A.P. v. Fayette County School District

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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-12562
____________________
A.P.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
FAYETTE COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT,
DR. JOSEPH BARROW, JR.,
in his official capacity
DR. DAN LANE,
DR. CURTIS ARMOUR, JR.,
DR. BRANDI JOHNSON,
in their official and individual capacities,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
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2 Opinion of the Court 21-12562
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
D.C. Docket No. 3:19-cv-00109-TCB
____________________
Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, and LUCK and ED CARNES, Cir-
cuit Judges.
LUCK, Circuit Judge:
A.P., a high school student in the Fayette County School
District, reported to a teacher and counselors that she was sexually
assaulted by fellow student J.B. After investigating, counselors and
administrators concluded that the sexual conduct was consensual,
and A.P. and J.B. were expelled for violating a school policy pro-
hibiting consensual sexual conduct at school. A.P. sued the school
district for discriminating and retaliating against her, in violation of
Title IX, and the school district and principal for violating her equal
protection rights. The district court granted summary judgment
for the school district and principal. After oral argument and care-
ful review of the record and the briefs, we affirm.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A.P. and J.B. met during their first year at Fayette County
High School in the 2016–2017 academic year. They were “ac-
quaintances”—that is, they didn’t have “actual conversation[s]” or
interact on social media, but they said hello in the hallway.
At the beginning of their second year, J.B. approached A.P.
“out of the blue” and asked “why [she] looked so lonely.” This was
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21-12562 Opinion of the Court 3
their first interaction of the 2017–2018 academic year, and A.P.
“was kind of iffy about it” because she didn’t “really associate with
him like that.” J.B. asked A.P. for her Instagram handle. They mes-
saged and video chatted that day.
The next day, the two walked together “around the school
building” and “hallways.”
The day after that, J.B. told A.P. to stay after school. A.P.
“stayed after school because he told [her] to,” but when the school
day ended, A.P. hadn’t heard from J.B., so she went to her science
teacher for extra credit work. While A.P. was doing extra credit,
J.B. messaged her to “come out” of the classroom. A.P. asked,
“Why?” J.B. said, “Say yo mom here[.] Just come on.” A.P. re-
sponded, “My mom not here.” J.B. replied, “SAY YO MOM HERE
AND WALK OUT.” A.P. said, “Ok hold on.” J.B. insisted that she
“HURRY” and told A.P. to meet him “[w]here [they] were last
time.” A.P. understood him to mean the place where they’d walked
around the day before. She agreed to meet J.B. because she
“thought he just wanted to talk or hang out.”
Surveillance footage shows that A.P. met J.B. near the school
gym. A.P. and J.B. were mostly out of camera view in an alcove,
but the footage shows that they “embrace[d], exchange[d] a kiss,”
and held hands. The footage also shows that A.P. emerged from
the alcove to “look[] down the hallway” at least eight times within
the span of an hour.
After about fifty-three minutes, A.P. and J.B. came back into
the camera’s view. The footage shows that the students picked up
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their belongings and walked down a hallway. They talked, hugged
twice, and then A.P. reached out for a third hug to “keep him okay
with [her]” before they went their separate ways.
A.P. didn’t tell anyone that night what had happened with
J.B. She messaged him, “Hey” and “Ft,” asking him to FaceTime,
but he didn’t answer. A.P. sent these messages to “be cordial with
him so he wouldn’t tell anybody what happened.”
A.P. messaged J.B. again the next morning. This time he an-
swered. He said, “Stop textin me,” and told A.P. they were not “a
thing” so she shouldn’t “go around skoo tellin people” they were
because she’d “look stupid.” A.P. texted back, “Never said we was,”
and J.B. responded, “Good and . . . don’t look at me or speak to
me.” A.P. asked, “Why?” J.B. replied, “Cuz I said so.” A.P. said, “So
you used me,” and J.B. answered, “Used u for wat? . . . We never
did shii so wtf u talkin bout . . . I never liked u.”
The Investigation
The same day J.B. told A.P. to stop texting him, a teacher A.P.
trusted, Aminah Mitchell, saw A.P. and noticed “she looked visibly
upset.” “[I]t was definitely clear” to Ms. Mitchell that, if A.P.
“hadn’t been crying” already, “she was about to cry.” Ms. Mitchell
brought A.P. into her classroom to talk privately. A.P. told Ms.
Mitchell that J.B. “made her do things that she didn’t want to do,”
and that J.B. “put his hand around her neck.” A.P. also showed
Ms. Mitchell “some text messages” J.B. sent.
Ms. Mitchell thought A.P. may have been sexually assaulted
and so she “tried to convince” A.P. to “talk to a counselor.”
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Although A.P. “didn’t want to,” Ms. Mitchell convinced her that she
“need[ed] to talk to somebody about it.”
