Holmes v. Apple

18-2492
Holmes v. Apple, et al.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT
ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
2 Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the
3 9th day of December, two thousand nineteen.
4
5 Present:
6 PIERRE N. LEVAL,
7 RICHARD C. WESLEY,
8 DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,
9 Circuit Judges.
10 _____________________________________
11
12 TYRONE HOLMES,
13
14 Plaintiff-Appellant,
15
16 v. 18-2492-cv
17
18 APPLE INC.,
19 AMAZON.COM, LLC,
20 CHECKPOINT FLUIDIC SYSTEMS
21 INTERNATIONAL, LTD.,
22
23 Defendants-Appellees.
24 _____________________________________
25
26 For Plaintiff-Appellant: ROBERT G. LEINO, New York, NY
27
28 For Defendant-Appellee
29 Apple Inc.: HANNAH Y. CHANOINE, O’Melveny & Myers LLP,
30 New York, NY (David R. Eberhart, O’Melveny &
31 Myers LLP, San Francisco, CA; Ephraim McDowell,
32 O’Melveny & Myers LLP, on the brief)
1
33
34 For Defendant-Appellee
35 Amazon.com, LLC.: MICHAEL J. GOETTIG, Davis Wright Tremaine LLP,
36 New York, NY
37
38 For Defendant-Appellee
39 CheckPoint Fluidic Systems
40 International, Ltd.: BRIAN DALE GRAIFMAN, Borah, Goldstein, Altschuler,
41 Nahins & Goidel, P.C., New York, NY
42
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Ramos, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED in full and REMANDED for
further proceedings in accordance with this order.
Plaintiff-Appellant Tyrone Holmes (“Holmes”) appeals from July 23, 2018 order in the
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Ramos, J.), granting
Defendant-Appellee CheckPoint Fluidic Systems Int’l, Ltd.’s (“CheckPoint”) motion to dismiss
for lack of personal jurisdiction and denying Holmes’s related motion for jurisdictional discovery,
granting Defendant-Appellee Apple Inc.’s (“Apple”) motion for entry of judgment on the
pleadings, granting in part and denying in part Defendant-Appellee Amazon.com, LLC’s
(“Amazon”) motion for entry of judgment on the pleadings, granting Amazon’s motion for
summary judgment, entering judgment against Amazon in the amount of $2,351.12 as to Holmes’s
breach-of-contract claim, and denying Holmes’s motion to amend the complaint.
This appeal arises from Holmes’s purchase of an Apple MacBook Pro laptop computer
along with an AppleCare support plan from Amazon. Holmes alleges that the purportedly brand-
new laptop he received was actually a MacBook Pro that Amazon had previously sold to
CheckPoint (the “CheckPoint Laptop”), which contained tracking software developed by third-
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party Kaseya and installed by CheckPoint employees after purchase. When the CheckPoint Laptop
went missing in transit to Dubai via FedEx, CheckPoint used the Kaseya software to track its
laptop to Holmes and his estranged wife Stephanie Scott (“Scott”), from whom the New York City
Police Department (the “NYPD”) ultimately recovered the computer. We otherwise assume the
parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on
appeal.
* * *
I. Personal Jurisdiction over CheckPoint
The district court dismissed Holmes’s claims against CheckPoint for lack of personal
jurisdiction. On appeal, Holmes argues that the district court had jurisdiction over CheckPoint
primarily because the events giving rise to this litigation created sufficient contacts with the state
to support personal jurisdiction. These arguments are without merit, and the district court was
correct to dismiss the claims against CheckPoint and to deny Holmes’s request for jurisdictional
discovery.
“We review a district court’s dismissal of an action for want of personal jurisdiction de
novo, construing all pleadings and affidavits in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and
resolving all doubts in the plaintiff’s favor.” Penguin Grp. (USA) Inc. v. Am. Buddha, 609 F.3d
30, 34 (2d Cir. 2010). A plaintiff has the burden of establishing personal jurisdiction over an entity
against which it seeks to bring suit, and to survive a motion to dismiss for lack of such jurisdiction,
“a plaintiff must make a prima facie showing that jurisdiction exists.” Id. at 34–35 (citing In re
Magnetic Audiotape Antitrust Litig., 334 F.3d 204, 206 (2d Cir. 2003); quoting Thomas v. Ashcroft,
470 F.3d 491, 495 (2d Cir. 2006)). In other words, a plaintiff must “include an averment of facts
that, if credited by the ultimate trier of fact, would suffice to establish jurisdiction over the
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defendant.” Chloe v. Queen Bee of Beverly Hills, LLC, 616 F.3d 158, 163 (2d Cir. 2010) (internal
quotation marks and alterations omitted).
C.P.L.R. § 302, New York’s long-arm statute, affords New York courts personal
jurisdiction over a non-domiciliary who (1) “transacts any business within the state or contracts
anywhere to supply goods or services in the state;” (2) “commits a tortious act within the
state . . . ;” (3) “commits a tortious act without the state causing injury to person or property within
the state . . . if he (i) regularly does or solicits business, or engages in any other persistent course
of conduct, or derives substantial revenue from goods used or consumed or services rendered, in
the state, or (ii) expects or should reasonably expect the act to have consequences in the state and
derives substantial revenue from interstate or international commerce;” or (4) “owns, uses or
possesses any real property situated within the state.” C.P.L.R. § 302(a)(1)–(4).
