United States v. Workman

14-1693-cr
United States of America v. Workman
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED
BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE
NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY
OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated Term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York on the
2nd day of March, two thousand fifteen.
Present: RALPH K. WINTER,
ROSEMARY S. POOLER,
ROBERT D. SACK,
Circuit Judges.
__________________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v. 14-1693-cr
CRAIG LEE WORKMAN,
Defendant-Appellant.
__________________________________________
Appearing for Appellant: Barclay T. Johnson, Research and Writing Attorney, Federal
Public Defender, District of Vermont, (David L. McColgin,
Assistant Federal Public Defender, Michael L. Desautels, Federal
Public Defender, on the brief), Burlington, VT.
Appearing for Appellee: William B. Darrow, Assistant U.S. Attorney (Gregory L. Waples,
Assistant U.S. Attorney, Tristram J. Coffin, U.S. Attorney for the
District of Vermont, on the brief), Burlington, VT.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Vermont (Murtha, J.).
ON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,
AND DECREED that the judgment of said District Court be and it hereby is AFFIRMED.
Defendant-appellant Craig Lee Workman appeals from the May 1, 2014 judgment of the
United States District Court for the District of Vermont (Murtha, J.) sentencing him principally
to 60 months’ imprisonment following his plea of guilty to conspiring to defraud the United
States by filing fraudulent claims, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 286. We assume the parties’
familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and specification of issues for review.
Workman argues that the district court abused its discretion in refusing to grant a
downward sentencing departure under U.S.S.G. § 5H1.4 where its decision was based on an
erroneous and unsupported notion that the Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) could adequately address
Workman’s physical disabilities.
As an initial matter we must decide whether we have jurisdiction to review this claim.
While “a refusal to downwardly depart is generally not appealable,” United States v. Cuevas,
496 F.3d 256, 268 (2d Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted), an exception to the
presumption of nonreviewability arises “where the defendant shows . . . that the Guidelines were
misapplied,” United States v. Scott, 387 F.3d 139, 143 (2d Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks
omitted). A district court misapplies the Guidelines where the sentence imposed is, inter alia,
“based on clearly erroneous factual findings concerning offender/offense levels, characteristics
or adjustments.” United States v. Adeniyi, 912 F.2d 615, 619 (2d Cir. 1990) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Because Workman challenges the refusal to grant a downward departure on the
basis of an erroneous offender characteristic finding, we review the district court’s decision.
Even if we were to agree that the district court erred in its discussion of the capability of
the BOP to address his physical condition, Workman has not established that he is entitled to a
downward departure. We place this burden on the defendant because “[t]he general presumption
is that the defendant’s circumstances are not unusual enough to justify departure.” United States
v. Leiva-Deras, 359 F.3d 183, 193 (2d Cir. 2004). Section 5H1.4 “restricts departures based on
physical condition to defendants with an ‘extraordinary physical impairment,’ such as those
which render a defendant ‘seriously infirm.’” United States v. Altman, 48 F.3d 96, 104 (2d Cir.
1995) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 5H1.4). As such the standard for a downward departure is “strict.”
United States v. Persico, 164 F.3d 796, 806 (2d Cir. 1999). In his pre-sentencing memorandum,
letter to the court, and through counsel at the sentencing hearing Workman asserted that he
required a prosthesis and accompanying physical therapy, but he failed to present any medical
evidence to document the seriousness of his condition or the extent of his treatment needs.
Accordingly, his contentions lacked the “minimal indicium of reliability beyond mere
allegation” to ensure the accuracy of factual matters considered as a basis for sentencing. United
States v. Juwa, 508 F.3d 694, 701 (2d Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). Indeed, the
district court would have abused its discretion had it granted a downward departure to Workman
on the basis of unsupported conjecture that the BOP could not or would not provide him
sufficient care. See United States v. Cutler, 520 F.3d 136, 175 (2d Cir. 2008), called into
question on other grounds by United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 189 (2d Cir. 2008).
Workman next contends that his sentence was substantively unreasonable because the
district court assigned undue weight to its belief that the BOP would provide Workman
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appropriate care and failed adequately to consider that, as a double amputee, Workman would be
subject to exploitation by other inmates.
Challenges to the substantive reasonableness of a criminal sentence are reviewed under a
“deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.” Cavera, 550 F.3d at 189 (internal quotation marks
omitted). Our inquiry “focuses on a district court’s explanation of its sentence in light of the
factors contained in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” United States v. Gonzalez, 529 F.3d 94, 98 (2d Cir.
2008). While we “may consider whether a factor relied on by a sentencing court can bear the
weight assigned to it,” we are not to substitute our judgment for that of the district court. Cavera,
550 F.3d at 191. Where the sentence is reasonable, generally “we will not second guess the
weight (or lack thereof) that the judge accorded to a given factor or to a specific argument made
pursuant to that factor.” United States v. Pope, 554 F.3d 240, 247 (2d Cir. 2009) (internal
quotation marks omitted). A sentence will be set aside as substantively unreasonable “only in
exceptional cases where the trial court’s decision cannot be located within the range of
permissible decisions.” Cavera, 550 F.3d at 189 (internal quotation marks omitted).
We conclude that Workman’s sentence was not substantively unreasonable. In rejecting a
downward departure based on Workman’s physical condition, and imposing a within-Guidelines
sentence, the district court carefully considered the § 3553(a) factors, citing, among other
considerations: (1) the serious nature of Workman’s tax fraud scheme, including the number of
victims; (2) his extensive criminal history; (3) that Workman’s injuries had not impeded his
commission of additional offenses; and (4) the need for a sentence to provide specific deterrence
and to protect the public. As we have already noted, Workman failed to present evidence with
sufficient indicia of reliability to establish the severity of his infirmity and scope of his medical
needs. Considering the totality of circumstances, we cannot say that the sentence imposed by the
district court fell outside “the range of permissible decisions.” Cavera, 550 F.3d at 189 (internal
quotation marks omitted).
We have considered the remainder of Workman’s arguments and find them to be without
merit. Accordingly, the order of the district court hereby is AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
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