Ms. Mitchell tried to report A.P.’s incident to the lead coun-
selor, but she wasn’t available. The lead counselor sent Counselor
Jazzmon Parham to speak to Ms. Mitchell instead. Ms. Mitchell
relayed A.P.’s report that J.B. “made [A.P.] do things she didn’t want
to do,” and Ms. Mitchell “mentioned specifically the comment
[A.P.] made about [J.B.’s] hand around her neck.”
Counselor Parham told Assistant Principal Curtis Armour
that they “might have had a rape in [the] school.” Counselor Par-
ham said that “it was reported to him that a student may have been
forced to do something that she didn’t want to do.” Assistant Prin-
cipal Armour directed Counselor Parham “to get a female counse-
lor, interview the student,” and report back if he needed to “take
further action.”
Counselor Parham “went to physically get” J.B., because “if
there was a situation of sexual assault or misconduct,” Counse-
lor Parham “didn’t want [J.B.] to be lost in the shuffle of [school]
dismissal.” Counselor Parham brought J.B. to a conference room
and asked J.B. if he’d “been physically involved with a student at
the school, and he said no.”
Meanwhile, Counselor Jennifer Travis met with A.P., and
Counselor Parham joined after he finished speaking with J.B. A.P.
told the counselors she “did something [she] didn’t want to do” but
“didn’t feel comfortable saying” more. Counselor Travis assured
A.P. that anything she said wouldn’t “leave the room,” so A.P. “felt
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more comfortable talking.” Eventually, A.P. agreed to write on a
sticky note what she did; A.P wrote a slang term for oral sex.
A.P. told the counselors that she “wasn’t going to name” the
male student involved and “just wanted everything to end.” A.P.
“wasn’t trying to get him in trouble,” she said, because she didn’t
like “confrontation.” But when Counselor Parham asked A.P.
whether the male student was J.B. because “other students ha[d]
complained” about him, A.P. confirmed it was.
Counselor Parham observed that A.P. was “upset” with J.B.
during the meeting. Counselor Parham recalled that he asked A.P.
whether J.B. made her “do something [she] didn’t want to do, or”
whether she did “something that [she] wouldn’t normally do be-
cause [she] like[d] him?” According to Counselor Parham, A.P. “re-
sponded that she liked him” and “did something she wouldn’t nor-
mally do.” Counselor Parham also recalled that A.P. said “she
wanted to do something because it was his birthday” and she
“didn’t really want to, but she did it because she really liked him.”
But, according to A.P., Counselor Parham never asked her ques-
tions like that, and she was “never down for [J.B.].” A.P. explained
she hadn’t even known it was J.B.’s birthday until he told her that
day, and she never offered him oral sex.
Based on these statements, the counselors concluded that
the school was “dealing with a consensual sexual act”—that A.P.
liked J.B., “wanted him to be her boyfriend,” and was “upset that
he wasn’t talking to her as much either that day or the day before.”
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“[I]t just seemed that it was maybe a relationship gone awry,”
Counselor Travis explained.
The counselors told the lead counselor what they’d learned
from meeting with A.P., and the lead counselor relayed the coun-
selors’ findings to Assistant Principal Armour. The lead counselor
reported that A.P. and J.B. “had seemed to engage in a consensual
sexual act in the school building” and that A.P. told Counselor
Travis it was consensual. Based on this information, Assistant Prin-
cipal Armour believed the sexual act was consensual.
A day later, Assistant Principal Armour spoke with Assistant
Principal Brandi Johnson about the “consensual sexual relation-
ship” between A.P. and J.B. The assistant principals went to Ms.
Mitchell and spoke with her. Ms. Mitchell said A.P. “had reported
to her that someone made her do something that she didn’t want
to do.”
Assistant Principal Johnson removed A.P. from class and
took her to Assistant Principal Armour’s office. The assistant prin-
cipals asked A.P. “what happened,” but A.P. said she “wasn’t going
to talk” and “just want[ed] everything to be done with.” Because
the assistant principals couldn’t convince A.P. to talk, they took her
phone and put her in the in-school suspension room as “a holding
area so that [they] could investigate with the male student.” A.P.
wasn’t technically suspended at that point, but she wasn’t “allowed
to return to her regular classes.”
While A.P. waited in the in-school suspension room, the as-
sistant principals questioned J.B. At first, J.B. said he met up with
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A.P. because of “something to do with a birthday present,” and
“she put her hands in his boxer shorts, but they didn’t do anything.”
But J.B. ultimately admitted that A.P. performed oral sex on him,
and he gave the impression that the sexual encounter was consen-
sual.
The assistant principals reviewed the surveillance footage
and reported the incident to Principal Dan Lane. They told the
principal the footage showed two students going into the gym al-
cove, both students coming out “to see if people were around,” and
“the two students at the end of the video holding hands and kissing
on the stairs.”
