Trial, January 26, 1998, ¶ 11 (Tab 1). Pneumatic's answer concluded
that they were "without knowledge and therefore denied" Maynard's assertion on this point. See
Defendant's Answer and Affirmative Defenses, March 10, 1998, at 2 (Tab 5). Pneumatic further asserted
as its third affirmative defense that Maynard failed to meet a condition precedent for filing an ADA based
action. Id. at 3. Based in part on the timeliness issue, Pneumatic filed a motion for summary judgment,
which was denied by the court. See Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment, October 13, 1998, ¶ 6,
at 2-3 (Tab 10). After quite a bit of back and forth between the parties to the case and some initial
confusion about the documentation and dates, the district court denied the motion.
timely filed his charge with the EEOC. Timely filing a charge of discrimination is a prerequisite to bringing
suit under both Title VII and the ADA. See Section 706(e) of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42
U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e) (1994); 42 U.S.C. § 12117(a); Love v. Pullman Co., 404 U.S. 522, 523, 92 S.Ct. 616,
30 L.Ed.2d 679 (1972) ("A person claiming to be aggrieved by a violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
of 1964 ... may not maintain a suit for redress in federal district court until he has first unsuccessfully pursued
certain avenues of potential administrative relief."); Zillyette v. Capital One Fin. Corp., 179 F.3d 1337, 1339
(11th Cir.1999) ("It is settled law that, under the ADA, plaintiffs must comply with the same procedural
requirements to sue as exist under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964."). An ADA plaintiff has the
burden of proving all conditions precedent to filing suit, including the condition that he timely filed with the
EEOC. See Jackson v. Seaboard Coast Line R.R. Co., 678 F.2d 992, 1011 (11th Cir.1982) ("[T]he timely
filing of an EEOC complaint is a condition precedent to a Title VII action").
Ordinarily, an ADA plaintiff must file a charge complaining about an allegedly unlawful
employment practice (the "charge") with the EEOC within 180 days of the employment practice, see 42
U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1) (1994), but the period for filing a charge with the EEOC may be extended to 300 days
if the complainant first files a timely charge in a state or local agency in a "deferral state." Id. Deferral states
are those that prohibit the unlawful employment practice at issue and have established state or local
authorities to grant or seek relief for such practice. See Section 706(c) of Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(c);
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-(e)(1). In deferral states, "no charge may be filed [with the EEOC]... by the person
aggrieved before the expiration of sixty days after proceedings have been commenced under the State or local
law, unless such proceedings have been earlier terminated...." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(c). This gives the deferral
state agencies notice of the alleged discrimination and an opportunity to investigate the allegations before the
federal agency gets involved. See EEOC v. Commercial Office Prod. Co., 486 U.S. 107, 110, 108 S.Ct. 1666,
100 L.Ed.2d 96 (1988) (The sixty-day deferral period was included in § 706(c) "to give States and localities
an opportunity to combat discrimination free from premature federal intervention ..."). Thus, in deferral
states, either a complainant must file with the state agency by the 240th day after the discriminatory act, or
the state agency must terminate proceedings by the 300th day on a charge filed after the 240th day. See
Mohasco Corp. v. Silver, 447 U.S. 807, 100 S.Ct. 2486, 65 L.Ed.2d 532 (1980).
Deferral states may also enter into worksharing agreements with the EEOC, whereby the deferral
states waive the right to investigate a charge during the sixty-day deferral period. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-
5(e)(1); 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-8(b). The deferral state's waiver of the opportunity to investigate during the
sixty-day deferral period may constitute a termination of the state's proceedings, see Commercial Office
Prod., 486 U.S. at 125, 108 S.Ct. 1666, thereby making a charge filed after the 240th day timely by virtue
of the deferral state's termination of its proceedings before the 300th day.
Maynard filed his charge of discrimination in Florida, a deferral state, but he never filed a charge
with Florida's state agency, the Florida Commission on Human Relations ("FCHR"); he instead alleges that
he filed his charge directly with the EEOC, 292 days after Pneumatic terminated him. Maynard's awkward
filing left him with two important hurdles to jump before he could be deemed to have timely filed his EEOC
charge; first, to be entitled to the 300-day filing period, as opposed to the usual 180-day period (which,
importantly, he missed), Maynard needed to prove that he filed his charge with the FCHR before the 300th
day following his termination. Second, since he filed more than 240 days after his termination, he needed
to prove that the FCHR terminated its proceedings on his filing before the 300th day following his
termination. To determine whether Maynard's EEOC filing constituted a filing with the FCHR, and whether
the FCHR terminated its proceedings before the 300th day, we would, ordinarily, look to the EEOC-FCHR
worksharing agreement.
