Bradley v. Jusino

09-1950-cv
B radley v. Jusino
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMM ARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUM M ARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERM ITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. W HEN
CITING A SUM M ARY ORDER IN A DOCUM ENT FILED W ITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (W ITH THE NOTATION
“SUM M ARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUM MARY ORDER M UST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY
PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held
at the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of
New York, on the 14 th day of April, two thousand ten.
PRESENT: WILFRED FEINBERG,
GUIDO CALABRESI,
REENA RAGGI,
Circuit Judges.
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JONATHAN BRADLEY,
Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross-Appellant,
v. Nos. 09-1950-cv(Lead)
09-2119-cv(XAP)*
NYCPO ALEXIS JUSINO, shield # 24391, Individually
and in his/her official capacity,
Defendant-Appellant-Cross-Appellee,
CITY OF NEW YORK, a municipal entity, JOHN DOES,
Individually and in their official capacities, WALTER
CHARLES, Individually and in his official capacity,
NYCPO JANE ROWES, Individually and in their official
capacities, MICHAEL ESPOSITO, individually and in his
former capacity as Chief of Patrol of Borough Manhattan
South, PATRICK DUDGEON, individually and in his
capacity as a Chief in the NYC Police Department, BRUCE
SMOLKA, individually and in his official capacity as a
Chief in the NYC Police Department,
*
09-2119-cv(XAP) was closed by Mandate issued 9/22/09 on Order dated 09/01/09.
Defendants.
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APPEARING FOR APPELLANT: SCOTT SHORR (Ronald E. Sternberg, and
Elizabeth M. Daitz, on the brief), Senior Counsel,
for Michael A. Cardozo, Corporation Counsel of
the City of New York, New York, New York.
APPEARING FOR APPELLEE: JAMES I. MEYERSON (Jeffrey Rothman, on the
brief), New York, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
(Robert W. Sweet, Judge).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the order entered on May 4, 2009, denying qualified immunity is
AFFIRMED, and plaintiff’s cross-appeal is DISMISSED.
Defendant Alexis Jusino, a New York City police officer, appeals from the denial of
his Rule 50 motion for judgment as a matter of law on his defense of qualified immunity
from plaintiff Jonathan Bradley’s false arrest claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Jusino asserts
that the district court erred in concluding that, on Bradley’s version of the facts, Jusino
lacked probable cause (or arguable probable cause) to arrest Bradley for obstructing
governmental administration, see N.Y. Penal Law § 195.05, or disorderly conduct, see id. §
240.20(5)-(7). Bradley cross-appeals the district court’s order requiring a second trial. We
assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and record of prior proceedings, which we
reference only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm the denial of qualified
immunity.
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1. Jurisdiction
a. Jusino’s Appeal
Where, as here, “a defendant asserting qualified immunity has agreed to be bound by
the plaintiff’s version of the facts, the issues become purely legal and we have jurisdiction
over an interlocutory appeal from a denial of immunity.” Loria v. Gorman 306 F.3d 1271,
1280 (2d Cir. 2002); see also Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 530 (1985). This case
presents a rare interlocutory appeal from a post-trial order denying qualified immunity. See
Britt v. Garcia, 457 F.3d 264, 271 (2d Cir. 2006). Nevertheless, although “it is too late to
protect [Jusino] from standing trial, it is not too late to vindicate [his] right, if [he is] entitled
to immunity, not to undergo a second one on the issue of damages.” Id. at 272. Accordingly,
we have jurisdiction to consider his appeal.
b. Bradley’s Cross-Appeal
The district court’s order granting a new trial is not an appealable final order, and,
therefore, we lack jurisdiction to review it. See Ortiz-Del Valle v. Nat’l Basketball Ass’n,
190 F.3d 598, 599 (2d Cir. 1999); Compagnie Nationale Air France v. Port of N.Y. Auth.,
427 F.2d 951, 954 (2d Cir. 1970). Nor does Bradley’s appeal from that order warrant the
exercise of pendent jurisdiction, as the issues Bradley raises are not “inextricably intertwined
with” or “necessary to ensure meaningful review of” Jusino’s qualified immunity challenge.
Clubside, Inc. v. Valentin, 468 F.3d 144, 161 (2d Cir. 2006). We have recognized that
“pendent appellate jurisdiction should be exercised sparingly, if ever,” Mancuso v. N.Y.
State Thruway Auth., 86 F.3d 289, 292 (2d Cir.1996), accord Bolmer v. Oliveira, 594 F.3d
3134, 141 (2d Cir. 2010), and we decline to exercise it here. Accordingly, we dismiss
Bradley’s cross-appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
2. Standard of Review
We review de novo a district court’s denial of qualified immunity, see Arlio v. Lively,
474 F.3d 46, 51 (2d Cir. 2007), and its ruling on a motion for judgment as a matter of law
under Fed. R. Civ. P. 50, see Runner v. N.Y. Stock Exch., Inc., 568 F.3d 383, 386 (2d Cir.