The assistant principals spoke to A.P. and J.B. to let them
know they’d “viewed the video.” A.P. admitted that “she had per-
formed oral sex on [J.B.]” but said “she didn’t want to do” it.
After the students “separately admitted that the act had
taken place,” the assistant principals called their parents and told
the principal that “both students had admitted to [the] oral sex
transaction.” The principal reviewed the surveillance footage him-
self. He found that in “the last ten minutes of the video” the stu-
dents embraced, hugged, and kissed, and that when J.B. tried to
leave, A.P. “pull[ed] him back” and “they embrace[d] again” before
going “their separate ways.”
The principal concluded the sexual act was “consensual.”
“There was nothing to substantiate or to make us believe that there
had been any type of physical coercion,” he explained. The princi-
pal contacted the assistant superintendent of operations to discuss
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appropriate discipline for the students. The principal outlined
“how the investigation unfolded,” and told the assistant superinten-
dent that A.P. had initially “claimed that it was not consensual” be-
fore “quickly admitt[ing] to . . . a counselor[] that she did it because
she wanted to” and because “she liked him.” The principal ex-
plained that he was thinking “a ten-day out-of-school suspension
and referral to disciplinary tribunal was appropriate.” The assistant
superintendent confirmed with the principal that A.P. had “admit-
ted” the act was consensual. The principal was “very adamant”
that she had. The assistant superintendent then “agreed with” the
principal’s decision to suspend the students and proceed with disci-
plinary tribunals.
The Disciplinary Tribunal and Appeal
The principal directed the assistant principals to “assign the
discipline.” The assistant principals informed A.P. that she was sus-
pended for ten days and would have “a tribunal hearing” under
Georgia’s Public School Disciplinary Tribunal Act. See O.C.G.A.
§ 20-2-750. The principal charged A.P. with violating rule 28 of the
Fayette County student code of conduct and recommended expul-
sion. Rule 28 prohibits, at all hours, the “commission of an act of
sexual contact” on school grounds. A.P. received notice of the dis-
ciplinary hearing and was represented by counsel.
At the start of the hearing, the principal told the tribunal that
he’d “prove with surveillance camera video and testimony of sev-
eral [school] staff members” that A.P. violated rule 28 “by commit-
ting sexual impropriety” in the school building. He showed the
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tribunal the surveillance footage and explained there was “a lot of
time on the 90-minute video” during which the students were hid-
den from view in the alcove.
Ms. Mitchell, Counselor Parham, Counselor Travis, and As-
sistant Principal Armour testified for the school. Counselor Par-
ham testified that A.P. told him she performed the sexual act “be-
cause she liked” J.B. Counselor Travis testified that A.P. never sug-
gested she’d been assaulted and instead “seemed bothered” that
after the sexual act occurred “the relationship” with J.B. hadn’t
“continued.” A.P., however, testified that she repeatedly told J.B.
she wouldn’t perform oral sex and that J.B. grabbed her throat and
kept telling her to do it “over and over and over.”
At the end of the hearing, the principal declared, “There was
no coercion here, only a young lady who chose to give another stu-
dent a gift and became angry after the incident when the young
man” didn’t give “her the affection that she felt she deserved.” Af-
ter the hearing, the tribunal concluded that A.P. violated rule 28 by
committing “sexual improprieties” and expelled her for the rest of
the academic year.1 A.P. appealed to the county school board, but
the board affirmed her expulsion.
A.P. then appealed to the state board of education. She ar-
gued that her expulsion for violating rule 28 should be overturned
because there wasn’t evidence that she’d (1) meant to violate rule
1
J.B. waived his right to a disciplinary hearing and accepted the same punish-
ment.
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28, (2) “caused a disruption or danger at school,” or (3) consensu-
ally engaged in sexual conduct.
The state board affirmed A.P.’s suspension and expulsion.
The board concluded that a rule 28 violation didn’t require a show-
ing that the student meant to violate the code of conduct or did
anything disruptive or dangerous. The board also found that there
was evidence in the record showing that A.P. engaged in a consen-
sual sexual act. The board explained that, although A.P. initially
told Counselors Travis and Parham that J.B. “forced her to perform
oral sex,” she then later admitted that “she did it because she liked
him.” The board noted that both counselors (and an assistant prin-
cipal) had testified at the tribunal that A.P. “admitted that she per-
formed oral sex on a male student because she liked him” and never
“t[old] them that she was coerced into performing the sexual act.”
This evidence, the board determined, provided enough support to
find that A.P. had violated rule 28.
The Lawsuit
A.P. sued the school district and principal in his official and
individual capacities. She brought a Title IX sex discrimination
claim against the school district, alleging that it was deliberately in-
different to her sexual assault report by refusing to take “effective
steps to address [it].” A.P. also asserted a Title IX retaliation claim
against the school district, alleging that, instead of appropriately
addressing her sexual assault report, the school district retaliated
against her by kicking her out of school. Finally, A.P. alleged that
the school district and principal violated her equal protection rights
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12 Opinion of the Court 21-12562
by “maintain[ing] a policy, custom, and practice” of responding to
sexual assault reports with “deliberate indifference.”
