Howard Levy v. United States

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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 15-12246
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket Nos. 1:13-cv-03120-AT,
1:11-cr-00085-AT-JFK-5
HOWARD LEVY,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
________________________
(December 6, 2016)
Before TJOFLAT, WILLIAM PRYOR, and MARTIN, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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Howard Levy, a federal prisoner, appeals the district court’s denial of his
28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate his conviction and sentence. After careful
review, we affirm the district court.
I.
In 2011, Levy and several co-defendants were indicted based on a bank
fraud scheme. Levy was indicted for: (1) one count of conspiracy to commit bank
fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1349 (“Count One”); (2) six counts of fraud with
identification documents in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 1028A(a)(1); and (3)
five counts of bank fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 1344.
Levy pleaded guilty to Count One pursuant to a written plea agreement. His
plea agreement contained a section stipulating that the effect of his conviction on
his immigration status was uncertain, but that deportation was “presumptively
mandatory.” This section affirmed that Levy “want[ed] to plead guilty” even if it
resulted in his “automatic removal.” The agreement also contained an appeal
waiver allowing him to appeal only if the government did so or if the district court
imposed an upward departure from his sentencing guidelines range. At the bottom
of the agreement was an acknowledgment, signed by Levy indicating he had
carefully reviewed the agreement with defense counsel and understood its terms
and conditions.
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At his change-of-plea hearing, Levy said (under oath) that he understood the
plea agreement and the acknowledgment. The court asked Levy if he had
discussed the immigration consequences of his plea with defense counsel, and he
responded that he had not spoken with an immigration lawyer but had discussed
the issue briefly with defense counsel. Counsel then stated that he told Levy there
were “possible immigration consequences” and had advised him to consult with a
specialist because “one day that will become an issue.” The court inquired further,
and counsel confirmed he had advised Levy “that he may face deportation.” The
court then took a short recess to give Levy and defense counsel more time to
discuss the immigration consequences of Levy’s guilty plea. After the break, Levy
confirmed that he had been given sufficient time to discuss the immigration issues
with defense counsel and said he still wanted to plead guilty.
At Levy’s sentencing hearing, defense counsel requested probation in lieu of
imprisonment. The court denied this request and sentenced Levy to twenty months
in prison, which was below his sentencing guidelines range. The court also
ordered him to pay over $200,000 in restitution. Immediately after this hearing,
Levy and defense counsel had a brief conversation. Counsel later testified that
during this conversation, he told Levy there was no basis to appeal the sentence.
Levy then brought this § 2255 action. He alleged that defense counsel
provided ineffective assistance of counsel in three ways: (1) counsel explained the
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elements of the wrong crime to Levy; (2) counsel failed to adequately advise Levy
regarding the immigration consequences of Levy’s guilty plea; and (3) counsel
failed to file an appeal despite Levy’s instructions to do so. A Magistrate Judge
ordered an evidentiary hearing for the third ground only. At this evidentiary
hearing, Levy testified that during their brief conversation immediately after the
sentencing hearing, he told defense counsel he wanted to appeal his sentence
because he was not happy with the amount of restitution he had been ordered to
pay. On the other hand, defense counsel testified that when he told Levy he
believed there was no basis to appeal, Levy responded not by asking him to appeal,
but rather by shrugging and saying “okay.” Further, counsel testified that Levy
sent him an email two months after the sentencing hearing asking when and how
Levy would pay the restitution, and even in that email, Levy did not ask him to
appeal anything.
In January 2015, the Magistrate Judge issued a report and recommendation
denying Levy relief on all three grounds. As relevant to this appeal, the Magistrate
Judge ruled that defense counsel provided constitutionally adequate advice about
the immigration consequences of Levy’s guilty plea and in any case, Levy could
not show he was prejudiced because his plea agreement said he wanted to plead
guilty even if the consequence was automatic removal. The Magistrate Judge also
found Levy’s testimony at the evidentiary hearing was not credible because of a
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number of inconsistencies with earlier testimony. Thus, the Magistrate Judge
credited defense counsel’s testimony that Levy did not ask him to file an appeal
and did not reasonably demonstrate an interest in appealing.
Over Levy’s objections, the district court adopted the Magistrate Judge’s
report and recommendation. In its order, the district court highlighted the
inconsistencies in Levy’s testimony as “more than minor” and noted the “record of
inconsistencies is further weighted” by the fact that the Magistrate Judge made her
credibility determinations after personally observing Levy and defense counsel at
the evidentiary hearing.
