United States v. Kurniawan

14-2928-cr
United States v. Kurniawan
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order filed
on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 32.1 and this Court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a
document filed with this Court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an
electronic database (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order
must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York,
on the 22nd day of December, two thousand fifteen.
PRESENT: PIERRE N. LEVAL,
JOSÉ A. CABRANES,
RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.,
Circuit Judges.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee, No. 14-2928-cr
v.
RUDY KURNIAWAN, AKA Dr. Conti,
Defendant-Appellant.
FOR RUDY KURNIAWAN: JEROME H. MOONEY (John H. Weston on
the brief), Weston, Garrou & Mooney, Los
Angeles, CA (Vincent S. Verdiramo,
Verdiramo & Verdiramo, P.A., Jersey
City, NJ, also on the brief).
FOR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: HAGAN SCOTTEN (Stanley J. Okula, Jr.,
and Karl N. Metzner on the brief), Assistant
United States Attorneys, for Preet Bharara,
1
United States Attorney for the Southern
District of New York, New York, NY.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Richard M. Berman, Judge).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the District Court is AFFIRMED.
Following a jury trial, defendant-appellant Rudy Kurniawan (“Kurniawan”) was convicted of
one count of mail fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341, and one count of wire fraud, in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 1343, arising from fraudulent schemes to sell rare and expensive counterfeit wine, and
to obtain a loan by making materially false statements to the lender. Kurniawan was sentenced
principally to 120 months’ imprisonment. The District Court entered judgment against him on
August 7, 2014. This appeal followed.
On appeal, Kurniawan argues that (1) the warrantless search of his home following his arrest
violated his Fourth Amendment rights, and the District Court erred by refusing to suppress the
fruits of that search; (2) the District Court erred by refusing to dismiss count one of the superseding
indictment, which alleged mail fraud, because the count was impermissibly duplicitous; and (3) his
sentence was procedurally and substantively unreasonable. We assume the parties’ familiarity with
the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal. For the reasons set
forth below, we reject Kurniawan’s arguments as meritless.
A.
First, Kurniawan argues that the warrantless search of his home following his March 8, 2012,
arrest violated his Fourth Amendment rights. He further argues that the District Court should have
suppressed the fruits of that search, including evidence later obtained pursuant to a search warrant
that was issued in part based on evidence observed during the warrantless search. “When examining
a ruling on a motion to suppress, we review the district court’s factual findings for clear error and its
conclusions of law de novo, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party.”
United States v. Awadallah, 349 F.3d 42, 71 (2d Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted).
We assume, as the District Court did, without deciding, that the March 8, 2012, protective
sweep of Kurniawan’s home following his arrest was illegal, see United States v. Kurniawan, No. 12-cr-
00376-RMB, 2013 WL 180412, at *1 & n.1 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 17, 2013), and therefore that the evidence
observed in plain view by agents during the sweep should not have been included in the subsequent
search-warrant affidavit submitted by Agent Farache, see United States v. Trzaska, 111 F.3d 1019, 1026
(2d Cir. 1997). See generally A-165, 173–74 (detailing evidence observed in plain view during
protective sweep). But we nonetheless agree with the District Court that, after excising from the
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Farache affidavit the evidence officers observed in plain view during the protective sweep, there was
still probable cause to issue the search warrant.1
Indeed, the remaining, untainted information in the affidavit suggested that there was a fair
probability that evidence of the alleged counterfeit-wine scheme would be found at Kurniawan’s
home.2 The affidavit and complaint attached thereto detailed, among other things, two alleged
schemes by which Kurniawan used the mail and wires in an attempt to sell rare and expensive
counterfeit Burgundy wines at auction, one in April 2008 and one in February 2012. JA-41, 169–72.
The affidavit cited evidence that Kurniawan had “collected the materials needed to make counterfeit
bottles of wine over the course of several years,” including “empty authentic bottles of wine which
can be refilled with wine of a lesser quality,” JA-172, which officers learned about by reviewing
Kurniawan’s e-mails and by interviewing a sommelier who had shipped Kurniawan empty bottles.