The school district and principal moved for summary judg-
ment. As to the Title IX sex discrimination claim, the school district
argued that A.P. hadn’t been subjected to “pervasive” discrimina-
tion; nor had the school district been “deliberately indifferent” be-
cause it investigated her sexual assault complaint and found that
the sexual act was consensual. And because the investigation
showed that A.P. had engaged in consensual sexual conduct on
school grounds, the school district maintained that “its decision to
go through the disciplinary tribunal process” wasn’t Title IX retali-
ation; it was discipline for violating rule 28. The school district’s
and principal’s “thorough[] investigat[ion]” in response to A.P.’s
sexual assault report—“a far cry from doing ‘virtually nothing’” or
responding with “deliberate indifference”—showed that neither
defendant violated A.P.’s rights under the Equal Protection Clause.
The district court granted summary judgment for the school
district and principal. As to A.P.’s Title IX sex discrimination claim,
the district court concluded that J.B.’s conduct was not “pervasive”
because the school district had received no reports of prior sexual
misconduct. The district court also found that the school district
hadn’t responded with “deliberate indifference” to A.P.’s sexual as-
sault report because it “investigat[ed]” the report and “ultimately
concluded that A.P. engaged in consensual oral sex at school in vi-
olation of the code of conduct.” As to the Title IX retaliation claim,
the “evidence show[ed],” the district court explained, “that A.P. was
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punished based on” the code of conduct violation and not, as she
alleged, “because she reported a sexual assault.” Finally, A.P.’s
equal protection claim failed, the district court noted, because A.P.
hadn’t demonstrated that the school district and principal ever
“acted with deliberate indifference” to known sexual assaults.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
“We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, apply-
ing the same standard as the district court.” Newcomb v. Spring Creek
Cooler Inc., 926 F.3d 709, 713 (11th Cir. 2019). “We must view all of
the evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party and
draw all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor.” Id. (cleaned
up). “Summary judgment is appropriate where ‘there is no genu-
ine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.’” Id. (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)).
DISCUSSION
We break our discussion into three parts, tracking A.P.’s
three claims. First, we consider whether the district court properly
granted summary judgment for the school district on A.P.’s Title
IX sex discrimination claim because the discrimination A.P. faced
wasn’t “pervasive” and the school district hadn’t been “deliberately
indifferent” to it. Next, we discuss whether the district court cor-
rectly granted summary judgment for the school district on A.P.’s
Title IX retaliation claim because she was suspended and expelled
for violating the student code of conduct—not in retaliation for re-
porting a sexual assault. Finally, we review whether the district
court was right to grant summary judgment for the school district
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and principal on A.P.’s equal protection claim because they were
not deliberately indifferent to reports of sexual assault.
A.P.’s Title IX Sex Discrimination Claim
Under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, “[n]o
person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded
from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to
discrimination under any education program or activity receiving
[f ]ederal financial assistance.” 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a). The Supreme
Court has said that this statute creates a private cause of action for
“student-on-student” sex discrimination. Davis ex rel. LaShonda D.
v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 526 U.S. 629, 633 (1999). Federal fund-
ing recipients are liable for student-on-student sexual assaults if the
recipients are “deliberately indifferent” to incidents, “of which they
have actual knowledge, that [are] so severe, pervasive, and objec-
tively offensive that [they] can be said to deprive the victims of ac-
cess to the educational opportunities or benefits provided by the
school.” Id. at 650.
The Supreme Court “imposed this high standard to guard
against the imposition of ‘sweeping liability.’ Unlike an adult work-
place, children ‘may regularly interact in a manner that would be
unacceptable among adults.’” Hill v. Cundiff, 797 F.3d 948, 969 (11th
Cir. 2015) (quoting Davis, 526 U.S. at 651–52). “Some risk” of sexual
misconduct “is inherent to the enterprise of public education, in
particular, because public schools must educate even the most trou-
blesome and defiant students.” Id. “The high burden of Davis en-
sures [that] school districts are not financially crippled merely
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because immature kids occasionally engage in immature sexual be-
havior.” Id. at 970.
Here, the district court concluded A.P. had not met Davis’s
high burden. J.B.’s conduct, the district court explained, was not
“pervasive”; nor was the school “deliberately indifferent” to A.P.’s
report of sexual assault.