II.
Levy makes two arguments on appeal. First, he argues the district court
should have held an evidentiary hearing on the issue of whether defense counsel
was ineffective for failing to adequately advise him of the immigration
consequences of pleading guilty. Levy acknowledges that the record reflects
defense counsel told him he might be deported as a result of his plea. However, he
asserts this advice was deficient because it failed to make clear he would face
automatic deportation if he could not establish citizenship through a family
member. Further, Levy argues he would have refused the plea deal—and would
have been willing to risk longer incarceration—if he had been told his ability to
remain in the United States rested entirely upon this citizenship claim.
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We review the district court’s denial of an evidentiary hearing in a
§ 2255 proceeding for abuse of discretion. Winthrop-Redin v. United States,
767 F.3d 1210, 1215 (11th Cir. 2014). “A district court abuses its discretion if it
applies an incorrect legal standard, applies the law in an unreasonable or incorrect
manner, follows improper procedures in making a determination, or makes
findings of fact that are clearly erroneous.” Id. (quotation omitted).
In order to get an evidentiary hearing, a § 2255 petitioner need only allege,
not prove, “reasonably specific, non-conclusory facts that, if true, would entitle
him to relief.” Id. at 1216 (quotation omitted). However, the district court does
not need to grant a hearing if the petitioner’s allegations are “patently frivolous,
based upon unsupported generalizations, or affirmatively contradicted by the
record.” Id. (quotations omitted). Put another way, the district court must grant an
evidentiary hearing “[u]nless the motion and the files and records of the case
conclusively show that the petitioner is entitled to no relief.” Id. (quotation
omitted).
To secure relief on the theory that defense counsel’s constitutionally
deficient advice induced a guilty plea, a petitioner must show that the advice “fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness,” Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 57,
106 S. Ct. 366, 369 (1985) (quotation omitted), and that “the outcome of the plea
process would have been different with competent advice.” Lafler v. Cooper, 566
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U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 1376, 1384 (2012). In other words, the petitioner must show
not only that defense counsel committed professional error, but also a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the petitioner would not have pleaded
guilty and would have insisted on going to trial. See Premo v. Moore, 562 U.S.
115, 131–32, 131 S. Ct. 733, 745 (2011). So when a § 2255 petitioner seeks relief
under this theory, the district court may deny the petitioner an evidentiary hearing
if his § 2255 motion or the record conclusively shows he cannot meet his burden
under one of these two prongs. See Winthrop-Redin, 767 F.3d at 1216.
In this case, the record conclusively shows that Levy cannot meet his burden
under the second prong. He cannot demonstrate a reasonable probability that, but
for defense counsel’s erroneous immigration advice, he would have insisted on
going to trial. Levy’s plea agreement specifically included a section stating: (1)
removal was presumptively mandatory because he was pleading guilty to the
offense; (2) he understood that neither his attorney nor the district court could
predict the effect of his plea on his immigration status; and (3) he wanted to plead
guilty even if it resulted in his automatic removal from the United States. Further,
Levy signed an acknowledgement at the end of the plea agreement stating that he
had read and carefully reviewed every part of the agreement with defense counsel
and understood its terms and conditions. Finally, at his change-of-plea hearing,
Levy said under oath that he understood the plea agreement and the
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acknowledgment. Because he stated in a signed plea agreement that he wanted to
plead guilty even if the consequence was automatic removal, Levy cannot
demonstrate he would have refused to plead guilty if counsel had told him he could
face automatic removal. Thus, the district court did not abuse its discretion by
denying Levy’s claim regarding defense counsel’s immigration advice without
granting Levy an evidentiary hearing.
III.
Levy’s second argument has two parts. First, he argues the district court
clearly erred in finding he did not ask defense counsel to appeal. Second, he
asserts the district court erred in ruling defense counsel was not ineffective for
failing to adequately consult him about filing an appeal.
In a § 2255 proceeding, we review a district court’s legal conclusions de
novo. Devine v. United States, 520 F.3d 1286, 1287 (11th Cir. 2008). Whether
counsel was ineffective is a mixed question of law and fact that we review de
novo. Id. “We allot substantial deference to the factfinder in reaching credibility
determinations with respect to witness testimony,” so we review credibility
determinations for clear error only. Id. (quotation and ellipsis omitted).