The agreement's language would determine whether Maynard's filing with the EEOC constituted a
simultaneous filing with the FCHR. See, e.g., Puryear v. County of Roanoke, 214 F.3d 514, 519 (4th
Cir.2000) (quotation marks omitted) (citing Bolinsky v. Carter Mach. Co., 69 F.Supp.2d 842, 845-46
(W.D.Va.1999)) ("The [worksharing agreement] establishes streamlined procedures between the two agencies
for managing claims. Significantly, it designates each agency as the other's agent for purpose of receiving
and drafting charges of discrimination. Under the terms of the [worksharing agreement], a claim received
by one agency is deemed received by the other, initiating each agency's proceedings for purposes of Title VII,
section 706(c). The [worksharing agreement] further provides that each agency will process the Title VII and
ADEA charges it originally receives.... Thus, under the express terms of the [worksharing agreement], a
plaintiff, by filing charges with the EEOC, thereby commences proceedings with both the [state agency] and
the EEOC."); Bolinsky, 69 F.Supp.2d at 847 ("[B]ecause the plaintiff's filing with the EEOC automatically
commenced and terminated the state proceedings on his charge, his filing with the EEOC was a sufficient
exhaustion of his state law remedies.").
The agreement's language also would determine whether the FCHR constructively terminated
Maynard's filing. See, e.g., Griffin v. Air Prod. & Chems., Inc., 883 F.2d 940, 943 (11th Cir.1989)
(examining an earlier version of the EEOC-FCHR worksharing agreement, and determining that "the EEOC-
FCHR worksharing agreement created an instantaneous 'constructive termination' " of the FCHR
proceedings); Puryear, 214 F.3d at 518 n. 4 (finding that the state agency constructively terminated a charge
that was filed with the EEOC where "the EEOC forwards the charge to the [Virginia Council on Human
Rights] in any event, pursuant to the [worksharing agreement]."); Griffin v. City of Dallas, 26 F.3d 610, 613
(5th Cir.1994) (reviewing the Texas Commission on Human Rights-EEOC worksharing agreement, and
determining that pursuant to that agreement "the state proceedings were instantaneously terminated upon [the
complainant's] filing of his charge with the EEOC."). Since the outcome of our query hinges on the language
in the EEOC-FCHR agreement, we begin our analysis by scrutinizing the agreement for fiscal year 1997, the
governing agreement when charges were filed.
Unfortunately, neither party to this appeal made the crucial EEOC-FCHR worksharing agreement
a part of the record. Maynard could only demonstrate timely filing if he showed that the EEOC-FCHR
worksharing agreement provides that the EEOC is the FCHR's agent for purposes of receiving complaints,
and that the FCHR constructively terminates its proceedings when the EEOC receives a charge filed during
the deferral period. As stated earlier, an ADA plaintiff bears the burden of proving that he timely filed his
charge with the EEOC; Maynard did not sustain this burden of proof, as he failed to enter the necessary
EEOC-FCHR worksharing agreement into the record. Therefore, the district court appropriately granted
judgment as a matter of law in Pneumatic's favor.
III. CONCLUSION
Our prior opinion is vacated in its entirety and we limit our holding in this case to deciding that
Donald Maynard failed to prove that he timely filed his EEOC charge. Accordingly, we affirm the district
court's grant of judgment as a matter of law to Pneumatic Products Corporation. Because we conclude that
the lack of timely filing is a sufficient basis upon which to affirm the district court's decision, we need not
address any alternative basis for the grant.
AFFIRMED.
BETTY B. FLETCHER, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
I respectfully dissent. Under the terms of the Worksharing Agreement (agreement) between the
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and the Florida Commission on Human Relations
(FCHR), Donald Maynard timely filed his discrimination complaint against his former employer, Pneumatic
Products Corporation. At trial, Maynard made out his prima facie case. For these reasons, I would reverse
the district court's grant of judgment as a matter of law to Pneumatic Products and remand.
A. Timeliness
As the majority makes clear, whether Maynard timely filed his discrimination charge depends upon
the terms of the Worksharing Agreement between the EEOC and the FCHR. The majority upholds the district
court's judgment as a matter of law to Pneumatic Products because neither party made the agreement part of
the record. The agreement creates rules of law that prescribe the circumstances under which filing with one
agency constitutes filing with the other. Thus, the fact that the agreement was not entered into the record is
irrelevant; it is the district court's duty to identify and interpret the sources of law necessary for deciding the
case before it.
