Wabtec Corporation v. Faiveley Transport Malmo AB

07-5189-cv
Wabtec Corporation v. Faiveley Transport Malmo AB
1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
3
4 August Term 2007
5
6 (Submitted: April 8, 2008 Decided: May 2, 2008)
7
8 Docket No. 07-5189-cv
9 -----------------------------------------------------x
10 WABTEC CORPORATION,
11
12 Defendant-Appellant,
13
14 -- v. --
15
16 FAIVELEY TRANSPORT MALMO AB,
17
18 Plaintiff-Appellee.
19
20 -----------------------------------------------------x
21
22 B e f o r e : WALKER, CABRANES, and RAGGI, Circuit Judges.
23 Appeal by defendant-appellant Wabtec Corporation from an
24 order entered in the United States District Court for the
25 Southern District of New York (Jed S. Rakoff, Judge), denying
26 Wabtec’s motion to dismiss plaintiff-appellee Faiveley Transport
27 Malmo AB’s application for preliminary injunction and expedited
28 discovery. Faiveley cross-moves to dismiss on the ground that
29 this court lacks jurisdiction to hear the appeal. Because the
30 district court’s order is not an appealable interlocutory order
31 under the collateral order doctrine or the Federal Arbitration
32 Act, we lack jurisdiction over the appeal.
33 Cross-motion GRANTED; Appeal DISMISSED.
34
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1 Daniel K. Winters, Reed Smith
2 LLP (James C. Martin and Colin
3 E. Wrabley, Reed Smith LLP, on
4 the brief), New York, N.Y.,
5 for Defendant-Appellant.
6
7 A. John Mancini, Mayer Brown
8 LLP, New York, N.Y., for
9 Plaintiff-Appellee.
10 JOHN M. WALKER, JR., Circuit Judge:
11 Defendant-Appellant Wabtec Corporation (“Wabtec”) appeals
12 from an order of the United States District Court for the
13 Southern District of New York (Jed S. Rakoff, Judge), denying
14 Wabtec’s motion to dismiss plaintiff-appellee Faiveley Transport
15 Malmo AB (“Faiveley”)’s application for preliminary injunction
16 and expedited discovery. Faiveley cross-moves to dismiss on the
17 ground that this court lacks jurisdiction to hear the appeal. We
18 agree with Faiveley that the district court’s order is not
19 appealable under the collateral order doctrine or the Federal
20 Arbitration Act. We therefore grant the cross-motion and dismiss
21 the appeal.
22 BACKGROUND
23 In December 1993, Wabtec, a designer and manufacturer of
24 railcar braking systems, entered into a license agreement
25 permitting it to use, manufacture, and sell certain braking
26 technology developed and owned by Faiveley’s predecessor-in-
27 interest. The agreement contained a “competent jurisdiction”
28 clause, which provided that “[a]ny dispute arising out of or in
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1 connection with this agreement shall be finally settled by
2 arbitration without recourse to the courts. . . . The arbitration
3 proceedings shall be held in Stockholm.”
4 Despite Faiveley’s termination of the license agreement in
5 December 2005, Wabtec allegedly continued to use, manufacture,
6 and distribute the braking technology. Based on the unauthorized
7 use of its intellectual property, on October 18, 2007, Faiveley
8 commenced an arbitration proceeding in Stockholm, Sweden.
9 Faiveley also filed an “application,” cf. 9 U.S.C. § 6; Productos
10 Mercantiles e Industriales, S.A. v. Faberge USA, Inc., 23 F.3d
11 41, 46 (2d Cir. 1994), in the District Court for the Southern
12 District of New York for a preliminary injunction to bar Wabtec
13 from engaging in various commercial activities related to the
14 licensed technology, and for expedited discovery in aid of a
15 pending foreign arbitration. One week later, Wabtec moved to
16 dismiss Faiveley’s application on the ground that the district
17 court lacked jurisdiction pursuant to the license agreement’s
18 “competent jurisdiction” clause. In November 2007, the district
19 court denied Wabtec’s “motion to dismiss,”1 concluding that “when
20 a contract is silent as to the availability of injunctions
21 pending arbitration, a district court retains the power to
1
1 Wabtec’s filing is more appropriately labeled as an
2 “opposition” to Faiveley’s application. Cf. Termorio S.A. E.S.P.