Pervasive
We ask, first, whether the sex discrimination, of which the
school district had actual knowledge, “was sufficiently ‘severe, per-
vasive, and objectively offensive.’” Id. at 972 (quoting Davis, 526
U.S. at 651). The behavior must be pervasive “enough to have a
‘systemic effect’ of denying equal access to an education.” Id.(quoting Davis, 526 U.S. at 652). “We take this to mean that gender
discrimination must be more widespread than a single instance of
one-on-one peer [sex discrimination] and that the effects of the
[misconduct] touch the whole or entirety of an educational pro-
gram or activity.” Hawkins v. Sarasota Cnty. Sch. Bd., 322 F.3d 1279,
1289 (11th Cir. 2003); see also Davis, 526 U.S. at 653 (noting that,
generally, a “single instance” of one-on-one sex discrimination
won’t have “a systemic effect on educational programs”).
Only in “unique” circumstances—when sexual assaults were
part of a “continuous series of events” constituting a larger
scheme—have we found a single sexual assault incident sufficient
to satisfy Title IX. See, e.g., Hill, 797 F.3d at 972–73; Williams v. Bd.
of Regents, 477 F.3d 1282, 1297–98 (11th Cir. 2007). In Williams, for
example, “a ringleader . . . lured the victim to his territory and then
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conspired” with two other student-athletes “to commit two sepa-
rate acts of sexual assault” (and a third attempted assault) “over two
hours.” Williams, 477 F.3d at 1298. This “gang rape,” we con-
cluded, “differ[ed] markedly from the rarely actionable . . . single
incident mentioned in Davis and Hawkins” because it featured “a
continuous series of events” and was therefore pervasive. Id. at
1288 n.3, 1298.
Similarly, in Hill, we found a single sexual assault incident
sufficiently pervasive because school “administrators effectively
participated” in it by setting the plaintiff up in a “botched rape-bait
scheme” to “catch” the perpetrator “in the act.” 797 F.3d at 972–
73. We reviewed the perpetrator’s documented past sexual as-
saults; the perpetrator’s two weeks of sexually propositioning the
plaintiff; the plaintiff’s complaints about the perpetrator to the
school board; the board’s “‘catch in the act’ policy that motivated”
the bungled “sting operation”; and, “after the rape, the [b]oard’s
utter failure to respond to [the plaintiff]’s traumatic injury and ex-
perience.” Id.The assault in Hill, we said, was “materially different” from
“the rarely actionable, theoretical single incident mentioned in Da-
vis.” Id. at 973 (citation omitted). “Like the rape in Williams,” a
jury could find the perpetrator’s rape “was the culmination of a
continuous series of events”—two weeks of sexual harassment by
the perpetrator, followed by additional sex discrimination by the
school when it used the plaintiff as “bait”—and therefore “perva-
sive.” Id. (cleaned up). But we cautioned that our decision rested
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on Hill’s “highly unique and extreme” facts, which we hoped would
“never again be repeated.” Id.They were not repeated here. The facts of this case (even
when viewed in A.P.’s favor) are unlike the highly unique and ex-
treme facts in Williams and Hill. The summary judgment evidence
here showed that J.B. did not engage in a conspiratorial “scheme to
target, isolate, and ultimately assault A.P.” through “a continuous
series of events.” There was no “gang rape” conspiracy, like in Wil-
liams, or a school-orchestrated “sting operation” alongside prior
documented sexual assaults, like in Hill. J.B.’s disciplinary record
didn’t include prior sexual assault incidents. And there was no sum-
mary judgment evidence showing that A.P. felt harassed by J.B. be-
fore the reported assault or that J.B. talked to A.P. as part of a pre-
meditated scheme to assault her. In short, this appeal involves the
severe single incident the Supreme Court has said isn’t actionable
under Title IX. See Davis, 526 U.S. at 652–53.
A.P. responds that she “need not” show that the discrimina-
tion was “pervasive” because the school district’s “conduct here—
punishing and ultimately expelling [her]—itself directly denied her
equal access to the institution’s resources and opportunities.” But,
for peer-to-peer sex discrimination to be actionable under Title IX,
the Supreme Court has said that the discrimination itself—not the
school’s response to it—must be “pervasive.” See id. at 650; accord
Hill, 797 F.3d at 972; Hawkins, 322 F.3d at 1288–89. The single in-
stance here falls short of that “high standard.” Hill, 797 F.3d at 969.
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Deliberate Indifference
A.P. also failed to establish that the school district was “de-
liberately indifferent” to her sexual assault report. See Hill, 797 F.3d
at 973. “[F]unding recipients are deliberately indifferent ‘only
where the recipient’s response to the [misconduct] or lack [of re-
sponse] is clearly unreasonable in light of the known circum-
stances.” Id. (quoting Davis, 526 U.S. at 648) “A clearly unreasona-
ble response causes students to undergo” sex discrimination “or
makes them more vulnerable to it.” Id.But a school district is not deliberately indifferent when, af-
ter it receives a sexual assault report, it conducts a reasonable inves-
tigation and determines, based on the record, that there’s not
enough evidence to support the allegation. See, e.g., Doe v. Sch. Bd.
of Broward Cnty., 604 F.3d 1248, 1260–61 (11th Cir. 2010); Davis v.