It is clear, however, that even if the agreement is an adjudicative fact rather than law, it is the sort of
thing of which the district court could have taken judicial notice. See Fed.R.Evid. 201(b) ("A judicially
noticed fact must be one not subject to reasonable dispute in that it is either (1) generally known within the
territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or (2) capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources
whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned."). Although judicial notice is not mandatory unless it is
requested by a party who supplies the court with the necessary information, a court's failure to take judicial
notice may constitute an abuse of discretion even when no party requests such notice. See id. 201(c), (d).
In this case, whether Maynard's charges were timely filed depends entirely on the language of the agreement,
a document that is readily available either from the FCHR or from the Florida divisions of the EEOC. I would
hold that, assuming that the agreement is an adjudicative fact, the district court's failure to take judicial notice
of the agreement was an abuse of discretion.
Turning to the merits of Maynard's appeal, it is clear from the agreement that the EEOC's receipt of
a complainant's charges automatically initiates proceedings of both the EEOC and the FCHR. Paragraph II.A.
of the agreement states that each agency designates the other "as its agent for the purpose of receiving and
drafting charges." FCHR-EEOC Worksharing Agreement for Fiscal Year 1997 ¶ II.A. (emphasis added).
That paragraph also explicitly states that "EEOC's receipt of charges on the FEPA's1 behalf will automatically
initiate the proceedings of both EEOC and the FEPA." Id. ¶ II.A. (emphasis added). The agreement also
1
The FCHR refers to itself as "FEPA" in the agreement.
conclusively establishes that Maynard's filing with the EEOC not only automatically initiated proceedings
with the FCHR, but also instantaneously constructively terminated the FCHR proceedings. Paragraph III.A.I.
of the agreement states that "[f]or charges originally received by the EEOC and/or to be initially processed
by the EEOC, the FEPA waives its right of exclusive jurisdiction to initially process such charges for a period
of 60 days for the purpose of allowing the EEOC to proceed immediately with the processing of such charges
before the 61st day." Id. ¶ III.A.I. This Court has held that virtually identical language in a previous
Worksharing Agreement between the EEOC and the FCHR "created an instantaneous 'constructive
termination' " of FCHR proceedings. Griffin v. Air Prods. & Chems., Inc., 883 F.2d 940, 943 (11th Cir.1989).
Here, the EEOC received Maynard's charges within the 300 day limit. FCHR proceedings were
automatically initiated and terminated concurrent with Maynard's filing. The EEOC properly considered
Maynard's filing timely; it accepted jurisdiction and issued a right-to-sue letter. I would reverse the district
court's conclusion that Maynard had failed to establish timely filing.
B. Prima Facie Case
In our prior opinion, we affirmed the district court's judgment to Pneumatic Products on the ground
that Maynard had failed to make out a prima facie case of discrimination in violation of the ADA. Maynard
v. Pneumatic Prods. Corp., 233 F.3d 1344 (11th Cir.2000). In doing so, we erred.
In order to determine whether a person is disabled within the meaning of the ADA, we must decide
three issues: (1) whether the person has a physical impairment, (2) whether the activities the person claims
are substantially limited by the impairment are "major life activit[ies]," and (3) whether the impairment
actually does substantially limit any major life activities. Bragdon v. Abbott, 524 U.S. 624, 631, 118 S.Ct.
2196, 141 L.Ed.2d 540 (1998).
In 1994, Maynard suffered a herniated disc in his back while at work. By March of 1996, as a result
of the herniated disk, Maynard could not lift more than fourteen pounds, sleep well, sit in a chair for more
than fifteen to twenty minutes at a time, stand for more than fifteen minutes at a time, bend at the waist, run
up steps, or walk more than forty or fifty yards at a time. Previously, we held that Maynard failed to establish
his prima facie case because he failed to present evidence of how far the average person in the population can
walk. Maynard, 233 F.3d at 1347-48. That conclusion was simply wrong. Although Maynard offered no
proof of how far the average person in the general population can walk, his impairment is so obviously
substantially limiting that he needed to present no comparator evidence as part of his prima facie case. The
jury's good common sense and life experiences gave them sufficient ability to determine that Maynard's
impairment "[s]ignificantly restrict[s]... the condition, manner or duration under which [he] can perform a
particular major life activity as compared to the condition, manner, or duration under which the average
person in the general population can perform that same major life activity." 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(1)(ii).
Maynard timely filed his charges with the EEOC and the FCHR. At trial, he made out his prima facie
case of discrimination in violation of the ADA. Therefore, I would reverse the district court's grant of
judgment as a matter of law to Pneumatic Products and remand for retrial. Accordingly, I dissent.