JA-77–79, 172–73. Kurniawan had also purchased “specialty paper that is used for its antique
appearance, which can be used to make wine labels appear[] to be aged,” as well as “large quantities
of glue which is used to affix labels to bottles,” and “inkpads which are used to apply ink to rubber
stamps that can be used to stamp the vintage on a bottle of wine,” JA-172–73, which officers
learned about by reviewing purchase records at art-supply stores and an office-supply store, JA-79.
Although this evidence dated back to 2004–2007, JA-77–79, the record evidence permitted the
inference that the alleged February 2012 scheme involved similar counterfeiting materials. Indeed,
“[t]he labels on several of the bottles [consigned for auction in the alleged February 2012 scheme]
contained inaccuracies, such as misspellings, incorrect accent marks, [and] missing accent marks, that
would not have appeared on genuine labels,” JA-172, suggesting “continuing conduct,” United States
v. Gallo, 863 F.2d 185, 192 (2d Cir. 1988). The affidavit further demonstrated that, if Kurniawan still
possessed the alleged counterfeiting materials, he likely would have maintained them at his home,
where he had recently been conducting business, A-180, and where, according to the District
Court’s finding, which was not clearly erroneous, officers had observed Burgundy wine bottles in
plain view earlier in the day (but prior to the protective sweep), see Kurniawan, 2013 WL 180412, at
*6; JA-173, 255, 258.
1 The parties agree that the inclusion of tainted evidence in an affidavit does not by itself taint the warrant
so long as the remaining, untainted evidence provided probable cause. See Def. Br. 27–28; Gov’t Br. 14; see
also Awadallah, 349 F.3d at 68 (“While the mere inclusion of tainted evidence in an affidavit does not, by itself,
taint the warrant or the evidence seized pursuant to the warrant, the court should excise the tainted evidence
and determine whether the remaining, untainted evidence would provide a neutral magistrate with probable
cause to issue a warrant.” (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted)); Trzaska, 111 F.3d at 1026.
2 See United States v. Martin, 426 F.3d 68, 74 (2d Cir. 2005) (“A judge’s probable-cause determination is not
overly strict. Presented with a warrant application, the judge must simply make a practical, common-sense decision
whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him, including the veracity and basis of
knowledge of persons supplying hearsay information, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a
crime will be found in a particular place.” (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted)).
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Accordingly, we agree with the District Court that, after excising from the Farache affidavit
purportedly tainted evidence discovered during the protective sweep, the remaining, untainted
evidence would have provided a neutral magistrate with probable cause to issue the search warrant.
See Awadallah, 349 F.3d at 68. Thus, we need not reach the questions of whether the protective
sweep was unlawful, and, if so, whether the officers acted in good-faith reliance on the resulting
search warrant.
B.
Second, Kurniawan argues that the District Court should have dismissed count one of the
superseding indictment, alleging mail fraud, because it was impermissibly duplicitous. We disagree.
“We have held that ‘[a]n indictment is impermissibly duplicitous where: 1) it combines two or more
distinct crimes into one count in contravention of Fed. R. Crim. P. 8(a)’s requirement that there be a
separate count for each offense, and 2) the defendant is prejudiced thereby.’” United States v. Vilar,
729 F.3d 62, 79 (2d Cir. 2013) (quoting United States v. Sturdivant, 244 F.3d 71, 75 (2d Cir. 2001)
(internal quotation marks omitted)). But “this court has long held that acts that could be charged as
separate counts of an indictment may instead be charged in a single count if those acts could be
characterized as part of a single continuing scheme.” United States v. Olmeda, 461 F.3d 271, 281 (2d
Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, Kurniawan’s alleged string of mailings in
furtherance of his scheme to defraud wine collectors by selling them counterfeit wine, JA-91–102,
481–91, “could be characterized as part of a single continuing scheme,” Olmeda, 461 F.3d at 281
(internal quotation mark omitted). And in any event, based on the record before us, we are
unconvinced that Kurniawan was prejudiced by the purported duplicity. Cf. United States v. Margiotta,
646 F.2d 729, 733 (2d Cir. 1981) (no unfairness to defendant anticipated where multiple mail fraud
offenses in single scheme to defraud were included in a single count of an indictment).
CONCLUSION
We have considered the defendant-appellant’s remaining arguments and find them to be
without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the August 7, 2014, judgment of the District Court.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
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