DeKalb Cnty. Sch. Dist., 233 F.3d 1367, 1373–74 (11th Cir. 2000); Sauls
v. Pierce Cnty. Sch. Dist., 399 F.3d 1279, 1285–87 (11th Cir. 2005). In
Doe, for example, a student complained that she had been sexually
harassed by her teacher. 604 F.3d at 1260. The student’s “complaint
was the first allegation of sexual misconduct against” the teacher
by a student at the school. Id. The school board investigated. Id.It “obtained written statements” from the student and teacher;
“timely reported the incident” to the school board’s special investi-
gative unit; “placed [the teacher] on administrative leave for the re-
mainder of the semester”; and had an investigator interview the
student and teacher, obtain sworn statements, and file a report with
the school board’s professional standards committee. Id. The
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21-12562 Opinion of the Court 19
committee then reviewed the report and “concluded that there was
insufficient evidence to support . . . further disciplinary action.” Id.It was “unlikely,” we said, “that this investigation, though imper-
fect, could be viewed as clearly unreasonable” because, “though
the investigator” and the school district “arguably” should’ve taken
additional measures, those “omission[s]” and “deficiencies” didn’t
amount to a decision by the school board not to remedy the viola-
tion. Id. at 1260, 1262 (cleaned up).
Likewise, in DeKalb County, the school district received a sex-
ual assault complaint from a student against a teacher. 233 F.3d at
1372. It was the first allegation of sexual misconduct against the
teacher. Id. The school started an investigation and interviewed
the teacher, the victim, and other students. Id. at 1373. The prin-
cipal—after wrongfully but reasonably “conclud[ing] that nothing
of a sexual or inappropriate nature had taken place”—“instituted
corrective measures.” Id. at 1375. We found that, under these cir-
cumstances, the school district had “responded with anything but
deliberate indifference” to the student’s complaint. Id. at 1373.
Sauls is similar. There, the school district received several
sexual assault reports against a teacher. 399 F.3d at 1285. It re-
sponded by “investigating the allegations and interviewing the rel-
evant parties.” Id. The investigator shared his findings with his su-
pervisor, and the school district took “corrective action” by admon-
ishing the teacher and directing her to avoid being alone with male
students. Id. at 1286. These actions, we concluded, showed that
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20 Opinion of the Court 21-12562
the school district’s response was reasonable and not deliberately
indifferent. Id. at 1285.
Here, the school district’s response to A.P.’s sexual assault
report was in line with the reasonable responses in Doe, DeKalb
County, and Sauls. Right after A.P. suggested to Ms. Mitchell that
she’d been sexually assaulted, she was referred to school counselors
and J.B. was removed from the student body and segregated from
A.P. The counselors investigated, met with A.P. and J.B., and in the
end concluded that they were “dealing with a consensual sexual
act.” They reported their findings to the lead counselor, who re-
layed them to an assistant principal. Two assistant principals then
followed up with A.P. and J.B., spoke with Ms. Mitchell, and re-
viewed the surveillance footage. They concluded that A.P.’s “claim
didn’t have substantiation and that [she and J.B.] had had consen-
sual sex.” They shared their findings with the principal, who re-
viewed the footage himself. Only then, after the school had inves-
tigated and concluded that the sexual conduct was consensual, did
the principal suspend A.P. and refer her to the disciplinary tribunal.
Although the school’s investigation may not have been “per-
fect,” it was no less “thorough” than the ones we found reasonable
in Doe, DeKalb County, and Sauls. See Doe, 604 F.3d at 1260–61. The
school responded reasonably to A.P.’s report by diligently investi-
gating and reaching a conclusion supported by the results of the
investigation. The school was not deliberately indifferent.
We’re unconvinced by A.P.’s two counterarguments. First,
she argues that the state board of education was deliberately
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21-12562 Opinion of the Court 21
indifferent to her sexual assault report because it interpreted rule
28 to “treat[] consensual and nonconsenual sexual contact as the
same for disciplinary purposes.”
But A.P. misreads the state board’s decision. The state board
distilled A.P.’s appeal down to three arguments: that her punish-
ment should be overturned because there wasn’t evidence that she
(1) consented to oral sex, (2) intended to violate the student code
of conduct, or (3) caused a disruption or danger at school. The
state board addressed all three arguments. It began with the second
and third, which it explained were irrelevant because rule 28 didn’t
require evidence of intent to violate the code of conduct or evi-
dence “that the prohibited conduct caused a disruption of or dan-
ger to the school.”
The state board then pivoted to the first argument: consent.
