Mei Juan Zheng v. Holder

10-3838
Zheng v. Holder
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
_______________
August Term, 2011
(Argued: January 11, 2012 Decided: February 27, 2012)
Docket No. 10-3838-ag
_______________
MEI JUAN ZHENG, AKA ZHENG MEI JUAN,
Petitioner,
—v.—
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
_______________
Before:
KATZMANN AND LYNCH, Circuit Judges, KAPLAN, District Judge.*
_______________
Petition for review of an August 30, 2010 Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA” or the
“Board”) unpublished decision affirming an immigration judge’s (“IJ”) April 30, 2003 decision
finding that Mei Juan Zheng (“Zheng” or “petitioner”) filed a frivolous asylum application.
*
The Honorable Lewis A. Kaplan, United States District Judge for the Southern District
of New York, sitting by designation.
Zheng’s petition returns to this Court after a February 1, 2008 opinion remanding the case to the
BIA to consider whether: (1) a “frivolousness finding” can be entered against an alien who has
withdrawn her asylum application; and (2) an IJ retains any discretion to decline to make a
frivolousness finding. We hold that the BIA’s conclusion that a withdrawn asylum application
can serve as the basis of a frivolousness finding is reasonable, but that the BIA’s decision that
the IJ lacked discretion not to make such a finding is unpersuasive. Accordingly, for the reasons
stated below, the petition for review is DENIED in part and GRANTED in part, the BIA’s
decision is VACATED, and we REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
_______________
H. RAYMOND FASANO, Youman, Madeo & Fasano, LLP, New York, N.Y., for
Petitioner.
TIFFANY L. WALTERS, Trial Attorney, Office of Immigration Litigation
(David V. Bernal, Assistant Director, Office of Immigration Litigation,
Tony West, Assistant Attorney General on the brief), Civil Division,
United States Department of Justice, for Respondent.
_______________
KATZMANN, Circuit Judge:
This case is before us following our decision in Mei Juan Zheng v. Mukasey, 514 F.3d
176, 181 (2d Cir. 2008), in which we concluded that petitioner’s initial application for asylum
contained deliberately fabricated material elements and that the IJ had followed the appropriate
procedures before entering a frivolousness finding. Then, we also remanded the case to the BIA
to consider: (1) whether “the IJ’s authority to ‘determine that an alien has knowingly made a
frivolous application for asylum’ [is] limited to circumstances in which that IJ makes ‘a final
determination on such application’”; and (2) if an IJ retains “any discretion under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(d)(6) to decline to make a frivolousness finding even if she finds that the statutory and
2
regulatory conditions for frivolousness have been met.” Id. at 181 (emphasis and brackets
omitted). By unpublished opinion dated August 30, 2010, the BIA addressed this Court’s
questions and again dismissed Zheng’s appeal from the IJ’s frivolousness finding. Now, Zheng
challenges the BIA’s conclusion that a withdrawn application can serve as the basis of a
frivolousness finding and that an IJ lacks discretion as to whether to enter such a finding when
the statutory and regulatory preconditions have been met. For the reasons set forth below, we
conclude that the BIA’s determination, pursuant to its published opinion in Matter of X-M-C-, 25
I. & N. Dec. 322 (B.I.A. 2010), that a withdrawn application can serve as the basis for a
frivolousness finding is reasonable. We are not persuaded by the BIA’s opinion, however, to the
extent it concludes that the IJ in Zheng’s case lacked discretion not to enter a frivolousness
finding. Accordingly, we deny in part and grant in part Zheng’s petition for review, vacate the
BIA’s decision, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
BACKGROUND
Zheng, a native and citizen of the People’s Republic of China, attempted to enter the
United States on March 27, 2000 without valid entry documents. Following a credible fear
interview, in which Zheng claimed that she was forced to undergo an abortion under China’s
family planning policy and that she had fled the country because the government wanted to
insert an intrauterine device, Zheng was placed in removal proceedings pursuant to 8 U.S.C. §
1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I). On August 11, 2000, after Zheng was warned that if she knowingly filed a
frivolous application for asylum, she would be forever barred from receiving any benefits under
the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”),1 Zheng filed an asylum application (the “August
1
The content of the verbal warning given to Zheng, the adequacy of which is not
disputed in this appeal, is included in this Court’s prior opinion, Mei Juan Zheng, 514 F.3d at
3
2000 Application”) asserting that she had suffered past persecution and feared future persecution
under China’s family planning policy.
