Knight v. United States

13-775-pr
Knight v. United States
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY
ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL
APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION "SUMMARY ORDER"). A PARTY
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY
COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in
the City of New York, on the 12th day of August , two thousand fourteen.
PRESENT: GUIDO CALABRESI,
DENNY CHIN,
RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.,
Circuit Judges.
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RANDALL DELBERT KNIGHT,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v. 13-775-pr
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
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FOR PETITIONER-APPELLANT: JANE S. MEYERS, Law Office of Jane S.
Meyers, Brooklyn, NY.
FOR RESPONDENT-APPELLEE: MONICA J. RICHARDS, Assistant United
States Attorney, for William J. Hochul, Jr.,
United States Attorney for the Western District
of New York, Buffalo, NY.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of
New York (Skretny, C. J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the final order of the district court is VACATED
and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings.
Petitioner-appellant Randall Delbert Knight was charged on June 21, 2010
with committing murder-for-hire on or about July 3, 1994, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 1958(a). Pursuant to a plea agreement, Knight pled guilty to the charge in the
United States District Court for the Western District of New York (Skretny, C. J.) on July
14, 2010. The district court sentenced Knight principally to 288 months' imprisonment.
At the time Knight committed his offense, the maximum penalty for
murder-for-hire was life imprisonment, and, therefore, the applicable statute of
limitations was five years. See 18 U.S.C. § 3282(a). In September 1994, Congress
amended 18 U.S.C. § 1958(a) to increase the maximum punishment to death. See
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, Pub. L. No.
103-322, § 60003(a)(11), 108 Stat. 1796 (effective Sept. 13, 1994) (codified at 18
U.S.C. § 1958(a)). Accordingly, the murder-for-hire statute was no longer subject to any
statute of limitations. See 18 U.S.C. § 3281.
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When Congress amended § 1958(a) in September 1994, the original
five-year statute of limitations had not run with respect to Knight's crime. When he
pled guilty in July 2010, there was no discussion on the record of whether the
amendment of § 1958(a) to indirectly eliminate the statute of limitations applied
retroactively. During the plea allocution, the district judge asked Knight if he
understood that he was giving up his right to assert a statute of limitations defense by
pleading guilty. Knight answered "[y]es," and his counsel added that "for the record
there is no statute of limitations." App. at 75.
Knight thereafter filed a motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. On January 31, 2013, the district court (Skretny, C. J.)
denied the motion. In an order entered March 7, 2013, the district court granted
Knight's motion for a certificate of appealability as to whether his attorney was
ineffective in: "(1) advising him to plead guilty to a crime for which the statute of
limitations may have expired, or relatedly, (2) failing to raise a defense that a conviction
would violate the federal Ex Post Facto Clause of the United States Constitution." App.
at 5-6. We assume the parties' familiarity with the facts, procedural history, and issues
on appeal.
A. Applicable Law
"A claim of ineffective assistance entails a showing that: 1) the defense
counsel's performance was objectively unreasonable; and 2) the deficient performance
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prejudiced the defense." Kovacs v. United States, 744 F.3d 44, 49 (2d Cir. 2014) (citing
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88 (1984)). The Strickland test "applies to
guilty plea challenges." Id. (citing Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 58 (1985)). "Both the
performance and prejudice components of the ineffectiveness inquiry are mixed
questions of law and fact." Chhabra v. United States, 720 F.3d 395, 406 (2d Cir. 2013)
(internal quotation marks and alterations omitted).
Under the performance prong of the Strickland test, we ask whether
counsel's performance was "so deficient that, in light of all the circumstances, the
identified acts or omissions were outside the range of professionally competent
assistance." Gonzalez v. United States, 722 F.3d 118, 130 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal quotation
marks omitted). "Judicial scrutiny of counsel's performance must be highly deferential,"
and requires us "to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel's challenged conduct, and
to evaluate the conduct from counsel's perspective at the time." Strickland, 466 U.S. at
689.
In considering whether counsel's performance was deficient, we have held
that "where a habeas petitioner establishes that counsel's choices were not the result of a
conscious, reasonably informed decision made by an attorney with an eye to benefitting
his client, courts may question such choices." Greiner v. Wells, 417 F.3d 305, 325 (2d Cir.
2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). "Indeed, courts have found deficient
performance where counsel's conduct resulted from . . . a legal error or a
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misunderstanding of the law." Id. Accordingly, "evidence of counsel's failure to make
conscious, reasonably informed decisions for the benefit of the criminal defendant may
at times be sufficient to overcome the presumption of effectiveness." Id. Of course, the
Constitution "does not insure that defense counsel will recognize and raise every
conceivable constitutional claim." Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 134 (1982). Nor does it
require counsel to "forecast changes or advances in the law." Jameson v. Coughlin, 22
F.3d 427, 429 (2d Cir. 1994) (internal quotation marks omitted).
