Scandinavian Reins. Co. Ltd. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co.

10-0910-cv
Scandinavian Reins. Co. Ltd. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co.
1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
3 August Term, 2010
4 (Argued: January 28, 2011 Decided: February 3, 2012)
5 Docket No. 10-0910-cv
6 -------------------------------------
7 SCANDINAVIAN REINSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED,
8 Petitioner-Appellee,
9 - v -
10 SAINT PAUL FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY; ST. PAUL
11 REINSURANCE COMPANY, LIMITED; ST. PAUL RE (BERMUDA) LIMITED,
12 Respondents-Appellants.
13 -------------------------------------
14 Before: SACK and LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judges, and MURTHA,
15 District Judge.*
16 Appeal from a decision of the United States District
17 Court for the Southern District of New York (Shira A. Scheindlin,
18 Judge) granting a petition to vacate an arbitral award under the
19 Federal Arbitration Act on the basis of "evident partiality." 9
20 U.S.C. § 10(a)(2). The district court concluded that vacatur was
21 warranted because two of the three members of the arbitral panel
22 failed to disclose their simultaneous service as arbitrators in
23 another proceeding in which a common witness, similar legal
24 issues, and a related party were involved. We conclude that
*
The Honorable J. Garvan Murtha, of the United States
District Court for the District of Vermont, sitting by
designation.
1 there was insufficient evidence before the district court on
2 which to base a finding of "evident partiality." We therefore
3 reverse and remand with instructions to confirm the arbitral
4 award.
5 PATRICIA A. MILLETT, Akin Gump Strauss
6 Hauer & Feld LLP, Washington, D.C.;
7 Barry A. Chasnoff, Rick H. Rosenblum,
8 David R. Nelson, Akin Gump Strauss Hauer
9 & Feld LLP, San Antonio, TX; Michael C.
10 Small, L. Rachel Helyar, Akin Gump
11 Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, Los Angeles,
12 CA, for Petitioner-Appellee.
13 G. ERIC BRUNSTAD, JR., Collin O'Connor
14 Udell, Matthew J. Delude, Joshua W.B.
15 Richards, Wayne I. Pollock, Dechert,
16 LLP, Hartford, CT; David M. Raim,
17 William K. Perry, Joy L. Langford,
18 Chadbourne & Parke LLP, Washington,
19 D.C.; John F. Finnegan, Chadbourne &
20 Parke LLP, New York, NY, for
21 Respondents-Appellants.
22 SACK, Circuit Judge:
23 The primary question presented on this appeal is
24 whether the failure of two arbitrators to disclose their
25 concurrent service as arbitrators in another, arguably similar,
26 arbitration constitutes "evident partiality" within the meaning
27 of the Federal Arbitration Act (the "FAA"), 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(2).
28 Respondents Saint Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company; St.
29 Paul Reinsurance Company, Limited; and St. Paul Re Limited
30 (collectively, "St. Paul") appeal from a decision of the United
31 States District Court for the Southern District of New York
32 (Shira A. Scheindlin, Judge) granting a petition by Scandinavian
33 Reinsurance Company Limited ("Scandinavian") to vacate an
34 arbitral award rendered in St. Paul's favor and denying a cross-
2
1 petition by St. Paul to confirm the same award. St. Paul had
2 initiated the arbitration (the "St. Paul Arbitration") to resolve
3 a dispute concerning the interpretation of the parties'
4 reinsurance contract.
5 In deciding that vacatur was warranted on "evident
6 partiality" grounds, the district court relied principally on the
7 fact that two of the three members of the arbitral panel in the
8 St. Paul Arbitration -- Paul Dassenko and Peter Gentile -- had
9 failed to disclose that they were simultaneously serving as panel
10 members in another arbitration proceeding: the "Platinum
11 Arbitration." The court observed that the Platinum Arbitration
12 "overlapped in time, shared similar issues, involved related
13 parties, [and] included . . . a common witness." Scandinavian
14 Reins. Co. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 732 F. Supp. 2d
15 293, 307-08 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) ("Scandinavian") (footnotes omitted).
16 The district court determined that "these factors indicate that
17 Dassenko and Gentile's simultaneous service as arbitrators in
18 [both proceedings] constituted a material conflict of interest."
19 Id. at 308. The court then concluded that the arbitrators'
20 failure to disclose this conflict of interest required vacatur of
21 the arbitral award.
22 We disagree. Evident partiality may be found only
23 "'where a reasonable person would have to conclude that an
24 arbitrator was partial to one party to the arbitration.'"
25 Applied Indus. Materials Corp. v. Ovalar Makine Ticaret Ve
26 Sanayi, A.S., 492 F.3d 132, 137 (2d Cir. 2007) (internal
3
1 quotation mark omitted) (quoting Morelite Constr. Corp. v. N.Y.C.
2 Dist. Council Carpenters Benefits Funds, 748 F.2d 79, 84 (2d Cir.
3 1984)). We conclude that, under the circumstances of this case,
4 the fact of Dassenko's and Gentile's overlapping service as
5 arbitrators in both the Platinum Arbitration and the St. Paul
6 Arbitration does not, in itself, suggest that they were
7 predisposed to rule in any particular way in the St. Paul
8 Arbitration. As a result, their failure to disclose that
9 concurrent service is not indicative of evident partiality. We
10 therefore reverse and remand with instructions to the district
11 court to confirm the award.
12 BACKGROUND
13 The facts are recited at length in the district court's
14 opinion, see Scandinavian, 732 F. Supp. 2d at 295-302, and we
15 borrow freely from that description here. The facts are
16 undisputed unless otherwise noted.
17 The Reinsurance Contracts
18 On August 21, 1999, Scandinavian and St. Paul -- both
19 reinsurance companies -- entered into a specialized type of
20 reinsurance contract known as a stop-loss retrocessional
21 agreement.1 See Retrocessional Casualty Aggregate Stop Loss
1
The district court explained:
Reinsurance is insurance for insurance companies[.]
[T]he ceding company transfers or "cedes" all or part of
the risk it underwrites to the reinsurer -- another
insurance company that is willing to assume that risk.
In a retrocessional agreement, a reinsurer cedes a
portion of its risk to another reinsurer. A
4
1 Agreement AR 11914 (the "Agreement")). Under the Agreement, St.
2 Paul ceded to Scandinavian some of the reinsurance liabilities
3 that St. Paul had assumed from other insurance companies under
4 reinsurance business that had been, or would be, written by St.
5 Paul between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2001.
6 In exchange for Scandinavian's assumption of these
7 liabilities, St. Paul became obligated to pay premiums to
8 Scandinavian. But the Agreement contemplated that instead of
9 paying the premiums to Scandinavian directly, St. Paul would
10 provisionally retain those funds within an "experience account,"2
11 where the funds would accumulate interest. Any amounts that
12 Scandinavian became obligated to pay St. Paul based on the
13 assumed liabilities would first be paid out of that account.
14 Only if the experience account became fully depleted would
15 Scandinavian have to pay St. Paul out of its own funds.
16 The Agreement contained a dispute-resolution clause
17 providing for binding arbitration of "any dispute arising out of
18 the interpretation, performance or breach of this Agreement,
19 including the formation or validity thereof." Agreement at 11.
retrocessional agreement is effectively reinsurance for
reinsurance.