The state board explained that, “at the disciplinary hearing, two
school counselors and an assistant principal testified” that A.P. “did
not tell them that she was coerced” but instead “admitted that she
performed oral sex on a male student because she liked him.” The
state board found that this evidence supported the school district’s
finding that A.P. had engaged in sexual conduct consensually. The
state board never adopted an interpretation of rule 28 that read out
a consent requirement.
Second, A.P. argues that, if a student reports that she was
sexually assaulted, the school district is prohibited by Title IX from
ever disciplining her for engaging in that sexual act—regardless of
evidence showing the conduct was consensual. Even if the
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22 Opinion of the Court 21-12562
evidence shows that the report was more likely than not false, A.P.
contends that any lingering possibility that the report was true pro-
hibits disciplinary action. A.P. insists that discipline is appropriate
only when there’s “incontrovertible evidence” that the student’s re-
port was false.
This “incontrovertible evidence” standard is not the law.
The law, as set forth by the Supreme Court in Davis, is that so long
as a school district’s response to a sexual assault report isn’t “clearly
unreasonable in light of the known circumstances,” the school re-
tains “flexibility” to make whatever “disciplinary decisions” it con-
siders appropriate. See Davis, 526 U.S. at 648. And we must “refrain
from second-guessing” those decisions. Id.As in Doe, DeKalb County, and Sauls, A.P.’s school received a
sexual assault report, investigated it, examined the evidence,
reached a determination based on that evidence, and only then im-
posed corrective measures. See 604 F.3d at 1260–66; 233 F.3d at
1373–74; 399 F.3d at 1285–87. That’s not clearly unreasonable. The
district court didn’t err in entering summary judgment on A.P.’s
Title IX sex discrimination claim.
A.P.’s Title IX Retaliation Claim
“Retaliation against a person because that person has com-
plained of sex discrimination is another form of intentional sex dis-
crimination encompassed by Title IX’s private cause of action.”
Jackson v. Birmingham Bd. of Educ., 544 U.S. 167, 173 (2005). “[W]hen
a funding recipient retaliates against a person because [s]he
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21-12562 Opinion of the Court 23
complains of sex discrimination, this constitutes intentional ‘dis-
crimination’ ‘on the basis of sex,’ in violation of Title IX.” Id.Title IX retaliation claims are analyzed under the same
framework that we use for Title VII retaliation claims. See, e.g.,
Feminist Majority Found. v. Hurley, 911 F.3d 674, 694 (4th Cir. 2018)
(“Like our sister circuits, we thus apply familiar Title VII retaliation
concepts to the requirements of a Title IX retaliation claim.”);
Emeldi v. Univ. of Or., 698 F.3d 715, 724 & n.3 (9th Cir. 2012) (“Until
now, we have not had occasion to say what a plaintiff must prove
to prevail on a retaliation claim under Title IX. We join our sister
circuits in applying the familiar framework used to decide retalia-
tion claims under Title VII.”); see also Theidon v. Harvard Univ., 948
F.3d 477, 505 (1st Cir. 2020); Papelino v. Albany Coll. of Pharmacy of
Union Univ., 633 F.3d 81, 91 (2d Cir. 2011); Doe v. Mercy Cath. Med.
Ctr., 850 F.3d 545, 564 (3d Cir. 2017); Fuhr v. Hazel Park Sch. Dist., 710
F.3d 668, 673 & n.2 (6th Cir. 2013), abrogated on other grounds by Univ.
of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338 (2013); Milligan v. Bd. of
Trs. of S. Ill. Univ., 686 F.3d 378, 388 (7th Cir. 2012); Hiatt v. Colo.
Seminary, 858 F.3d 1307, 1315 n.8 (10th Cir. 2017).
To prevail on a Title IX retaliation claim, the plaintiff must
establish a prima facie case that: (1) she reported the discrimina-
tion; (2) she suffered an adverse action; and (3) there’s a causal con-
nection between the report and adverse action. See Jackson, 544 U.S.
at 174. If the plaintiff establishes her prima facie case, the burden
shifts to the defendant “to articulate a legitimate, nonretaliatory
reason for the adverse action.” Tolar v. Bradley Arant Boult
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24 Opinion of the Court 21-12562
Cummings, LLP, 997 F.3d 1280, 1289 (11th Cir. 2021). If the defend-
ant does so, “the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to establish that
the reason offered by the [defendant] was not the real basis for the
decision, but a pretext for retaliation.” Id. (citation omitted).
The “inquiry into pretext” turns on the decisionmaker’s sub-
jective “beliefs” and reasons for taking the adverse action—even if
those beliefs and reasons turn out to diverge from “reality as it ex-
ists outside of the decisionmaker’s head.” See id. at 1299 (quoting
parenthetically Alvarez v. Royal Atl. Devs., Inc., 610 F.3d 1253, 1266
(11th Cir. 2010)). Thus, the retaliation claim will fail unless the
plaintiff can show that the decisionmaker’s true beliefs and reasons
were retaliatory. Gogel v. Kia Motors Mfg. of Ga., Inc., 967 F.3d 1121,
1148 (11th Cir. 2020) (en banc). The plaintiff must demonstrate
that the legitimate reasons proffered by the defendant are suffi-
ciently riddled with “weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies,
incoherencies, or contradictions” to allow a reasonable factfinder
to “find them unworthy of credence.” Id. at 1136 (citation omit-
ted).
