United States v. Powers

Judge POOLER concurs in the judgment and opinion of the Court and files a concurring opinion,

PER CURIAM:

Defendant-Appellant Heath Powers pleaded guilty to thirteen counts of child-pornography-related offenses and now appeals his judgment of conviction, challenging (1) the factual basis supporting his plea as to one of the thirteen counts and (2) the reasonableness of his 480-month (forty-year) sentence of imprisonment. The Government concedes that the District Court (Mae A. D’Agostino, Judge) committed “plain error” by accepting Powers’s plea to the count challenged on appeal and that Powers’s conviction as to that count must be vacated, but argues that resentencing is unnecessary. We disagree with the Government with respect to the appropriate remedy. Because the error below was a so-called “conviction error,” de novo resen-tencing is required.

Accordingly, we REMAND the cause to the District Court with instruction to vacate the erroneous count of conviction and for de novo resentencing.

BACKGROUND

While working as a babysitter, Powers took sexually explicit photos of, and engaged in sexual acts involving, a seven-year-old girl (“V-l”). On August 4, 2014, Powers took four pornographic photographs of V-l. That same day, Powers connected with an undercover FBI agent through an online site used to swap pornographic pictures of children, and sent all four images to the agent. On August 5, 2014, Powers took seven more photographs of V-l and, on August 7, 2014, sent four of these seven to the same undercover agent. One of the images in this second batch was unique; unlike the other images of V-l (in either batch), it did not focus on the child’s pubic area and instead “the child’s bare chest [wa]s the focus of .the image.” PSR ¶ 9(a).

On August 10, 2014, Powers was babysitting when law enforcement agents executed a search warrant at the home of V-l. In the course of questioning, Powers admitted to taking sexually explicit photographs of V-l, to distributing them online, and to receiving pornographic images of other children. Powers provided his iPhone 4 (and its passcode) to the agents, which revealed approximately 125 photographs of V-l as well as other pornographic photos of children. In a search of Powers’ residence, agents found other electronic devices that contained more child pornography.

The following month, a federal grand jury returned an indictment charging Powers with eleven counts of production of child pornography (Counts One through Eleven, or “the production counts”), in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a), (e); one count of distribution of child pornography (Count Twelve), in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252A(a)(l)(A) [sic]¹ and (b)(1), and 2256(8)(A); and one count of possession of child pornography (Count Thirteen), in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252A(a)(5)(B) and (b)(2), and 2256(8)(A.). Although it is not necessarily apparent from the record on appeal which image corresponded to which production count, the Government submits in its appellate brief that Count Six had as its factual basis the production of the “bare chest” image-.

On June 2, 2015, Powers pleaded guilty to all counts in the indictment without a plea agreement. On November 19, 2015, the District Court sentenced Powers to a below-Guidelines 480-month (forty-year) term of imprisonment.²

DISCUSSION

The Government concedes that the District Court committed “plain error” by allowing Powers to plead guilty to a count for which there was no “factual basis for the plea.”³ Specifically, the image of V-l that focused on her bare chest was not within the definition of “sexually explicit conduct” prohibited by . 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a), and conduct relating to it cannot serve as a factual basis for a conviction thereunder.⁴ We agree that Powers’s count of conviction related to that image, but only that image, must therefore be vacated. The principal issue on appeal is thus the appropriate remedy where only part of a conviction is subsequently overturned.

Our opinion in United States v. Rigas, 583 F.3d 108 (2d Cir. 2009), aimed to settle that very question. Rigas sought to clarify United States v. Quintieri, 306 F.3d 1217 (2d Cir. 2002), which had held that the “default rule” to remedy a so-called “conviction error”—as distinct from a so-called “sentencing error”—is de novo resentencing. See Quintieri, 306 F.3d at 1228 & n.6. After considering Quintieri and its progeny, Rigas explained that Quintieri had “created a rule, not a guideline,” and to the extent it or prior cases were ambiguous, Rigas “resolve[d] any ambiguity” in favor of de novo resentencing following conviction errors. Rigas, 583 F.3d at 117-19.

Subsequent characterizations of the rule in non-precedential summary orders and in passing dicta in published opinions have remained somewhat ambiguous, however. One panel read Rigas, albeit only in a summary order, as having established an essentially uniform rule.⁵ Other panels, likewise in summary orders or in dicta, have continued to use, at least as a matter of linguistics, the “default rule” formulation of Quintieri when mentioning Rigas,⁶ Notably, however, applications of the rule, be-it characterized as “default” or not, are almost entirely consistent. No. case cited in footnote six permitted a district judge, following partial vacatur of a conviction, simply to enter an amended judgment.

Indeed, it appears that only one post-Rigas case has allowed a district judge to do so. See United States v. Moreno-Montenegro, 553 Fed.Appx. 29, 31-32 (2d Cir. 2014). That summary order reasoned as follows:

With respect to the appropriate remedy, Moreno-Montenegro requests a remand for de novo resentencing, contending that vacating one of his convictions “ ‘effectively undoes the entire knot of calculation’ underlying the original sentencing.” United States v. Barresi, 361 F.3d 666, 672 (2d Cir. 2004) (quoting United States v. Quintieri, 306 F.3d 1217, 1228 (2d Cir. 2002)). We disagree. The two offenses here were considered together throughout the proceedings below, and the district court ultimately imposed identical concurrent sentences for both counts. Moreover, as explained below, we find no other error in the defendant’s sentencing. In accordance with our ;practice in such circumstances, we accordingly will remand with instructions for the district court to vacate the conviction on one of the two counts and to enter an amended judgment. See, e.g., United States v. Miller, 116 F.3d 641, 685 (2d Cir. 1997).

Id. at 32 (emphasis added).