Scandinavian, 732 F. Supp. 2d at 295 n.2 (citation omitted); see
generally Unigard Sec. Ins. Co. v. N. River Ins. Co., 4 F.3d
1049, 1053-54 (2d Cir. 1993) (describing the reinsurance
business).
2
Although termed an "account," the experience account is a
purely notional bookkeeping concept.
5
1 It required that such disputes be "submitted for decision to a
2 panel of three arbitrators" -- two party-appointed arbitrators
3 and an umpire -- all of whom would be "disinterested active or
4 former executive officers of insurance or reinsurance companies
5 or Underwriters at Lloyd's, London." Id.6 Emergence of the Parties' Dispute
7 In January 2002, Scandinavian entered into "run-off,"3
8 thereby ceasing to underwrite new business. St. Paul also
9 entered into run-off later the same year.
10 After St. Paul requested that Scandinavian indemnify it
11 for much of its loss, two disputes emerged between the parties
12 concerning the Agreement's interpretation. First, the parties
13 could not agree on whether they had intended the Agreement to
14 limit the volume of liability assumed by Scandinavian.
15 Scandinavian argued that the parties had intended the Agreement
16 to be "finite," and that the maximum possible loss to
17 Scandinavian that the parties had contemplated was about $21
18 million.4 St. Paul contended, however, that the Agreement
19 contained no express limitation on the extent of risk that
3
According to the parties, a reinsurer is said to be in
"run-off" status when it ceases to write new reinsurance
contracts but continues to administer its existing obligations
under previously issued contracts. It is essentially an "orderly
wind-down" of the company's reinsurance business. Delta
Holdings, Inc. v. Nat'l Distillers & Chem. Corp., 945 F.2d 1226,
1235 (2d Cir. 1991), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 985 (1992).
4
Scandinavian also contends that, conversely, the maximum
possible gain to Scandinavian that the parties had contemplated
was $3 million.
6
1 Scandinavian had assumed and that no such limitation should be
2 read into the Agreement. St. Paul ultimately sought to charge
3 Scandinavian with losses of approximately $290 million.
4 Second, the parties could not agree on whether the
5 Agreement provided for a single experience account, or instead
6 three separate experience accounts (i.e., one for each year
7 covered by the Agreement). Scandinavian argued that the
8 Agreement provided for one, while St. Paul argued that there were
9 three separate accounts.
10 The Arbitrators and Their Disclosures
11 To resolve these disputes, in September 2007, St. Paul
12 demanded arbitration. In accordance with the terms of the
13 Agreement, the parties proceeded to select the three members of
14 the arbitral panel. Scandinavian appointed Jonathan Rosen, and
15 St. Paul appointed Peter Gentile. Paul Dassenko was selected to
16 serve as umpire.5 The parties accepted Dassenko's appointment on
17 November 29, 2007, following their receipt of his responses to a
18 disclosure questionnaire.
5
The parties' descriptions regarding who was responsible
for selecting Dassenko appear to be inconsistent. St. Paul
states that each party proposed five possible candidates for
umpire, and that Dassenko was jointly selected by the parties
because he had been included on each party's list. Scandinavian
states, instead, that the two party-appointed arbitrators, Rosen
and Gentile, were the ones responsible for selecting Dassenko.
The district court, without noting this inconsistency, accepted
Scandinavian's representation that "Rosen and Gentile selected
Paul Dassenko to be the umpire." Scandinavian, 732 F. Supp. 2d
at 296. There is no need to inquire further into this matter,
however, because it does not affect the outcome on appeal.
7
1 Although the Agreement did not require the arbitrators
2 to be affiliated with any particular arbitral association, all
3 three arbitrators were certified by the AIDA Reinsurance and
4 Insurance Arbitration Society ("ARIAS"). ARIAS has promulgated
5 ethical guidelines for certified arbitrators, including Canon IV,
6 which instructs arbitrators to "disclose any interest or
7 relationship likely to affect their judgment" and to resolve any
8 doubt about whether to disclose "in favor of disclosure." ARIAS
9 U.S., Code of Conduct - Canon IV,
10 http://www.arias-us.org/index.cfm?a=30 (last visited Dec. 20,
11 2011). In accordance with those guidelines, each of the
12 arbitrators made initial disclosures to the parties. The form of
13 those disclosures differed.
14 Dassenko, the umpire, responded in writing to a nine-
15 page questionnaire jointly submitted by the parties.6 See [J.A.
16 112-30] Umpire Questionnaire (Nov. 21, 2007). In addition to
17 disclosing his past employment at several firms affiliated with
18 either St. Paul or Scandinavian,7 Dassenko noted that it was
19 "likely" that he had "transacted or sought to transact business
6
The questionnaire appears to have been modeled on a
sample disclosure form prepared and disseminated by ARIAS. See
ARIAS U.S., Arbitrators/Umpire Questionnaire,
http://www.arias-us.org/forms/arias-arbitrator-umpire-disclosure-
questionaire.doc (last visited Dec. 20, 2011).
7
The parties' questionnaire identified some fifty-eight
entities within the "Travelers Group of Insurance Companies," to
which St. Paul belongs, and some sixty-two entities within the
"White Mountains Insurance Group Companies," to which
Scandinavian belongs. See Umpire Questionnaire ¶ 6(A).
8
1 with most of the entities" listed by the parties on the
2 questionnaire, including St. Paul and Scandinavian themselves.
3 Id. ¶ 6(c). Dassenko represented, however, that he had never had
4 any involvement with the subject matter of the dispute, nor did
5 he have any significant professional or personal relationship
6 with any officers, directors, or employees of the parties.8
7 Dassenko also indicated that he had previously served as an
8 arbitrator in more than 150 insurance or reinsurance
9 arbitrations, including two arbitrations in which Rosen had also
10 been an arbitrator. At the prompting of St. Paul's counsel,
11 Dassenko made additional disclosures by email on November 27,
12 2007, with respect to certain matters that he had forgotten to
13 include in responding to the questionnaire.
14 The two party-appointed arbitrators made their initial
15 disclosures orally at an organizational meeting held on February
16 25, 2008. Both Rosen, the Scandinavian-appointed arbitrator, and
17 Gentile, the St. Paul-appointed arbitrator, made a variety of
18 disclosures about past and present employment, their
19 relationships to the parties or their law firms, and their
20 participation as witnesses or arbitrators in other proceedings
8
In the context of describing the umpire questionnaire, the
district court noted that "Dassenko did not mention working with
Gentile on any arbitration nor did he disclose any relationship
with Platinum." Scandinavian, 732 F. Supp. 2d at 297. We note
that it would have been impossible for Dassenko to have made
those specific disclosures at that time, however, because the
Platinum Arbitration did not begin until more than six months
later.
9
1 involving the same parties, their affiliates, their law firms, or
2 the same arbitrators.9
3 After Rosen and Gentile made their respective
4 disclosures, Dassenko -- speaking on behalf of the panel --
5 "urge[d] [the parties] to . . . determine whether there's
6 anything else that deserves more attention in terms of
7 disclosures on behalf of this [p]anel." Tr. at 15 (Feb. 25,
8 2008). Dassenko also acknowledged, on behalf of the panel, the
9 arbitrators' "ongoing responsibility" to make disclosure if and
10 when they "become aware of relationships or situations that
11 require additional disclosure." Id. The parties agreed to
12 accept the panel as constituted. They did not ask any other
13 questions relating to the arbitrators' disclosures at that time.