None of these jurisdictional bases is present here. Although Holmes makes conclusory
allegations that CheckPoint committed tortious conduct both within and outside New York by
tracking the missing CheckPoint Laptop and communicating about its location with FedEx—with
the ultimate effect that the NYPD attempted to recover the computer from Holmes—he has pleaded
no facts that support tort liability. A tort claim rooted in negligence requires a plaintiff to establish
duty, breach, causation, and damages. See Roberson v. Wyckoff Heights Medical Ctr., 999
N.Y.S.2d 428, 429 (2d Dep’t 2014). But Holmes’s complaint does not allege (and his appellate
brief does not even suggest) that CheckPoint owed Holmes a particular duty in attempting to
recover its lost computer, or a means by which it breached that duty. Indeed, the complaint alleges
that the computer CheckPoint tracked belonged to CheckPoint and was not meant to leave its
possession.
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Because the district court properly determined that Holmes failed to make a prima facie
case for jurisdiction or establish how further discovery could aid his case, it did not abuse its
discretion in denying his motion for jurisdictional discovery. See Haber v. United States, 823 F.3d
746, 753 (2d Cir. 2016) (noting that jurisdictional discovery is inappropriate where requesting
party has not shown how the requested discovery would produce facts necessary to withstand
dismissal); see also Best Van Lines, Inc. v. Walker, 490 F.3d 239, 255 (2d Cir. 2007) (“[T]he
district court acted well within its discretion in declining to permit discovery because the plaintiff
had not made out a prima facie case for jurisdiction.”).
II. Apple’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings
The district court granted Apple’s motion for judgment on the pleadings as to the eight
claims Holmes raised against it, each of which arises from the fact that the CheckPoint Laptop
contained Kaseya tracking software. On appeal, Holmes challenges only the dismissal of its
breach-of-contract, products liability, and negligence claims. See McCarthy v. SEC, 406 F.3d 179,
186 (2d Cir. 2005) (“[A]rguments not raised in an appellant’s opening brief . . . are not properly
before an appellate court even when the same arguments were raised in the trial court.”). Each of
these claims is without merit.
We review a district court’s ruling on a motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c) de novo, accepting all factual allegations in the complaint
as true and construing them in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Latner v. Mt.
Sinai Health Sys., Inc., 879 F.3d 52, 54 (2d Cir. 2018). A motion for judgment on the pleadings
must meet the same standard as a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6),
King v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 284 F.3d 352, 356 (2d Cir. 2002), and must therefore “contain sufficient
factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” WC Capital
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Mgmt., LLC v. UBS Secs., LLC, 711 F.3d 322, 328 (2d Cir. 2013). The complaint must do more
than raise the “mere possibility of misconduct” and “tender[] naked assertions devoid of further
factual enhancement.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678–79 (2009) (internal quotation marks
and alterations omitted).
Holmes’s complaint does not plausibly allege a contractual relationship between himself
and Apple. Documentation provided by Holmes indicates that Amazon, and not Apple, sold
Holmes the computer and AppleCare plan he purchased. By its express terms, AppleCare does not
create a contract with Apple unless a user registers the plan, something Holmes never did. Even if
such a contract did exist, Holmes has alleged no facts that would constitute a potential breach of
AppleCare, a service contract that provides for support in replacing or repairing Apple hardware
in certain circumstances. Holmes alleges only that the laptop was defective because it contained
tracking software neither sold nor installed by Apple, but AppleCare explicitly disclaims any
responsibility to support users in connection with third-party products.
Nor does Holmes make out a claim for strict liability or negligence. His complaint alleges
that CheckPoint installed the Kaseya software at issue, not Apple. But New York courts do not
impose strict liability when a manufacturer engaged in the “lawful distribution of a non-defective
product” and “[t]he harm that plaintiff[] allege[s] is . . . attributable to intervening third parties.”
Smith v. 2328 Univ. Ave. Corp., 859 N.Y.S.2d 71, 73–74 (1st Dep’t 2008). The same principle
extends to general negligence actions. Robinson v. Reed-Prentice Div. of Package Mach. Co., 49
N.Y.2d 471, 475 (N.Y. 1980).
III. Amazon’s Motions for Judgment on the Pleadings and Summary Judgment
At Amazon’s request, the district court entered judgment for Holmes in the amount of
$2,351.12, the price Holmes paid to Amazon for the laptop and AppleCare plan he purchased, in
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fulfillment of Holmes’s breach-of-contract claim against Amazon. The district court granted
Amazon’s motion for judgment on the pleadings as to three of Holmes’s other seven claims against
Amazon and entered summary judgment in Amazon’s favor as to the remaining four. On appeal,
Holmes challenges only the district court’s entry of summary judgment, arguing that issues of
material fact remain because Amazon has not been able to explain the path the CheckPoint Laptop
took, and how the NYPD came to recover the CheckPoint Laptop from Scott when Holmes ordered
and received a new, shrink-wrapped computer. But Holmes has failed to raise any factual disputes
that would preclude summary judgment, and we find that the district court’s ruling was
appropriate.