Applying that framework here, we assume (without decid-
ing) that A.P. established a prima facie case of retaliation. But, even
with that assumption, the school district rebutted the prima facie
case by articulating a legitimate, nonretaliatory reason for disciplin-
ing A.P.: her violation of rule 28. And A.P. failed to show that rea-
son was pretextual. The principal gave a specific factual basis—
stemming from the findings of the investigation and his personal
review of the surveillance footage—to support his belief that A.P.
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21-12562 Opinion of the Court 25
engaged in consensual sexual conduct at school in violation of rule
28. The principal concluded that the sexual conduct was “consen-
sual” because “[t]here was nothing to substantiate” A.P.’s initial
claim of sexual assault or otherwise cause him to “believe” that A.P.
had been coerced.
When the investigation ended and the principal consulted
the assistant superintendent about disciplining the students, the
principal was “very adamant” that, although A.P. had initially
claimed the sexual act “was not consensual,” she had “quickly ad-
mitted” to a counselor that it in fact was consensual. The principal
asked the assistant superintendent what discipline would be appro-
priate for A.P.’s rule 28 violation, explaining that he was leaning to-
ward “a ten-day out-of-school suspension and referral to discipli-
nary tribunal.”
Because the principal’s subjective belief that A.P. engaged in
consensual sexual conduct at school—even if mistaken—could’ve
motivated a reasonable decisionmaker to take disciplinary action,
A.P. needed to address the principal’s “reason head on and rebut it.”
See Patterson v. Georgia Pac., LLC, 38 F.4th 1336, 1352 (11th Cir. 2022)
(explaining that a plaintiff cannot establish pretext “by simply quar-
reling with the wisdom of [a] reason” that might motivate a rea-
sonable decisionmaker (citation omitted)). But A.P. didn’t do so.
The summary judgment evidence showed that the principal disci-
plined A.P. because he believed she violated rule 28 by engaging in
consensual sexual conduct at school. There’s no evidence that he
believed anything else. A.P. never argued otherwise.
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26 Opinion of the Court 21-12562
Instead, A.P. insists that the “close temporal connection” be-
tween her sexual assault report and her discipline showed that the
rule violation was a pretext for retaliation. But temporal proximity
can’t, by itself, show pretext. See Gogel, 967 F.3d at 1137 n.15
(“While close temporal proximity between the protected conduct
and the adverse . . . action can establish pretext when coupled with
other evidence, temporal proximity alone is insufficient.”).
Because the school district disciplined A.P. for engaging in
consensual sexual conduct at school—and A.P. hasn’t shown the
school district’s reason was pretextual—her Title IX retaliation
claim can’t survive summary judgment.
A.P.’s Equal Protection Claim
“Section 1983 allows persons to sue individuals or munici-
palities acting under the color of state law for violations of federal
law.” Hill, 797 F.3d at 976. “One such law is the Equal Protection
Clause, which confers a federal constitutional right to be free from
sex discrimination.” Id. (citation omitted).
To establish a sex discrimination claim against a municipality
under the Equal Protection Clause, a plaintiff must show that a mu-
nicipal official acted with “deliberate indifference” by “disre-
gard[ing] a known or obvious consequence of his action.” Id. at
977 (citation omitted). A similarly “stringent standard of fault” ap-
plies to a municipal official’s individual liability. Id. at 977–78 (cita-
tion omitted). An official may only be held personally “liable under
section 1983 upon a showing of deliberate indifference to known
sexual harassment.” Id. at 978 (citation omitted). The “plaintiff
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21-12562 Opinion of the Court 27
must prove the individual defendant actually knew of and acqui-
esced in the discriminatory conduct.” Id. (cleaned up).
In other words, A.P.’s equal protection claim against the
school district and principal—like her Title IX sex discrimination
claim against the school district—required a showing of “deliberate
indifference” to her sexual assault report. See id. at 976–78. But, as
we explained earlier, the summary judgment evidence (even when
viewed in A.P.’s favor) showed that the school district and principal
were not deliberately indifferent to A.P.’s report. For the same rea-
sons, the school district and principal were not deliberately indiffer-
ent for purposes of A.P.’s equal protection claim. Summary judg-
2
ment was appropriately entered.
AFFIRMED.
2
Because A.P. didn’t show that the school district and principal were deliber-
ately indifferent to her sexual assault report, we don’t need to address their
additional arguments that the principal wasn’t a final policymaker and that he
was protected by qualified immunity.