14 As the St. Paul Arbitration progressed, the arbitrators
15 made various additional disclosures. On July 18, 2008, Gentile
16 informed the parties that during the time he worked at a
17 specified firm, other staff members at that firm might have
18 reviewed the same contract that was at issue in the St. Paul
19 Arbitration. During a motion hearing held on May 2, 2009, he and
20 Rosen disclosed that they had known Scandinavian's expert witness
21 professionally and personally for many years. And on June 23,
22 2009, Gentile told the parties that he had met one of
9
For example, Gentile disclosed that he had previously
appeared as a fact witness in an arbitration in which Dassenko
was a party arbitrator and in which the opposing party was an
affiliate of Scandinavian.
10
1 Scandinavian's witnesses, Bart Hedges, "a few times in the past,
2 mainly in Bermuda." Tr. at 1832 (June 23, 2009).
3 The umpire, Dassenko, made further disclosures on March
4 28, 2009; June 24, 2009; and July 1, 2009. For example, Dassenko
5 explained that his private equity firm had been retained to
6 assist with the run-off of an insurer that had a potential
7 dispute with St. Paul's parent company, and that he had prior
8 business contacts with a St. Paul underwriter whose name had been
9 mentioned during the evidentiary hearing.
10 The Arbitral Award
11 The arbitration proceedings addressed the question
12 whether the parties had agreed to limit Scandinavian's total
13 financial exposure under the Agreement. St. Paul argued that the
14 Agreement was valid and that its express terms -- which contained
15 no explicit limit -- should be enforced. Scandinavian sought
16 rescission of the Agreement on the grounds of misrepresentation,
17 or in the alternative, for rescission or reformation based on
18 unilateral or mutual mistake.
19 During the final evidentiary hearing, held between June
20 15, 2009, and July 1, 2009, fourteen witnesses testified. Among
21 them was Bart Hedges, who then served as president and CEO of
22 Scandinavian and who had been an employee of Scandinavian at the
23 time the Agreement was executed.
11
1 The arbitral panel issued their award (the "Award") on
2 August 19, 2009. A majority of the panel10 concluded that the
3 Agreement was valid and should be enforced according to its
4 terms, thereby exposing Scandinavian to an aggregate limit of
5 approximately $290 million in liability. With respect to several
6 other matters, including the question of whether the Agreement
7 had created one experience account or three, the panel ruled
8 unanimously in favor of St. Paul.
9 The Platinum Arbitration and its Non-Disclosure
10 While proceedings in the St. Paul Arbitration were
11 ongoing, another reinsurance arbitration -- the Platinum
12 Arbitration -- began. It involved a reinsurance dispute between
13 PMA Capital Insurance Company and several of its affiliates
14 (collectively, "PMA") and Platinum Underwriters Bermuda, Ltd.
15 ("Platinum"). Platinum was PMA's re-insurer. In June 2008 --
16 about three months after the organizational meeting was held in
17 the St. Paul Arbitration -- Platinum demanded arbitration against
18 PMA in order to interpret a reinsurance contract between those
19 two parties.
20 Two of the arbitrators from the St. Paul Arbitration --
21 Gentile, St. Paul's party-appointed arbitrator, and Dassenko, the
22 umpire -- were subsequently selected to serve on the panel in the
10
Scandinavian asserts, and St. Paul does not dispute, that
this majority included Gentile and Dassenko but not Rosen.
Although the Award itself does not indicate which arbitrators
joined in the holding, we, like the district court, see
Scandinavian, 732 F. Supp. 2d at 299 n.43, have no reason not to
accept that Dassenko and Gentile were in the majority.
12
1 Platinum Arbitration. Platinum selected Gentile as its party-
2 appointed arbitrator, and Dassenko, there too, was chosen to
3 serve as umpire. Those appointments occurred sometime between
4 early June and late September, 2008. The organizational meeting
5 for the Platinum Arbitration was held on September 23, 2008. The
6 evidentiary hearing was held in three one-day sessions in March
7 through May, 2009. The Platinum Arbitration ended with the
8 issuance of an award on May 22, 2009, about four weeks before the
9 start of the evidentiary hearing in the St. Paul Arbitration.11
10 The Platinum Arbitration was therefore concurrent with the St.
11 Paul Arbitration, as the St. Paul Arbitration began prior to, and
12 ended after, the Platinum Arbitration.
13 Despite the many disclosures made by Dassenko and
14 Gentile during the St. Paul Arbitration -- including disclosures
15 about the specific matter of their participation in other
16 arbitrations involving the same arbitrators -- it is undisputed
17 that neither Dassenko nor Gentile ever disclosed to the parties
18 the fact of their concurrent service in the Platinum Arbitration.
19 See Scandinavian, 732 F. Supp. 2d at 298. And although Dassenko
11
Following the award in the Platinum Arbitration, PMA
filed a petition to vacate that award in the United States
District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. The
district court granted the petition on the grounds that the award
was "completely irrational," insofar as the award purported to
strike out part of the parties' contract without any authority
for doing so. PMA Capital Ins. Co. v. Platinum Underwriters
Bermuda, Ltd., 659 F. Supp. 2d 631, 636-39 (E.D. Pa. 2009). The
district court's decision to vacate the award was upheld on
appeal. See PMA Capital Ins. Co. v. Platinum Underwriters
Bermuda, Ltd., 400 F. App'x 654 (3d Cir. 2010).
13
1 and Gentile each disclosed to Platinum and PMA that they were
2 then serving together as arbitrators in another matter -- the
3 arbitration at issue here -- neither of them specifically
4 identified St. Paul or Scandinavian as the parties involved in
5 it.12 Id. at 300.
6 Similarities Between the Platinum
7 Arbitration and the St. Paul Arbitration
8 As described by the district court, the Platinum
9 Arbitration appeared to resemble the St. Paul Arbitration in
10 several ways.
11 First, as noted above, Gentile served as the party-
12 appointed arbitrator for the claimant in both proceedings, and
13 Dassenko presided as umpire over each panel. See id. at 300.
14 Second, although St. Paul was not itself a party to the
15 Platinum Arbitration, St. Paul's business was related in several
16 ways to Platinum's. See id. at 301-02. Most importantly, after
17 St. Paul contributed its rights to renew its existing reinsurance
18 contracts to Platinum's parent in 2002, Platinum succeeded St.
19 Paul as PMA's reinsurer. Moreover, the core of Platinum's claim
20 in the Platinum Arbitration was that, in calculating the balance
21 of the "experience account" created by the Platinum-PMA contract,
22 Platinum was entitled to carry forward certain losses that had
23 been incurred by St. Paul under St. Paul's previous reinsurance
12
To the contrary, Gentile represented -- incorrectly -- to
Platinum and PMA that the Platinum Arbitration was the first
matter that he would serve on that would involve St. Paul in any
way.
14
1 contract with PMA.13 See id. at 299; PMA Capital Ins. 659 F.
2 Supp. 2d at 639 (noting that the interpretation of the contract's
3 "Deficit Carry Forward Provision" was the "gravamen" of the
4 parties' dispute in the Platinum Arbitration). St. Paul asserts,
5 however, that the district court mischaracterized the facts and
6 that Platinum is not "truly related" to it in any meaningful way.