3 v. Electranta S.P., 487 F.3d 928, 939-41 (D.C. Cir. 2007);
4 Productos Mercantiles, 23 F.3d at 46.
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1 provide such relief.” Wabtec filed a timely notice of appeal.
2 In December 2007, Wabtec moved to stay the district court
3 proceedings pending resolution of the appeal or, in the
4 alternative, to expedite the appeal.2 In response, Faiveley
5 cross-moved to dismiss Wabtec’s appeal, arguing that this court
6 lacks jurisdiction on the ground that the district court’s denial
7 of Wabtec’s motion to dismiss is nonappealable because it is
8 neither a final order nor an appealable interlocutory order.
9 DISCUSSION
10 Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, “[t]he courts of appeals . .
11 . shall have jurisdiction of appeals from all final decisions of
12 the district courts of the United States.” Thus, federal
13 appellate jurisdiction ordinarily “depends on the existence of a
14 decision by the District Court that ends the litigation on the
15 merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the
16 judgment.” Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 467
17 (1978) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). But as
18 the Supreme Court noted in Catlin v. United States, 324 U.S. 229,
19 236 (1945), “denial of a motion to dismiss, even when the motion
20 is based upon jurisdictional grounds, is not immediately
21 reviewable.” See also Almonte v. City of Long Beach, 478 F.3d
22 100, 105 (2d Cir. 2007) (“The denial of a motion to dismiss is
23 ordinarily considered non-final, and therefore not immediately
2
1 In January 2008, an applications judge denied this motion.
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1 appealable.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
2 The district court’s denial of Wabtec’s motion to dismiss for
3 lack of jurisdiction does not constitute a final order that is
4 appealable to this court because “it allows the litigation to
5 continue,” Lawson v. Abrams, 863 F.2d 260, 262 (2d Cir. 1988),
6 leaving for the district court the adjudication of the merits of
7 Faiveley’s request for a preliminary injunction.
8 There are, however, exceptions to the final order rule, such
9 as the collateral order doctrine and various statutes that permit
10 appeals of interlocutory orders. Wabtec contends that the
11 district court’s November 2007 order is appealable under both the
12 collateral order doctrine and sections 16(a)(1)(B) and (C) of the
13 Federal Arbitration Act (FAA). We disagree.
14 I. The Collateral Order Doctrine
15 The collateral order doctrine is “a narrow exception to the
16 final order rule” that “allows an appellate court to review
17 immediately a district court order affecting rights that will be
18 irretrievably lost in the absence of an immediate appeal.”
19 United States v. Esposito, 970 F.2d 1156, 1159 (2d Cir. 1992).
20 To fall within this “‘small class’ of decisions excepted from the
21 final-judgment rule . . . , the order must [1] conclusively
22 determine the disputed question, [2] resolve an important issue
23 completely separate from the merits of the action, and [3] be
24 effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment.”
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1 Coopers & Lybrand, 437 U.S. at 468.
2 Under the Supreme Court’s decision in Lauro Lines S.R.L. v.
3 Chasser, 490 U.S. 495 (1989), the denial of Wabtec’s motion to
4 dismiss does not satisfy these requirements. Affirming this
5 court’s decision in Chasser v. Achille Lauro Lines, 844 F.2d 506 (2d Cir. 1988), the Supreme Court held that an interlocutory
7 order denying a defendant’s motion to dismiss on the basis of a
8 contractual forum selection clause is not appealable under 28
9 U.S.C. § 1291 as a final judgment, see Lauro Lines, 490 U.S. at10 498, nor is it immediately appealable under the collateral order
11 doctrine, see id. at 498, 501. The Court declined to decide
12 whether such an order satisfies the first two requirements of the
13 Coopers & Lybrand test, because it fails in any event to satisfy
14 the third requirement of effective unreviewability. Id. at 498.
15 The Court reasoned that the order does not involve “an asserted
16 right the legal and practical value of which would be destroyed
17 if it were not vindicated before trial,” id. at 499 (internal
18 quotation marks and citation omitted), and it is therefore
19 reviewable after the entry of a final judgment, see id. at 501;
20 see also Chasser, 844 F.2d at 54 (“We see no reason why denial of
21 a motion to dismiss on the basis of a contractual forum-selection
22 clause should be any less subject to correction upon appeal from
23 a final judgment than are denials of motions for dismissal on
24 grounds of improper venue or of forum non conveniens.”).