In judging whether a lawyer’s performance was constitutionally deficient,
we apply the two-prong test established by Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984). First, we must determine whether the lawyer’s
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performance was reasonable under prevailing professional norms. Id. at 688, 104
S. Ct. at 2065. The petitioner must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that
his counsel’s performance was unreasonable. Putman v. Head, 268 F.3d 1223,
1243 (11th Cir. 2001). Second, we must determine whether the lawyer’s deficient
performance was prejudicial. In order to satisfy the prejudice prong, the petitioner
“must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068. “A reasonable probability is a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. We must
consider the totality of the evidence before the factfinder in making this prejudice
determination. See id. at 695, 104 S. Ct. at 2069.
The Strickland test applies to claims of ineffective assistance based on
counsel’s failure to file an appeal. Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 528 U.S. 470, 476-77,
120 S. Ct. 1029, 1034 (2000). Counsel acts in a constitutionally unreasonable
manner when he “disregards specific instructions from [a] defendant to file a
notice of appeal.” Id. at 477, 120 S. Ct. at 1035. When this happens, we presume
the defendant was prejudiced even if he signed an appeal waiver as part of his plea
agreement. Gomez-Diaz v. United States, 433 F.3d 788, 790 (11th Cir. 2005).
Even when a defendant does not give specific instructions to appeal, his
attorney has a constitutional duty to consult with him about an appeal if (1) “a
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rational defendant would want to appeal,” or (2) the “particular defendant
reasonably demonstrated to counsel that he was interested in appealing.” Flores-
Ortega, 528 U.S. at 480, 120 S. Ct. at 1036. In determining whether a lawyer had a
duty to consult his client about an appeal, we “must take into account all the
information counsel knew or should have known.” Id. Further, one “highly
relevant factor” is whether the defendant pleaded guilty, “both because a guilty
plea reduces the scope of potentially appealable issues and because such a plea
may indicate that the defendant seeks an end to judicial proceedings.” Id.
With regard to Levy’s claim that the district court clearly erred in finding he
never asked defense counsel to appeal, we conclude to the contrary. The district
court determined that Levy lacked credibility based on multiple “more than minor”
inconsistencies between his evidentiary-hearing testimony before the Magistrate
Judge and his earlier testimony. In contrast, there did not appear to be any
inconsistencies in defense counsel’s testimony. In light of the substantial
deference we give to factfinders on issues of witness credibility, we cannot say the
district court clearly erred in crediting defense counsel’s testimony that Levy never
gave him specific instructions to appeal.
Further, Levy’s argument that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to
adequately consult him about an appeal fails because Levy cannot show defense
counsel was under a duty to consult. First, he has not demonstrated that a rational
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defendant in his position would have wanted to appeal. Levy signed a plea
agreement containing an appeal waiver, which allowed him to appeal only if the
government did so or if the district court imposed an upward departure from his
sentencing guidelines range. Because neither of these things happened, a rational
defendant in Levy’s shoes would not have sought to appeal. See Otero v. United
States, 499 F.3d 1267, 1271 (11th Cir. 2007) (per curiam) (“[O]n account of the
plea agreement’s broad appeal waiver, any appeal taken by Otero would have been
frivolous and would have been an appeal that no rational defendant would have
taken.”). Levy also received a prison sentence below his guideline range and
favorable plea agreement in which the government agreed not to prosecute him on
eleven counts. Thus, Levy failed to show that a rational defendant would have
wanted to appeal.
Second, the district court did not clearly err in finding that Levy did not
reasonably demonstrate an interest in appealing his sentence. Once again, in light
of the contrast between Levy’s testimony at his § 2255 hearing and his testimony
at the time he entered his plea, the district court found Levy’s later testimony was
not credible. The district court therefore accepted defense counsel’s testimony that
Levy responded to counsel’s advice that there were no issues to appeal by saying
“okay” and shrugging his shoulders, and that Levy never led counsel to believe
Levy wanted to appeal. On appeal, Levy argues he was clearly upset by his
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sentence and was concerned about its effect on his immigration status. Even
accepting these allegations as true, they are not enough to show the district court’s
finding, and the credibility determinations upon which it was based, were clearly
erroneous.
AFFIRMED.
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