7 Appellants' Br. at 49.
8 Third, Hedges -- a past employee of both Scandinavian
9 and Platinum -- testified in both proceedings. See Scandinavian,
10 732 F. Supp. 2d at 306-07 & nn.112, 113. Hedges' testimony in
11 each proceeding related to two distinct periods of past
12 employment. Nonetheless, the district court posited that
13 Dassenko and Gentile could have concluded that Hedges testified
14 inconsistently -- and therefore lacked credibility -- insofar as,
15 in the Platinum Arbitration, Hedges testified in favor of
16 "interpreting the Platinum[-PMA] Agreement as written," while in
13
The district court also took note of two other, more
indirect, connections between St. Paul and Platinum.
First, at the time of the Platinum Arbitration, a St. Paul
affiliate known as "Travelers Special Services" was under
contract with a Platinum affiliate to "administer claims and to
provide actuarial and administrative services." Scandinavian,
732 F. Supp. 2d at 302 (internal quotation marks omitted). This
arrangement was not at issue in the Platinum Arbitration.
Second, after the initial public offering of Platinum's
parent holding company in 2002, some 180 employees left St. Paul
for Platinum. Among them was one St. Paul employee who was
centrally involved in negotiating the Agreement between St. Paul
and Scandinavian, and who later served as a witness in the St.
Paul Arbitration. Id.
15
1 the St. Paul Arbitration, Hedges testified in favor of
2 "interpreting the Scandinavian[-St. Paul] Agreement in light of
3 Scandinavian[]'s intent at the time it entered into the
4 agreement." Id. at 308 (emphasis in original). St. Paul, for
5 its part, argues that "the involvement of Hedges as a witness in
6 the two unrelated arbitrations is . . . irrelevant." Appellants'
7 Br. at 51.
8 Fourth, the district court determined that the two
9 arbitrations "shared similar [legal] issues." Id. at 307.
10 [B]oth arbitrations required the arbitrators
11 to (1) consider whether a finite[14]
12 retrocessional agreement should be enforced
13 according to the express terms of the
14 agreement or whether the agreement should be
15 interpreted in light of the parties'
16 intentions at the formation of the agreement
17 and (2) interpret contract language regarding
18 the creation of experience accounts.
19 Id. at 307 n.118. Again, however, St. Paul criticizes the
20 district court's assessment of similarity, arguing that it is
21 couched at an "overly broad" level of generality. Appellants'
22 Br. at 50.
23 The District Court Proceedings
14
On appeal, Scandinavian persists in describing the
Agreement as "finite," see Appellee's Br. at 4, 11, 39, and the
district court described the Agreement using the same term, see
Scandinavian, 732 F. Supp. 2d at 295, 307 n.118. It appears,
however, that finiteness -- i.e., whether the "the amount of risk
transferred from St. Paul to Scandinavian [] was limited," id. at
295 -- was the very matter that was disputed in the St. Paul
Arbitration and which was ultimately resolved favorably to St.
Paul.
16
1 Scandinavian represents that it first became aware that
2 Dassenko and Gentile had served together on the Platinum
3 Arbitration two months after the Award was issued.15 On November
4 16, 2009, Scandinavian filed a petition to vacate the Award in
5 the United States District Court for the Southern District of New
6 York pursuant to the FAA on grounds of evident partiality. See 9
7 U.S.C. § 10(a)(2). Scandinavian asserted that the fact that
8 Dassenko and Gentile had failed to disclose their concurrent
9 service in the Platinum Arbitration -- a proceeding that,
10 Scandinavian contended, involved "a common witness, similar
11 disputed issues and contract terms, and the company that
12 succeeded to the business of St. Paul," Am. Pet. to Vacate
13 Arbitration Award at 2 (Dec. 21, 2009), at J.A. 202 -- reflected
14 bias by those arbitrators in St. Paul's favor.
15 On December 30, 2009, St. Paul opposed Scandinavian's
16 petition and filed a cross-petition to confirm the arbitration
17 award under 9 U.S.C. § 9. St. Paul did not dispute that Dassenko
18 and Gentile had failed to disclose their concurrent service in
19 the Platinum Arbitration, arguing instead that there was no basis
20 upon which to conclude that nondisclosure was indicative of bias.
21 On February 23, 2010, the district court granted
22 Scandinavian's petition and denied St. Paul's cross-petition,
23 concluding that the arbitrators' failure to disclose their
15
Scandinavian represents that it learned of the concurrent
service after its counsel discovered the district court's
decision vacating the award in the Platinum Arbitration.
17
1 concurrent service in the Platinum Arbitration constituted
2 evident partiality. See Scandinavian, 732 F. Supp. 2d at 307-09.
3 The court observed that the two arbitrations "were presided over
4 by two common arbitrators, overlapped in time, shared similar
5 issues, involved related parties, [and] included Hedges as a
6 common witness." Id. at 307-08 (footnotes omitted). The court
7 further reasoned:
8 By participating in both the [St. Paul]
9 Arbitration and the Platinum[] Arbitration,
10 Dassenko and Gentile placed themselves in a
11 position where they could receive ex parte
12 information about the kind of reinsurance
13 business at issue in the [St. Paul]
14 Arbitration, be influenced by recent
15 credibility determinations they made as a
16 result of Hedges's testimony in the
17 Platinum[] Arbitration, and influence each
18 other's thinking on issues relevant to the
19 [St. Paul] Arbitration. By failing to
20 disclose their participation in the
21 Platinum[] [A]rbitration, Dassenko and
22 Gentile deprived Scandinavian[] of an
23 opportunity to object to their service on
24 both arbitration panels and/or adjust their
25 arbitration strategy.
26 Id. at 308 (footnote omitted).
27 The court also contrasted Dassenko's and Gentile's
28 failure to disclose their concurrent service in the Platinum
29 Arbitration with the many "other less significant or temporally
30 remote relationships that Dassenko and Gentile considered
31 important enough to disclose," id. at 308-09, and suggested that
32 that comparison "strengthened" the court's conclusion that
33 Dassenko and Gentile should have informed the parties of their
34 simultaneous service, id.
18
1 The district court concluded that "[t]aken together,
2 these factors indicate that Dassenko and Gentile's simultaneous
3 service as arbitrators" in the two proceedings "constituted a
4 material conflict of interest." Id. at 308. And because that
5 conflict had not been disclosed, the court decided, the
6 nondisclosure met this Circuit's test for evident partiality.
7 Id. at 309 (citing Applied Industrial, 492 F.3d at 138). The
8 court vacated the Award and remanded the matter for arbitration
9 before a new arbitral panel. Id.10 St. Paul appeals.
11 DISCUSSION
12 I. Review Of Arbitral Awards
13 A. Applicability of the New York Convention
14 The FAA does not "independently confer subject matter
15 jurisdiction on the federal courts." Durant, Nichols, Houston,
16 Hodgson & Cortese-Costa, P.C. v. Dupont, 565 F.3d 56, 63 (2d Cir.
17 2009). "[T]here must be an independent basis of jurisdiction
18 before a district court may entertain petitions" to confirm or
19 vacate an award under the FAA. Id. (internal quotation marks).
20 In this case, the district court had subject-matter jurisdiction
21 under 9 U.S.C. § 203, which provides federal jurisdiction over
22 actions to confirm or vacate an arbitral award that is governed
23 by the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign
24 Arbitral Awards (the "New York Convention"). The New York
19
1 Convention applies in this case because Scandinavian is a foreign
2 corporation. See 9 U.S.C. § 202.