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1 Wabtec argues that this case is distinguishable from Lauro
2 Lines because it involves an arbitration clause, not a forum
3 selection clause. But “[a]n agreement to arbitrate before a
4 specified tribunal is, in effect, a specialized kind of forum-
5 selection clause that posits not only the situs of suit but also
6 the procedure to be used in resolving the dispute.” Scherk v.
7 Alberto-Culver Co., 417 U.S. 506, 519 (1974). Lauro Lines
8 therefore controls, and we lack jurisdiction under the collateral
9 order doctrine to review the district court’s denial of Wabtec’s
10 motion to dismiss.
11 II. Federal Arbitration Act Section 16(a)(1)(B)
12 The FAA expressly provides for the immediate appeal of
13 certain interlocutory orders that are hostile to arbitration.
14 Under 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1)(B), “[a]n appeal may be taken from an
15 order denying a petition under section 4 of this title to order
16 arbitration to proceed.” Section 4 in turn provides that
17 [a] party aggrieved by the alleged failure, neglect, or
18 refusal of another to arbitrate under a written agreement
19 for arbitration may petition any United States district
20 court which, save for such agreement, would have
21 jurisdiction under Title 28, in a civil action . . . for an
22 order directing that such arbitration proceed in the manner
23 provided for in such an agreement.
24
25 9 U.S.C. § 4. Wabtec contends that its motion to dismiss
26 Faiveley’s application for an injunction and for expedited
27 discovery in aid of arbitration constituted a petition for an
28 order directing arbitration in accordance with the license
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1 agreement, and that the district court’s denial of that petition
2 is appealable under § 16(a)(1)(B). We disagree.
3 As Faiveley points out, that provision and its cross-
4 reference to § 4 govern the denial of a petition to order
5 arbitration proceedings that take place “within the district in
6 which the petition for an order directing such arbitration is
7 filed,” id. – in this case, the Southern District of New York.
8 Even if Wabtec’s motion could somehow be construed as a petition
9 seeking enforcement of the parties’ arbitration agreement, the
10 motion contemplated arbitration in Stockholm, Sweden, in
11 accordance with the express terms of the license agreement.
12 Wabtec concedes as much in its reply to Faiveley’s cross-motion:
13 “Wabtec’s motion to dismiss here seeks enforcement of its
14 exclusive right to international arbitration.” Wabtec Reply at
15 10 (emphasis added). Thus, even if it is possible to construe
16 Wabtec’s motion as one seeking an order directing the parties to
17 resolve their dispute by means of arbitration, the motion does
18 not fall within the precise scope of § 4, and the district
19 court’s denial is therefore not appealable pursuant to §
20 16(a)(1)(B).
21 III. Federal Arbitration Act Section 16(a)(1)(C)
22 Wabtec also argues that the district court’s order is
23 appealable under 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1)(C), which states that “an
24 appeal may be taken from an order denying an application under
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1 section 206 of this title to compel arbitration.” Section 206
2 authorizes a court of competent jurisdiction to “direct that
3 arbitration be held in accordance with the agreement at any place
4 therein provided for, whether that place is within or without the
5 United States.” Id. § 206. Wabtec claims that its motion to
6 dismiss was effectively an application to compel arbitration
7 because “referral to the arbitral forum is part of the relief it
8 sought from the District Court.” Wabtec Reply at 7.
9 The question of whether a motion to dismiss based on an
10 arbitration clause can be construed as a motion to compel
11 arbitration, and therefore as falling within the parameters of §
12 16(a)(1)(C), is one of first impression for this court. As the
13 First Circuit has noted, “[t]he courts are divided as to whether
14 a request to dismiss a case based on an arbitration clause should
15 be treated as a request for an order compelling arbitration.”
16 Fit Tech, Inc. v. Bally Total Fitness Holding Corp., 374 F.3d 1,
17 5 (1st Cir. 2004). But “[c]ircumstances vary and one rule may
18 not suit all cases.” Id. at 6.