At a January 31, 2001 hearing, Zheng withdrew her April 2000 Application with
prejudice. On May 25, 2001, she filed a new application seeking withholding of removal under
the Convention Against Torture (the “May 2001 Application”), on the grounds that if she
returned to China she would be harmed by the loan sharks from whom she had borrowed money
to come to the United States or tortured by Chinese authorities for illegally entering this country.
In her May 2001 Application, Zheng stated that she had “withdrawn [her] previously filed
asylum application based on China’s coerceive family planning policy because [she] believe[s]
that it was wrong to lie to the Immigration Court.” Certified Administrative Record (“C.A.R.”)
537.
On April 30, 2003, at the merits hearing on her May 2001 Application, Zheng testified,
inter alia, that she had never had any problems under China’s family planning policy, that her
first application was false, and that she had been told to use that story by the smugglers who had
arranged her entry into the United States. After Zheng finished testifying, the IJ asked her
lawyer to explain whether he “should or should not make a frivolousness finding” and stated that
he was “not sure” whether 8 C.F.R. § 1208.20 “allows discretion.” Id. at 258-59 (“I’m not sure
that [§ 1208.20] allows discretion does it?”). Zheng’s attorney argued that the IJ had discretion
whether to enter such a finding, and that Zheng should be treated leniently because she had
voluntarily come forward with the truth more than two years earlier and was only eighteen when
she entered the United States. By contrast, the government took the position that frivolousness
179-80. Additionally, Zheng was provided a written copy of the warning.
4
findings are “not discretionary” and that “if something falls within [the] definition [of a frivolous
application], then the Court shall make such a determination.” Id. at 261.
In an oral decision entered on the same day as the merits hearing, the IJ agreed that
Zheng’s youth and forthrightness were “favorable factors,” but held that he lacked discretion
under the statute and implementing regulations not to enter a frivolousness finding. Id. at 193.
He also concluded that Zheng’s withdrawal of her false application had no effect on the
applicability of the frivolousness bar. Accordingly, because he found that Zheng deliberately
made a materially false asylum application after receiving adequate warning of the
consequences, the IJ imposed a frivolousness finding against her.2 The BIA affirmed the IJ’s
decision without opinion on August 27, 2004. Zheng timely appealed.
By opinion dated February 1, 2008, this Court found that Zheng’s petition deliberately
contained fabricated material elements and that she had received the required procedural
safeguards. Mei Juan Zheng, 514 F.3d at 180-81. Nevertheless, this Court vacated the BIA’s
frivolousness finding and remanded the case to the BIA to consider two questions. Id. at 181.
First, the Court asked the Board to determine whether an “IJ’s authority to ‘determine[]
that an alien has knowingly made a frivolous application for asylum’ [is] limited to
circumstances in which the IJ makes ‘a final determination on such application.’” Id. (emphasis
omitted). This question arose from the Court’s observation that there are at least two ways to
interpret § 1158(d)(6), which states that an “alien shall be permanently ineligible for any benefits
under this chapter, effective as of the date of a final determination on such application.” Id.
(emphasis omitted). Section 1158(d)(6) could be read to preclude a frivolousness finding on a
2
The IJ also rejected Zheng’s claim for withholding of removal under the Convention
Against Torture. Zheng has not pursued that claim on appeal.
5
withdrawn application, as there has been no “final determination” on such an application. Id.
Alternatively, the Court noted that § 1158(d)(6) may permit IJs to make frivolousness findings
on withdrawn applications. Id. Under this interpretation, IJs would not be limited to making
frivolousness findings on applications pending before them. Id.
Second, the Court requested that the Board consider whether “an IJ retains any discretion
under 8 U.S.C. § 1158(d)(6) to decline to make a frivolousness finding even if the IJ finds that
the statutory and regulatory conditions for frivolousness have been met.” Id. at 182. Although
the IJ who decided Zheng’s case found that he lacked discretion, this Court noted that other IJs
have not considered themselves “bound to make findings of frivolousness simply because an
applicant has admitted to deliberately making false material statements in a pending or prior
asylum application.” Id. at 183. Further, this Court recognized that the “statutory and regulatory
language is not as unambiguous as the IJ’s decision [in this case] suggests.” Id.By unpublished opinion dated August 30, 2010 (the “August 30 Opinion”), the Board
found that the first issue raised by this Court had been resolved by its precedential decision
Matter of X-M-C-, 25 I. & N. 322 (B.I.A. 2010). There, the BIA held that the INA and its
regulations permit IJs to enter frivolousness findings on any filed application, regardless of
whether it has been withdrawn, because a frivolousness finding itself constitutes a “final
determination on such application.”