3 Because the Award in the St. Paul Arbitration was
4 entered in the United States, however, the domestic provisions of
5 the FAA also apply, as is permitted by Articles V(1)(e) and V(2)
6 of the New York Convention. See Zeiler v. Deitsch, 500 F.3d 157,
7 164 (2d Cir. 2007) (describing overlap of New York Convention and
8 the FAA); Yusuf Ahmed Alghanim & Sons, W.L.L. v. Toys "R" Us,
9 Inc., 126 F.3d 15, 19-23 (2d Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S.
10 1111 (1998). "[T]he FAA and the New York Convention work in
11 tandem, and they have overlapping coverage to the extent that
12 they do not conflict." Sole Resort, S.A. de C.V. v. Allure
13 Resorts Mgmt., LLC, 450 F.3d 100, 102 n.1 (2d Cir. 2006)
14 (internal quotation marks omitted). Neither party disputes that
15 section 10 of the FAA governs the issues before us on this
16 appeal. See 9 U.S.C. § 10.
17 B. Standards of Review
18 "When reviewing a district court's decision to vacate
19 an arbitration award, we review findings of fact for clear error
20 and questions of law de novo."16 Applied Industrial, 492 F.3d at21 136; see also Zeiler, 500 F.3d at 164.
16
The parties dispute whether the appropriate standard of
review for conclusions regarding mixed questions of law and fact
is de novo or clear error in the context of petitions to vacate
arbitration awards. Because we conclude that the result below
rests on legal error, we need not reach this question.
20
1 A court reviewing an arbitration award under the FAA
2 "can confirm and/or vacate the award, either in whole or in
3 part." D.H. Blair & Co. v. Gottdiener, 462 F.3d 95, 104 (2d Cir.
4 2006). But a petition brought under the FAA is "not an occasion
5 for de novo review of an arbitral award." Wallace v. Buttar, 378
6 F.3d 182, 189 (2d Cir. 2004). A court's review of an arbitration
7 award is instead "severely limited," ReliaStar Life Ins. Co. of
8 N.Y. v. EMC Nat. Life Co., 564 F.3d 81, 85 (2d Cir. 2009), so as
9 not to frustrate the "twin goals of arbitration, namely, settling
10 disputes efficiently and avoiding long and expensive litigation,"
11 Rich v. Spartis, 516 F.3d 75, 81 (2d Cir. 2008) (internal
12 quotation mark omitted). "This Court has repeatedly recognized
13 the strong deference appropriately due arbitral awards and the
14 arbitral process, and has limited its review of arbitration
15 awards in obeisance to that process." Porzig v. Dresdner,
16 Kleinwort, Benson, N. Am. LLC, 497 F.3d 133, 138 (2d Cir. 2007)
17 (citation omitted). Therefore, in order to obtain vacatur of the
18 decision of an arbitral panel under the FAA, a party "must clear
19 a high hurdle." Stolt-Nielson S.A. v. AnimalFeeds Int'l Corp.,
20 130 S. Ct. 1758, 1767 (2010); see also Wallace, 378 F.3d at 189
21 (referring to the "heavy burden" on the party seeking vacatur
22 under the FAA).
23 II. Evident Partiality
24 A. Governing Law
25 The FAA provides that district courts may vacate an
26 arbitral award "where there was evident partiality or corruption
21
1 in the arbitrators, or either of them." 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(2). In
2 this Circuit, "evident partiality within the meaning of 9 U.S.C.
3 § 10 will be found where a reasonable person would have to
4 conclude that an arbitrator was partial to one party to the
5 arbitration." Morelite, 748 F.2d at 84 (internal quotation marks
6 omitted). "Unlike a judge, who can be disqualified in any
7 proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be
8 questioned," Applied Industrial, 492 F.3d at 137 (emphasis and
9 internal quotation marks omitted), "an arbitrator is disqualified
10 only when a reasonable person, considering all the circumstances,
11 would have to conclude that an arbitrator was partial to one
12 side," id. (emphasis in original; internal quotation marks
13 omitted). Proof of actual bias is not required, however. See
14 United States v. Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters, 170 F.3d 136, 147 (2d
15 Cir. 1999). A conclusion of partiality can be inferred "from
16 objective facts inconsistent with impartiality." Pitta v. Hotel
17 Ass'n of N.Y.C., Inc., 806 F.2d 419, 423 n.2 (2d Cir. 1986). Of
18 course, a showing of evident partiality "may not be based simply
19 on speculation." Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters, 170 F.3d at 147; see
20 also Three S Del., Inc. v. DataQuick Info. Sys., Inc., 492 F.3d
21 520, 530 (4th Cir. 2007) (noting that the "asserted bias" may not
22 be "remote, uncertain or speculative" (internal quotation marks
23 omitted)).
24 The burden of proving evident partiality "rests upon
25 the party asserting bias." Andros Compania Maritima, S.A. v.
26 Marc Rich & Co., A.G., 579 F.2d 691, 700 (2d Cir. 1978) (internal
22
1 quotation mark omitted). In inquiring whether that burden has
2 been satisfied, the court "'employ[s] a case-by-case approach in
3 preference to dogmatic rigidity.'" Lucent Techs. Inc. v. Tatung
4 Co., 379 F.3d 24, 28 (2d Cir. 2004) (quoting Andros Compania
5 Maritima, 579 F.2d at 700); accord Applied Industrial, 492 F.3d
6 at 137 (analysis takes into account "consider[ation of] all the
7 circumstances").
8 Among the circumstances under which the evident-
9 partiality standard is likely to be met are those in which an
10 arbitrator fails to disclose a relationship or interest that is
11 strongly suggestive of bias in favor of one of the parties. See,
12 e.g., Applied Industrial, 492 F.3d at 136-39. But we have
13 repeatedly cautioned that we are not "quick to set aside the
14 results of an arbitration because of an arbitrator's alleged
15 failure to disclose information." Lucent Techs. Inc., 379 F.3d
16 at 28 (internal quotation mark omitted). We have concluded in
17 various factual settings that the evident-partiality standard was
18 not satisfied because the undisclosed relationship at issue was
19 "too insubstantial to warrant vacating the award." Id. at 30
20 (internal quotation mark omitted); see also, e.g., id. at 28-29
21 (no evident partiality where arbitrator failed to disclose either
22 his past work as an expert witness for one of the parties or his
23 past co-ownership of an airplane with another arbitrator); Andros
24 Compania Maritima, 579 F.2d at 696, 701-02 (no evident partiality
25 where umpire failed to disclose his past joint service on
26 nineteen arbitral panels with the president of a firm that acted
23
1 as one party's agent). Most recently, in Applied Industrial, we
2 considered the standard for obtaining vacatur based upon
3 nondisclosure. There, we reaffirmed the principle that where
4 "[a]n arbitrator . . . knows of a material relationship with a
5 party" but fails to disclose it, "[a] reasonable person would
6 have to conclude that [the] arbitrator who failed to disclose
7 under such circumstances was partial to one side." Applied
8 Industrial, 492 F.3d at 137; see also, e.g., Lucent Techs. Inc.,
9 379 F.3d at 28 (recognizing same principle).17
10 B. Analysis
11 The district court in the case before us concluded that
12 Dassenko's and Gentile's simultaneous service in the Platinum
17
In Applied Industrial we observed that, up to that time
(July 2007) we had not considered whether arbitrators possess a
"duty to investigate or disclose potential conflicts of
interest," that is, conflicts about which an arbitrator does not
yet possess "actual knowledge." Id. at 138. Turning to that
question, and relying upon Justice White's concurring opinion in
Commonwealth Coatings Corp. v. Continental Cas. Co., 393 U.S. 145(1968), we reasoned that "arbitrators must take steps to ensure
that the parties are not misled into believing that no nontrivial
conflict exists." Applied Industrial, 492 F.3d at 138.