"[T]o satisfy the prejudice prong with respect to a claim focusing on a plea
of guilty, 'the defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel's errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to
trial.'" Gonzalez, 722 F.3d at 130 (quoting Hill, 474 U.S. at 59). "[W]here the alleged error
of counsel is a failure to advise the defendant of a potential affirmative defense to the
crime charged, the resolution of the 'prejudice' inquiry will depend largely on whether
the affirmative defense likely would have succeeded at trial." Hill, 474 U.S. at 59; see also
Panuccio v. Kelly, 927 F.2d 106, 109 (2d Cir. 1991). The court need not, however, find that
the issue would ultimately be resolved in the defendant's favor, but rather only that
there is a fair likelihood "that, but for the deficiency, the outcome of the proceeding
would have been different." McKee v. United States, 167 F.3d 103, 106 (2d Cir. 1999).
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B. Application
The district court did not reach the issue of whether counsel's
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Instead, the district
court ruled, purely as a legal matter, that Congress's change to the maximum penalty
under § 1958(a) effectively amended the applicable statute of limitations. Accordingly,
the district court held that "Knight's attorney could not have been ineffective for failing
to raise a statute of limitations defense that did not exist." Decision and Order, Jan. 31,
2013, at 9.
In its response to Knight's motion below, the Government took the
position that Knight had no statute of limitations defense. On appeal, however, the
Government originally took no position. After we requested briefing on the issue, the
Government took the opposite view based on its position in opposing certiorari in
another case, see Brief for the United States in Opposition at 14-15 n.4, Seale v. United
States, cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 163 (2010) (No. 09-11229), and its subsequent confession of
error in yet another case, see United States of America's Brief at 37, United States v.
Mueller, 661 F.3d 338 (8th Cir. 2011) (Nos. 10-3159, 10-3691), 2011 WL 2179433 at *37.
Specifically, the Government is now of the view that the 1994 amendment to § 1958(a)
did not extend the limitations period for crimes committed prior to the amendment
because, "where a substantive change applies only prospectively, an indirect
amendment to the statute of limitations does not apply retroactively." Appellee's
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Supplemental Br. at 6. The Government now takes the position, therefore, that Knight
can demonstrate prejudice. Nevertheless, the Government argues that Knight's motion
for habeas corpus relief should be denied because counsel's performance did not fall
below an objective standard of reasonableness. In light of the Government's new
position, we remand the case for the district court to reconsider both prongs of Knight's
ineffective assistance of counsel claim.
First, because the district court did not decide the performance prong, we
do not have an adequate record to consider the issue. Additionally, our cases make
clear that except in "highly unusual circumstances . . . evidence, in the form of live
testimony, affidavits, or briefs," is helpful to deciding the question of whether counsel
was constitutionally ineffective. Cox v. Donnelly, 387 F.3d 193, 201 (2d Cir. 2004). We
find no "highly unusual circumstances" here, and, therefore counsel should be afforded
an opportunity to explain her strategy and performance.
Second, even though the Government concedes that Knight may
demonstrate prejudice because a statute of limitations defense was available, the
concession does not necessarily end the inquiry. We note that while the Government's
position is "entitled to great weight," we, along with the district court, have an
obligation to "examine independently the errors confessed." Young v. United States, 315
U.S. 257, 258-59 (1942); see also Casey v. United States, 343 U.S. 808, 808 (1952) (accepting
the Solicitor General's confession of error where to do so "would not involve the
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establishment of any precedent"). To be clear, we do not express any view as to
whether the Government's position in conceding error based on the existence of a
statute of limitations defense is correct, or whether, regardless of its position on the
statute of limitations defense, its concession that Knight can establish prejudice is
dispositive as to Strickland's second prong. We merely point out that because of the
Government's concession, which is contrary to the position it took in response to
Knight's motion below, it is appropriate for the district court to consider the prejudice
prong anew and make any factual findings necessary to prudently resolve the issue. Cf.
Jota v. Texaco, Inc., 157 F.3d 153, 160 (2d Cir. 1998) (explaining on remand it would be
appropriate for district court to reconsider merits of an issue based on party's changed
position on appeal).
Accordingly, we VACATE the final order of the district court and
REMAND the case for further proceedings pursuant to the procedures set forth in
United States v. Jacobson, 15 F.3d 19, 21-22 (2d Cir. 1994), for the district court to allow
counsel an opportunity to be heard, make any additional findings of fact that are
necessary to resolve Knight's claim, and revisit the merits of its decision in light of the
Government's new position. The parties are to inform the Clerk of the Court by letter
within twenty-one days of when the district court has issued its decision. Following
such notification, jurisdiction of this appeal will automatically be restored to this Court
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without need for either party to file a new notice of appeal. After jurisdiction is
restored, this panel will resume its consideration of this case.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O'Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
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