2009). A district court may grant a Rule 50 motion “only if, viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the non-moving party,” in this case, Bradley, “a reasonable juror would be
compelled to find in favor of the moving party.” Tuccio v. Marconi, 589 F.3d 538, 540 (2d
Cir. 2009).
3. The Merits of Jusino’s Qualified Immunity Appeal
“[Q]ualified immunity protects government officials ‘from liability for civil damages
insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights
of which a reasonable person would have known.’” Pearson v. Callahan, 129 S. Ct. 808, 815
(2009) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)). Thus, qualified immunity
applies if either (1) the defendant’s actions did not violate a right, here the Fourth
Amendment protection against arrest without probable cause; or (2) the right alleged to have
been violated was not clearly established. Id. at 815-16.
Probable cause exists to support a warrantless arrest when the arresting officer has
knowledge of, or reasonably trustworthy information as to, facts and circumstances sufficient
to warrant a person of reasonable caution in the belief that an offense has been or is being
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committed. See Walczyk v. Rio, 496 F.3d 139, 156 (2d Cir. 2007). The concept is “fluid,”
focusing on “probabilities,” not “hard certainties.” Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 231-32
(1983). Further, the law recognizes that training and experience may allow a law
enforcement officer to identify probable cause from facts and circumstances where a layman
might not. See United States v. Gaskin, 364 F.3d 438, 457 (2d Cir. 2004). Thus, to establish
qualified immunity, a defending officer need only show “arguable” probable cause, which
exists when “a reasonable police officer in the same circumstances and possessing the same
knowledge as the officer in question could have reasonably believed that probable cause
existed in the light of well established law.” Zellner v. Summerlin, 494 F.3d 344, 369 (2d
Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis in original).
Jusino argues that even on Bradley’s version of the facts, probable cause or, at a
minimum, arguable probable cause existed to support the challenged arrest. We disagree.
A person is guilty of obstructing governmental administration when, “by means of
intimidation, physical force or interference” he “prevents or attempts to prevent a public
servant from performing an official function.” N.Y. Penal Law § 195.05. A person commits
disorderly conduct when he commits any of several specified acts – e.g., obstructing
pedestrian traffic, refusing to disperse, or creating hazardous conditions – intending to cause
“public inconvenience, annoyance or alarm, or recklessly creating a risk thereof.” N.Y.
Penal Law § 240.20(5)-(7). Here, Bradley testified that while he was trapped in a dense
crowd of protestors, (1) a line of officers moving into the crowd bumped into him; (2) he fell;
(3) he quickly rolled onto his stomach, face-down on the sidewalk, to protect himself as the
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line passed overhead; (4) he felt someone grab his arm, lift him partway off the sidewalk,
then drop him; and (5) he was placed under arrest. These facts do not provide a basis, actual
or arguable, to think that Bradley intended to disrupt police efforts or cause public
inconvenience.
Jusino argues that he reasonably inferred from Bradley’s presence near the police line
that he intentionally disobeyed repeated dispersal orders delivered over loudspeakers. He
further submits that Bradley appeared healthy, ignored an order to stand up, and went limp
in Jusino’s grasp, reinforcing the inference of unlawful activity. The argument necessarily
fails because the facts asserted are disputed and, for purposes of qualified immunity, a court
must assume their resolution in favor of Bradley. For example, if a jury were to conclude
that the crowd was too dense to permit ready dispersal; Bradley did not have time to get up
before Jusino placed him under arrest; Jusino was unable to see whether Bradley was
conscious or dazed; and Bradley never went limp in Jusino’s grasp, no finding of actual or
arguable probable cause could be made.
Accordingly, like the district court, we conclude that the facts viewed in the light most
favorable to Bradley do not support judgment as a matter of law in favor of Jusino on the
ground of qualified immunity.1
1
Jusino suggests, in passing and a footnote, that the district court erred in granting
Bradley’s motion for judgment as a matter of law under Fed. R. Civ. P. 50 because the trial
evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to Jusino, does not support such a ruling. The
argument is not without force, but the issue is not before us on this appeal, as Jusino’s
qualified immunity challenge is limited to Bradley’s version of the facts. Nor does Jusino
contend that the grant of Bradley’s Rule 50 motion is appealable at this time. Accordingly,
we pursue the matter no further here, without precluding subsequent challenges as permitted
by law.
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In light of the foregoing, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court, and
DISMISS plaintiff’s cross-appeal.
FOR THE COURT:
CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court
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