Accordingly, we articulated a prophylactic rule applicable in
circumstances in which an arbitrator thinks a nontrivial conflict
may exist, but is not sure:
[W]here an arbitrator has reason to believe
that a nontrivial conflict of interest might
exist, he must (1) investigate the conflict
(which may reveal information that must be
disclosed under Commonwealth Coatings) or (2)
disclose his reasons for believing there
might be a conflict and his intention not to
investigate.
Id. We concluded that if an arbitrator fails to follow this rule
by investigating or disclosing a potential nontrivial conflict of
interest, such a failure "is indicative of evident partiality."
Id.24
1 Arbitration constituted a "material conflict of interest"
2 requiring disclosure to the parties. Scandinavian, 732 F. Supp.
3 2d at 308. Relying upon our decisions in Morelite and Applied
4 Industrial, the court then decided that Dassenko and Gentile's
5 failure to disclose that simultaneous service warranted vacatur
6 on evident-partiality grounds. We disagree.
7 The evident-partiality standard is, at its core,
8 directed to the question of bias. Because it was "[not] the
9 purpose of Congress to authorize litigants to submit their cases
10 and controversies" to arbitrators who are "biased against one
11 litigant and favorable to another," Commonwealth Coatings, 393
12 U.S. at 150 (Black, J.) (plurality opinion), the FAA provides for
13 vacatur of arbitral awards whenever it is "evident" that an
14 arbitrator was "partial[]" to one of the litigating parties. 9
15 U.S.C. § 10(a)(2). It follows that where an undisclosed matter
16 is not suggestive of bias, vacatur based upon that nondisclosure
17 cannot be warranted under an evident-partiality theory. See,
18 e.g., STMicroelecs., N.V. v. Credit Suisse Sec. (USA) LLC, 648
19 F.3d 68, 74 (2d Cir. 2011) (recognizing in dicta that the
20 "evident partiality" decisions address only "facts bearing on
21 partiality") (emphasis in original); Lagstein v. Certain
22 Underwriter's at Lloyd's, London, 607 F.3d 634, 646 (9th Cir.
23 2010) (emphasizing that an arbitrator is "required to disclose
24 only facts indicating that he might reasonably be thought biased
25 against one litigant and favorable to another") (emphasis in
26 original; internal quotation marks omitted).
25
1 Several courts have identified a variety of factors for
2 use in guiding a district court in the application of the
3 evident-partiality test in cases where a party seeks vacatur of
4 an arbitration award because of an arbitrator's nondisclosure. We
5 find those adopted by the Fourth Circuit helpful:
6 To determine if a party has established
7 [evident] partiality, a court should assess
8 four factors: "(1) the extent and character
9 of the personal interest, pecuniary or
10 otherwise, of the arbitrator in the
11 proceedings; (2) the directness of the
12 relationship between the arbitrator and the
13 party he is alleged to favor; (3) the
14 connection of that relationship to the
15 arbitrator; and (4) the proximity in time
16 between the relationship and the arbitration
17 proceeding."
18 Three S Del., Inc., 492 F.3d at 530 (quoting ANR Coal Co. v.
19 Cogentrix of N.C., Inc., 173 F.3d 493, 500 (4th Cir. 1999), cert.
20 denied, 528 U.S. 877 (1999)). While those factors are useful, we
21 do not view them as mandatory, exclusive or dispositive.18
18
Several district courts in this Circuit have employed
similar factors that may be considered in undertaking the
Morelite analysis. See, e.g., Toroyan v. Barrett, 495 F. Supp.
2d 346, 352 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) (considering "(1) the financial
interest the arbitrator has in the proceeding; (2) the directness
of the alleged relationship between the arbitrator and a party to
the arbitration; (3) and the timing of the relationship with
respect to the arbitration proceeding" (internal quotation marks
omitted)); In re Arbitration between Carina Int'l Shipping Corp.
& Adam Mar. Corp., 961 F. Supp. 559, 568 (S.D.N.Y. 1997)
(considering "(1) peculiar commercial practices in the geographic
area; (2) an arbitrator's financial interest in the arbitration;
(3) the nature of the relationship between the arbitrator and the
alleged favored party; and (4) whether the relationship existed
during the arbitration").
26
1 We conclude that Scandinavian has not met its burden of
2 establishing that Dassenko and Gentile's service in the Platinum
3 Arbitration was indicative of bias in these proceedings so as to
4 constitute a nontrivial conflict of interest.19 Therefore, the
5 arbitrators' failure to disclose their concurrent service does
6 not require vacatur.
7 First, as a general matter, we do not think that the
8 fact that two arbitrators served together in one arbitration at
9 the same time that they served together in another is, without
10 more, evidence that they were predisposed to favor one party over
11 another in either arbitration. The undisclosed matter here was
12 overlapping arbitral service, not a "material relationship with a
13 party," Applied Industrial, 492 F.3d at 137, such as a family
14 connection or ongoing business arrangement with a party or its
15 law firm -- circumstances in which a reasonable person could
16 reasonably infer a connection between the undisclosed outside
17 relationship and the possibility of bias for or against a
18 particular arbitrating party. We agree with St. Paul that "the
19 mere fact of [such] overlapping arbitral service suggests nothing
20 inherently negative about the impartiality of the arbitrators."20
19
Because Dassenko and Gentile had actual knowledge of the
facts surrounding their participation in the Platinum
Arbitration, we need only consider whether these facts were
sufficiently suggestive of bias. We need not address any
potential duty to investigate.
20
Such overlapping service is not only not a circumstance
inherently indicative of bias; it is also not unusual. In
specialized fields such as reinsurance, where there are a limited
27
1 Appellants' Reply Br. at 19. And despite the overlap, there is
2 no indication here that either of the arbitrators was predisposed
3 to rule any particular way in the Scandinavian Arbitration as a
4 result of the Platinum Arbitration.
5 Scandinavian, in arguing to the contrary, appears to
6 ask us to infer partiality from the arbitrators' overlapping
7 service because the Award in the St. Paul Arbitration was
8 rendered in St. Paul's favor. But the fact that one party loses
9 at arbitration does not, without more, tend to prove that an
10 arbitrator's failure to disclose some perhaps disclosable
11 information should be interpreted as showing bias against the
12 losing party. We have repeatedly said that adverse rulings alone
13 rarely evidence partiality, whether those adverse rulings are
14 made by arbitrators, see, e.g., Thomas C. Baer, Inc. v.