The Government relies heavily upon Moreno-Montenegro here—and, it appears, elsewhere⁷—in arguing that resen-tencing is unnecessary. That reliance is misplaced. The “practice” identified in Moreno-Montenegro is appropriate only when the defendant has already received, as his or her sentence on an upheld count of conviction, a mandatory minimum sentence. Those were the circumstances in Miller, to which Moreno-Montenegro attributes “our practice,” and in the other case upon which the Government here relies, Burrell v. United States, 467 F.3d 160 (2d Cir. 2006).⁸ Such circumstances—in which a district court’s amending its judgment of conviction is, by force of law, “strictly ministerial”⁹—constitute the only viable exception to the rule set forth in Rigas. And as a non-precedential summary order, Moreno-Montenegro is without force to suggest otherwise.

Here, Powers was not given a mandatory minimum sentence for any of the twelve non-deficient counts of conviction. Accordingly, Rigas controls and de novo resen-tencing is required.¹⁰ In light of that, we do not reach Powers’s challenge to the substantive reasonableness of his current sentence.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, we REMAND the cause to the District Court with instruction to vacate the erroneous count of conviction and for de novo resen-tencing.

1 . As the parties agree,' the indictment incorrectly cited the statutory provision. It should have cited 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2)(A), not (a)(1)(A).

2 . More specifically, the District Court sentenced Powers to 360 months on each of the production counts, to run concurrently; 120 months on Count 12, to run consecutively to the production counts; and 120 months on Count 13, to run concurrently to Counts 1 through 12.

3 . Fed. R, Crim. P, 11(b)(3). (“Before entering judgment on a guilty plea, the court must determine that there is a factual basis for the plea.”)

4 . 18 U.S.C. § 2251 prohibits “employ[ing], us[ing], persuad[ing], inducting], entic[ing], or coerc[ing] any minor to engage in ,,. with the intent that such minor engage in, any sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing any visual depiction of such conduct or for the purpose of transmitting a live visual depiction of such conduct...,” 18 U.S.C, § 2256(2)(A) defines "sexually explicit conduct” to be “actual or simuláted[] (i) sexual intercourse, including genital-genital, oral-genital, anal-genital, or oral-anal, whether between persons of the same or opposite sex; (ii) bestiality; (iii) masturbation; (iv) sadistic or masochistic abuse; or (v) lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of any person.”

5 . See United States v. Yepes-Casas, 473 Fed.Appx. 90, 90-91 (2d Cir. 2012) (“[T]his Circuit’s recent precedent is unequivocal; any 'conviction error’ requires a de novo re-sentencing.”); see also United States v. Draper, 553 F.3d 174, 184 (2d Cir. 2009) (citing Quintieri and stating “because we are reversing the witness retaliation convictions, de novo resentencing is required”),

6 ,See United States v. Weingarten, 713 F.3d 704, 711-12 (2d Cir. 2013) (describing Rigas, in part, as having held that “if the vacatur of a count of conviction has altered the ‘factual mosaic related to’ the remaining counts” then resentencing is required (emphasis added)); United States v. Desnoyers, 708 F.3d 378, 386-87 (2d Cir. 2013) ('‘Typically, the defendant is entitled to de novo sentencing when the court of appeals reverses a conviction because a change in the 'constellation of offenses of conviction’ alters the ‘factual mosaic related to those offenses.’ ” (quoting Rigas, 583 F.3d at 115) (emphasis added)); United States v, Mends, 412 Fed.Appx. 370, 375 (2d Cir. 2011) ("This circuit has adopted a 'default rule that resentencing is required where part of a conviction is reversed on appeal,’ ’’ (quoting Rigas, 583 F.3d at 117)); United States v. Capoccia, 354 Fed.Appx. 522, 523-24 (2d Cir. 2009) (summary order) ("Where a count of a conviction is overturned, the ordinary procedure is to remand for de novo resentencing.” (emphasis added)); see also United States v. Malki, 718 F.3d 178, 182 (2d Cir. 2013) (per curiam) (not citing Rigas and using the "default rule” formulation).

7 . In other cases, it appears, the government similarly relies on this case. See Brief for United States, United States v. Rosario, 652 Fed.Appx. 38 (2d Cir. 2016) (No. 15-1305), 2015 WL 6777675, at *47-48; Brief for United States, United States v. Santiago, No. 14-2203 (2d Cir. Feb. 22, 2016), 2016 WL 727005, at *38-39; Brief for United States, United States v. Palmer, No. 15-3006 (D.C. Cir. Aug. 5, 2016), 2016 WL 4158243, at *27 n.12.

8 . In fact, both cases involved the dismissal of a conspiracy count, under the Double Jeopardy Clause, as a lesser-included offense of engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise (or "CCE”). See Miller, 116 F.3d at 651 (remanding solely for dismissal of a conspiracy count where the defendant "was convicted on one count of engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 848(a) and 848(b)(1)(A) (1994),” which mandated a life sentence); Burrell, 467 F.3d at 162 ("The record reveals that, at the time Burrell was sentenced, the Sentencing Guidelines required the district court to impose a sentence of life imprisonment for the CCE conviction alone regardless of Burrell’s conspiracy conviction given his adjusted offense level of 44 on the CCE count.”). Perhaps for this reason, Powers attempts to distinguish Moreno-Montenegro as a Double Jeopardy Clause case, but we find no principle of law or logic that would support treating a conviction error that arises under the Double Jeopardy Clause as different from all other conviction errors.

9 .Burrell, 467 F.3d at 166 & n.4.

10 . That process need not be overly cumbersome. See Desnoyers, 708 F.3d at 386-87; Rigas, 583 F.3d at 119-21.