19 On the facts before it, the First Circuit in Fit Tech
20 construed the appellant’s motion to dismiss as a motion to compel
21 arbitration and held that it had jurisdiction over the appeal of
22 the district court order denying the motion. See id. The court
23 found that the appellant had “clearly argued to the district
24 court” that the agreement required all claims to be submitted for
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1 arbitration and that the designated arbitrator “had sole
2 authority to resolve all issues.” Id.3 Presented with different facts, the District of Columbia
4 Circuit in Bombardier Corp. v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 333
5 F.3d 250 (D.C. Cir. 2003), declined to construe a motion to
6 dismiss as a motion to compel arbitration and held that it did
7 not have jurisdiction under the FAA to hear the appeal of the
8 denial of that motion. The court noted that, in the case before
9 it,
10 [appellant] did not base its motion to dismiss on the FAA’s
11 requirement that arbitration agreements be strictly
12 enforced. It sought an outright dismissal . . . on the
13 grounds that [appellee] failed to comply with the dispute
14 resolution procedures. . . . [U]nlike a motion to compel . .
15 . under the FAA, [appellant’s] motion exhibited no intent to
16 pursue arbitration – indeed, it sought outright dismissal
17 with no guarantee of future arbitration.
18
19 Id. at 254.
20 On the facts presented here, we decline to treat Wabtec’s
21 motion to dismiss as a motion to compel arbitration. As an
22 initial matter, the Supreme Court has “emphasized that statutes
23 authorizing appeals are to be strictly construed.” Perry Educ.
24 Ass’n v. Perry Local Educators’ Ass’n, 460 U.S. 37, 43 (1983).
25 Under the plain language of 9 U.S.C. § 16(a), the denial of a
26 motion to dismiss based on an arbitration clause is not an order
27 from which an appeal may be taken. Cf. Bombardier Corp., 333
28 F.3d at 253 (conducting a similar analysis).
29 More importantly, Wabtec’s motion does not fall within the
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1 terms of 9 U.S.C. § 206. It did not explicitly request the
2 district court to “direct that arbitration be held,” 9 U.S.C. §
3 206; it requested only the dismissal of Faiveley’s application
4 for preliminary injunction and expedited discovery. Nor did the
5 motion implicitly petition the district court to compel
6 arbitration. Rather than affirmatively seek arbitration in
7 accordance with the agreement, Wabtec’s motion focused on
8 preventing Faiveley from resolving any dispute in the courts, in
9 accordance with the agreement’s provision that disputes would be
10 settled “without recourse to the courts.” In other words, Wabtec
11 did not frame its arguments in terms of mandatory arbitration but
12 in terms of judicial preclusion. It reiterated that Faiveley
13 “clearly and explicitly agreed that it would not have ‘recourse
14 to the courts’ to resolve disputes,” Wabtec Mot. to Dismiss at 1;
15 that the license agreement contained a “clear and unequivocal”
16 promise that the parties would not have recourse to the courts,
17 id.; that this provision constituted “critical language,” id. at
18 6; and that Faiveley’s filing of an application for preliminary
19 injunction was “in direct violation of [the agreement’s]
20 prohibition against ‘recourse to the courts,’” id. at 3. Thus,
21 Wabtec’s motion to dismiss was just that - a request for
22 dismissal of Faiveley’s application for preliminary injunction so
23 that the dispute would be taken out of the courts, pursuant to
24 the “critical language” of the agreement – and we will not
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1 construe it as a request to compel arbitration. See Bombardier
2 Corp., 333 F.3d at 254. Moreover, Wabtec’s motion to dismiss
3 argued that the district court lacked jurisdiction to do
4 anything, including, one assumes, compel arbitration.
5 We further note that Faiveley had already commenced
6 arbitration in Stockholm pursuant to the license agreement’s
7 competent jurisdiction clause, one week before Wabtec filed its
8 motion to dismiss. Thus, there was no reason to compel Faiveley
9 to arbitrate. Moreover, there is evidence that, far from seeking
10 to compel arbitration, Wabtec had requested that the
11 International Chamber of Commerce Court dismiss Faiveley’s
12 request for arbitration on the ground that Faiveley’s claims were
13 not covered by any arbitration agreement between the parties.
14 See Faiveley Reply Ex. A.
15 Under these circumstances, Wabtec’s motion to dismiss cannot
16 be construed as a motion to compel arbitration, the denial of
17 which is appealable pursuant to 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1)(C).
18 CONCLUSION
19 For the foregoing reasons, appellee’s cross-motion is
20 GRANTED and the appeal is DISMISSED for lack of jurisdiction.
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