15 Architectural & Ornamental Iron Workers Local Union No. 580, 813
16 F.2d 562, 565 (2d Cir. 1987), or by judges, see, e.g., Chen v.
17 Chen Qualified Settlement Fund, 552 F.3d 218, 227 (2d Cir. 2009)
number of experienced arbitrators, it is common for the same
arbitrators to end up serving together frequently. See, e.g.,
Dow Corning Corp. v. Safety Nat'l Cas. Corp., 335 F.3d 742, 750
(8th Cir. 2003) ("[T]he relatively small number of qualified
arbitrators may make it common, if not inevitable, that parties
will nominate the same arbitrators repeatedly."), cert. denied,
540 U.S. 1219 (2004); Sphere Drake Ins. Ltd. v. All Am. Life Ins.
Co., 307 F.3d 617, 620 (7th Cir. 2002) (discussing the presence
of "repeat players" in the arbitration bar), cert. denied, 538
U.S. 961 (2003); Transit Cas. Co. v. Trenwick Reins. Co., 659 F.
Supp. 1346, 1353-54 (S.D.N.Y. 1987) ("[T]he number of qualified
arbitrators available to sit on insurance arbitration disputes is
quite small and . . . arbitrators often sit together on a number
of disputes."), aff'd, 841 F.2d 1117 (2d Cir. 1988).
28
1 (per curiam) (citing Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555
2 (1994)).
3 Nor do we consider any of the identified similarities
4 between the St. Paul Arbitration and the Platinum Arbitration to
5 suggest bias. The district court was correct in observing that
6 the same witness, Hedges, testified in both proceedings; that the
7 interpretation of stop-loss reinsurance agreements containing
8 "experience account" features was at issue in both; and that past
9 and ongoing business relationships existed between Platinum and
10 its affiliates and St. Paul and its affiliates. See
11 Scandinavian, 732 F. Supp. 2d at 307-08. But the fact that one
12 arbitration resembles another in some respects does not suggest
13 to us that an arbitrator presiding in both is somehow therefore
14 likely to be biased in favor of or against any party. Cf.
15 Liteky, 510 U.S. at 561-62 (Kennedy, J., concurring) (observing
16 that the fact that same judge presides over related cases
17 ordinarily does not suggest that judge is biased).
18 To be sure, as Scandinavian points out, material
19 conflicts of interest need not be direct relationships between
20 arbitrators and parties to the arbitration. As the district
21 court put it, "[a] reasonable person concludes that an arbitrator
22 is partial to one side because the undisclosed relationship is
23 material, not because the material relationship is with a party."
24 Id. at 306. But, in ascertaining whether a relationship is
25 "material" -- or, to use the terminology of Applied Industrial,
26 whether it is "nontrivial" -- we think that a court must focus on
29
1 the question of how strongly that relationship tends to indicate
2 the possibility of bias in favor of or against one party, and not
3 on how closely that relationship appears to relate to the facts
4 of the arbitration. See Morelite, 748 F.2d at 84 ("[E]vident
5 partiality . . . will be found where a reasonable person would
6 have to conclude that an arbitrator was partial to one party to
7 the arbitration." (internal quotation marks omitted)). In other
8 words, even if a particular relationship might be thought to be
9 relevant "to the arbitration at issue," Scandinavian, 732 F.
10 Supp. 2d at 307, that relationship will nevertheless not
11 constitute a material conflict of interest if it does not itself
12 tend to show that the arbitrator might be predisposed in favor of
13 one (or more) of the parties. As we put it in Applied
14 Industrial, for a relationship to be material, and therefore
15 require disclosure, it must be such that "[a] reasonable person
16 would have to conclude that an arbitrator who failed to disclose
17 [it] . . . was partial to one side." Applied Industrial, 492
18 F.3d at 137.
19 We understand, of course, that Gentile was a party-
20 appointed arbitrator in each arbitration, and that he represented
21 the respective claimants (St. Paul and Platinum) in each.21 We
21
Before the district court, St. Paul argued in passing that
Scandinavian should bear a higher burden for proving partiality
as to Gentile than as to Dassenko because Gentile is a party-
appointed arbitrator. Several courts have observed that, in
tripartite arbitrations such as this one, parties often expect
the party-appointed arbitrators to serve as informal advocates
for their respective parties in deliberating with the neutral
third arbitrator. See, e.g., Sphere Drake, 307 F.3d at 620 (7th
30
1 also acknowledge the district court's factual findings that
2 Platinum and its affiliates and St. Paul and its affiliates had
3 various past and ongoing business relationships. See
4 Scandinavian, 732 F. Supp. 2d at 301-02. But there is no
5 indication in the record that Gentile was appointed by Platinum
6 at the recommendation of St. Paul, or that Gentile or Dassenko
7 had any special financial or professional interest in ruling in
8 St. Paul's favor as a result of their participation in the
9 Platinum Arbitration.
10 Scandinavian asserts that vacatur is nonetheless
11 warranted because it was misled by Dassenko's and Gentile's
12 repeated assurances to the parties that they understood
13 themselves obligated to make thorough and ongoing disclosures.
14 In light of those assurances and the many opportunities during
Cir. 2002), cert. denied, 538 U.S. 961 (2003); Lozano v. Md. Cas.
Co., 850 F.2d 1470, 1472 (11th Cir. 1988); In re Arbitration
between Astoria Med. Grp. & Health Ins. Plan of Greater N.Y., 11
N.Y.2d 128, 133-34, 182 N.E.2d 85, 227 N.Y.S.2d 401 (1962). But
see Florasynth, Inc. v. Pickholz, 750 F.2d 171, 173 (2d Cir.
1984) (suggesting that party-appointed arbitrators are "not to
act merely as partisan advocates"). And for that reason, several
of our sister circuits have concluded that the FAA imposes a
heightened bar to, or altogether forecloses, an evident-
partiality challenge premised solely on the alleged bias of a
party-appointed arbitrator in favor of the party who appointed
him. See, e.g., Winfrey v. Simmons Foods, Inc., 495 F.3d 549,
551-52 (8th Cir. 2007); Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Home Ins.
Co., 429 F.3d 640, 645-47 & n.8 (6th Cir. 2005); Sphere Drake
Ins. Ltd., 307 F.3d at 623. However, because St. Paul has not
pressed that argument on appeal -- and because we conclude that
Scandinavian's evident-partiality challenge fails in any event --
we need not decide at this time whether the FAA imposes a
heightened burden of proving evident partiality in cases in which
the allegedly biased arbitrator was party-appointed.
31
1 the St. Paul Arbitration when the arbitrators' concurrent service
2 in the Platinum Arbitration might have come to mind, Scandinavian
3 argues, "[b]oth arbitrators simply could not have continually
4 failed to see what was right in front of their eyes for so long."
5 Appellee's Br. at 48. The district court, apparently crediting
6 this argument, indicated that in ordering vacatur it relied on
7 the fact that Dassenko and Gentile had informed the parties of
8 many other "less significant or temporally remote relationships."
9 Scandinavian, 732 F. Supp. 2d at 308-09.
10 We conclude that vacatur was not called for. In the
11 first place, we do not think it appropriate to vacate an award
12 solely because an arbitrator fails to consistently live up to his
13 or her announced standards for disclosure, or to conform in every
14 instance to the parties' respective expectations regarding
15 disclosure.22 The nondisclosure does not by itself constitute
16 evident partiality. The question is whether the facts that were
22
Even where an arbitrator fails to abide by arbitral or
ethical rules concerning disclosure, such a failure does not, in
itself, entitle a losing party to vacatur. See, e.g., Positive
Software Solutions, Inc. v. New Century Mortg. Corp., 476 F.3d
278, 285 n.5 (5th Cir. 2007); Montez v. Prudential Sec., Inc.,
260 F.3d 980, 984 (8th Cir. 2001); ANR Coal Co., 173 F.3d at 499;
Merit Ins. Co. v. Leatherby Ins. Co., 714 F.2d 673, 680-81 (7th
Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1009 (1983). But see
Commonwealth Coatings, 393 U.S. at 149 (Black, J.) (plurality
opinion) (describing the AAA disclosure guidelines as "highly
significant" to the evident partiality analysis); New Regency
Prods., Inc. v. Nippon Herald Films, Inc., 501 F.3d 1101, 1109-10
(9th Cir. 2007) (relying on ethical and arbitral rules as
persuasive authority). This is not a case in which the parties
have specified a standard for arbitrator impartiality.