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo and construe the
evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Johnson v. Killian, 680 F.3d 234,
236 (2d Cir. 2012). Summary judgment is appropriate where “the pleadings, the discovery and
disclosure materials . . . , and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material
fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Roe v. City of Waterbury, 542
F.3d 31, 35 (2d Cir. 2008) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)).
Amazon submitted affidavits and other documentary evidence to show that it shipped
Holmes a brand-new computer sourced directly from Apple and packaged for delivery in
Lewisberry, Pennsylvania, and that it shipped CheckPoint a different brand-new computer sourced
directly from Apple that was packaged for delivery in Breiningsville, Pennsylvania, [id.]. An
affidavit from CheckPoint states, and Holmes does not contest, that upon receipt of the CheckPoint
Laptop, a CheckPoint employee installed the Kaseya software and affixed to the computer a label
reading “Property of CheckPoint Pumps.” The label remained on the laptop when the NYPD
recovered it. Both before the district court and now on appeal, Holmes appears to acknowledge
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that the laptop he received from Amazon was shrink-wrapped and unlabeled. Holmes submitted
no evidence of any kind to contest that the laptop he received from Amazon and the CheckPoint
Laptop were two entirely separate computers. And since there was no such evidence in the record,
the district court was correct to find that Amazon had not sold Holmes the CheckPoint Laptop and
could not be liable for any of its alleged defects.
Holmes’s argument that summary judgment is inappropriate unless Amazon can explain
how Scott got the CheckPoint Laptop is meritless. Holmes bears the burden to show that Amazon
caused his alleged injuries. To merit summary judgment, Amazon need only show that Holmes
cannot carry this burden. Since Amazon has done so, it is immaterial that the record does not reveal
precisely how Scott came to possess the CheckPoint Laptop. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986) (defining a “material” fact as one that “might affect the outcome of the
suit under the governing law”).
IV. Holmes’s Liability for Amazon’s Costs
Amazon asks us to remand to the district court to assess costs against Holmes because
Holmes rejected its offer of judgment in the amount of $2,351.12, but subsequently received a
judgment in precisely that amount. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 68(d) provides that if a party
receives and rejects an offer of judgment, but “finally obtains” a judgment that is “not more
favorable than the unaccepted offer,” that party must “pay the costs incurred after the offer was
made.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 68(d). The cost-shifting mechanism of Rule 68 is “designed to encourage
settlements without the burdens of additional litigation.” Stanczyk v. City of New York, 752 F.3d
273, 280 (2d Cir. 2014). On appeal, Holmes argues that Amazon’s offer of $2,351.12 did not
provide him complete relief. But Holmes was bound by Amazon’s conditions of use, which limited
his breach of contract remedy. Under those conditions, Amazon’s offer of $2,351.12 provided
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complete relief on Holmes’s breach of contract claim. We therefore remand the case to give
Amazon the opportunity to move in the district court for an assessment of costs pursuant to Rule
68(d).
V. Holmes’s Motion to Amend the Complaint
Finally, Holmes argues that the district court erred in declining to allow him to amend his
complaint to add FedEx as a defendant. Since such an amendment would have been futile, the
district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion. We review a district court’s denial
of leave to amend a pleading for abuse of discretion. Holmes v. Grubman, 568 F.3d 329, 334 (2d
Cir. 2009). A court may deny leave to amend a complaint for “good reason, including futility, bad
faith, undue delay, or undue prejudice to the opposing party.” Id. (quoting McCarthy v. Dun &
Bradstreet Corp., 482 F.3d 184, 200 (2d Cir. 2007)). Pro se complaints in particular should be
read liberally, such that the court should give leave to amend if there is “any indication that a valid
claim might be stated.” Cuoco v. Moritsugu, 222 F.3d 99, 112 (2d Cir. 2000) (quoting Gomez v.
USAA Fed. Sav. Bank, 171 F.3d 794, 795 (2d Cir. 1999)). But a request should be denied where
“the problem with [a plaintiff’s] causes of action is substantive,” “better pleading will not cure it,”
and “repleading would thus be futile.” Id.The district court correctly concluded that Holmes’s proposed amendment was futile.
Holmes alleged no facts to suggest that FedEx breached a duty it owed to him. Holmes argues that
FedEx’s liability stems from its purportedly reckless or negligent decision to report the CheckPoint
Laptop as stolen (rather than missing), but he alleges no facts to suggest that FedEx owed him a
duty to do otherwise. Even read liberally, Holmes’s proposed amended complaint gives no
“indication that a valid claim might be stated” against FedEx. See Cuoco, 222 F.3d at 112.
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We have considered Holmes’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.
Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court in full and REMAND for further
proceedings in accordance with this order.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
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