Accordingly, we need not decide whether noncompliance with such
an agreed-upon standard would require a finding of "evident
partiality."
32
1 not disclosed suggest a material conflict of interest. An
2 approach that examined why an arbitrator failed to disclose a
3 relationship would interject added uncertainty and subjectivity
4 into our evident-partiality analysis. See Int'l Bhd. of
5 Teamsters, 170 F.3d at 146 (describing the test for evident
6 partiality as being "whether an objective, disinterested
7 observer" would conclude that the arbitrator was biased (emphasis
8 added)). Such an approach might, moreover, have perverse effects
9 because if it were the rule that vacatur would be warranted for
10 an arbitrator's failure to live up to his or her own particularly
11 punctilious standards of disclosure, arbitrators would have less
12 of an incentive to set a high standard for their disclosures in
13 the first place.
14 Secondly, we reject Scandinavian's assertion that the
15 nondisclosure can only be explained by bias in favor of St. Paul.
16 The record does not indicate why the information was not
17 disclosed, but we do not find it implausible that Dassenko and
18 Gentile labored under the false impression that they had made a
19 disclosure which in fact they had failed to make, particularly in
20 light of the fact that they did disclose (although not by name)
21 the existence of the Scandinavian arbitration in the PMA
22 proceeding. St. Paul suggests that the nondisclosure may have
23 occurred because of "sheer inadvertence, a mistaken belief that
24 they had already disclosed it, or non-materiality." Appellants'
25 Reply Br. at 18. Indeed, Peter Gentile seems to have operated
26 under just such a false impression with respect to another matter
33
1 which he failed to disclose until late in the arbitration. In
2 any event, the arbitrators' conduct is not such that a
3 "reasonable person would have to conclude that an arbitrator was
4 partial" to St. Paul. Morelite, 748 F.2d at 84 (emphasis added).
5 We also reject Scandinavian's argument that vacatur is
6 required because the presentation of its arbitration case was
7 disadvantaged by Dassenko's and Gentile's nondisclosure. See,
8 e.g., Appellee's Br. at 44 ("If Scandinavian had known that
9 Dassenko and Gentile had recently heard Hedges defend a contrary
10 [position] in the other arbitration, it could have prepared for
11 and presented Hedges' testimony in the [St. Paul] [A]rbitration
12 differently, or not called him as a witness at all."); see also
13 Scandinavian, 732 F. Supp. 2d at 308 & n.122 (concluding that the
14 nondisclosure "deprived Scandinavian[] of an opportunity to . . .
15 adjust [its] arbitration strategy," id. at 308). The FAA does
16 not bestow on a party the right to receive information about
17 every matter that it might consider important or useful in
18 presenting its case. A party is not entitled to the "'complete
19 and unexpurgated business biograph[ies]'" of the arbitrators whom
20 the parties have selected. Applied Industrial, 492 F.3d at 139
21 (quoting Commonwealth Coatings, 393 U.S. at 151 (White, J.,
22 concurring)).
23 Finally, we are not persuaded that other reasons given
24 by the district court for vacating the award require us to
25 conclude that the arbitrators were "evident[ly] partial[]." The
26 district court noted, Dassenko and Gentile "could [have]
34
1 receive[d] ex parte information" in the Platinum Arbitration
2 about matters at issue in the St. Paul Arbitration, Scandinavian,
3 732 F. Supp. 2d at 308; and might have been influenced by the
4 "credibility determinations" they made about Hedges, id.; and
5 could have "influence[d] each other's thinking on issues relevant
6 to the [St. Paul] Arbitration," id. But these possibilities do
7 not establish bias. See Trustmark Ins. Co. v. John Hancock Life
8 Ins. Co. (U.S.A.), 631 F.3d 869, 873 (7th Cir. 2011) (arbitrators
9 not disqualified merely because they acquired relevant knowledge
10 in a previous arbitration), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 2465 (2011);
11 Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters, 170 F.3d at 147 (evident partiality "may
12 not be based simply on speculation"). Neither do they
13 distinguish this case from any number of others successfully
14 presided over by arbitrators -- or by judges for that matter.
15 To be sure, in this case -- unlike in Applied
16 Industrial -- Dassenko and Gentile plainly "had actual knowledge"
17 of their concurrent service in the Platinum Arbitration.
18 Scandinavian, 732 F. Supp. 2d at 309. Although it would have
19 been far better for them to have disclosed that fact, we do not
20 think disclosure was required to avoid a vacatur of the Award in
21 light of the fact that the relationship did not significantly
22 tend to establish partiality.
23 We do not in any way wish to demean the importance of
24 timely and full disclosure by arbitrators. Disclosure not only
25 enhances the actual and apparent fairness of the arbitral
26 process, but it helps to ensure that that process will be final,
35
1 rather than extended by proceedings like this one. We again
2 reiterate Justice White's observation that it is far better for a
3 potential conflict of interest "[to] be disclosed at the outset"
4 than for it to "come to light after the arbitration, when a
5 suspicious or disgruntled party can seize on it as a pretext for
6 invalidating the award." Commonwealth Coatings, 393 U.S. at 151
7 (White, J., concurring); accord Applied Industrial, 492 F.3d at
8 139; Lucent Techs., 379 F.3d at 29; Andros Compania Maritima, 579
9 F.2d at 700. But the better course is not necessarily the only
10 permissible one.
11 Because we agree with St. Paul that the district court
12 erred in vacating the Award in this case, we need not consider
13 its alternative argument on appeal that the district court should
14 not have vacated the arbitrators' interim rulings.
15 III. Confirmation of the Award
16 Under section 9 of the FAA, "a court 'must' confirm an
17 arbitration award 'unless' it is vacated, modified or corrected
18 'as prescribed' in §§ 10 and 11." Hall St. Assocs., L.L.C. v.
19 Mattel, Inc., 552 U.S. 576, 582 (2008). And for petitions
20 brought under the New York Convention, "[t]he court shall confirm
21 the award unless it finds one of the grounds for refusal or
22 deferral of recognition or enforcement of the award specified in
23 the said Convention." 9 U.S.C. § 207; see also Telenor Mobile
24 Commc'ns AS v. Storm LLC, 584 F.3d 396, 405 (2d Cir. 2009) (same,
25 citing section 207).
36
1 Scandinavian has identified no basis other than the
2 asserted evident partiality for vacating the Award under the FAA
3 or New York Convention. Because we conclude that evident
4 partiality was absent, St. Paul's cross-petition to confirm the
5 Award must be granted.
6 CONCLUSION
7 The judgment of the district court is reversed, and the
8 case is remanded with instructions to the district court to deny
9 Scandinavian's petition to vacate the Award, to grant St. Paul's
10 cross-petition to confirm it, and to enter an amended judgment
11 accordingly.
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