As for this Court’s second question, the Board opined that an IJ does not retain discretion
to decline to enter a frivolousness finding once he determines that the alien has filed a frivolous
application. In support of its decision, the Board first argued that while no language in the INA
or its implementing regulations renders the frivolousness determination discretionary, the use of
the term “shall” in 8 U.S.C. § 1158(d) supports the conclusion that a frivolousness finding must
6
be entered if certain safeguards have been provided. Next, turning to those “circumstances in
which it appears that Immigration Judges have declined to make frivolous application findings
despite indications that material portions of an application have been fabricated,” the BIA
explained:
[s]uch rulings may occur due to factual findings made by an Immigration Judge
that particular elements of the requirements set forth in section 208(d)(6) of the
Act, section 1208.20 of the regulations, or Matter of Y-L-[, 24 I. & N. Dec. 151(BIA 2007)], have not been satisfied. The law also is clear that while an adverse
credibility determination may trigger a frivolous application inquiry, an adverse
credibility determination does not necessitate such an inquiry. An Immigration
Judge may determine, based on the circumstances in an individual case, that an
adverse credibility finding does not warrant an inquiry or determination in to
whether an application is frivolous. This is particularly true if neither party
requests that the court make such an inquiry.
Special App. 5 (internal citation and footnote omitted). Zheng timely filed this appeal.
DISCUSSION
On appeal, Zheng challenges the BIA’s responses to each of the questions raised by this
Court in its prior opinion. After describing the relevant statutory and regulatory framework as
well as the applicable standard of review, we consider each issue in turn. Ultimately, we hold
that the BIA’s decision that a withdrawn application can serve as the basis of a frivolousness
finding is reasonable, but that its conclusion that the IJ lacked discretion not to enter such a
finding is unpersuasive.
I. Statutory and Regulatory Provisions
Section 208(d)(6) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1158(d) (“§ 1158(d)”), provides in relevant
part:
(6) Frivolous applications
If the Attorney General determines that an alien knowingly made a
frivolous application for asylum and the alien has received the notice
7
under paragraph 4(A), the alien shall be permanently ineligible for any
benefits under this chapter, effective as of the date of a final determination
on such application.
8 U.S.C. § 1158(d) (emphasis added).3
The relevant regulation, 8 C.F.R. § 1208.20 (“§ 1208.20”) states:
For applications filed on or after April 1, 2007, an applicant is subject to the
provisions of section 208(d)(6) of the Act only if a final order by an immigration
judge or the Board of Immigration Appeals specifically finds that the alien
knowingly filed a frivolous asylum application. For purposes of this section, an
asylum application is frivolous if any of its material elements is deliberately
fabricated. Such finding shall only be made if the immigration judge or the Board
is satisfied that the applicant, during the course of the proceedings, has had
sufficient opportunity to account for any discrepancies or implausible aspects of
the claim.
8 C.F.R. § 1208.20. Thus, as this Court previously explained, “if an IJ determines that an alien
knowingly made an application for asylum with one or more deliberately fabricated elements,
and the alien received proper notice, the alien is permanently barred from receiving most
benefits under the immigration laws.” Mei Juan Zheng, 514 F.3d at 180.
II. Standard of Review
“Where, as here, the BIA adopts the [immigration judge’s] reasoning and offers
additional commentary, we review the decision of the [immigration judge] as supplemented by
the BIA.” Mahmood v. Holder, 570 F.3d 466, 469 (2d Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks
omitted). “We grant Chevron deference to the BIA’s construction of the INA. Under the
Chevron standard, . . . [w]hen the INA is silent or ambiguous, . . . we must defer to any
reasonable interpretation of the statute adopted by the [BIA] as the entity charged by Congress
with the statute’s enforcement.” Boluk v. Holder, 642 F.3d 297, 301 (2d Cir. 2011) (internal
3
An alien who has made a frivolous asylum application may still seek withholding of
removal. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.20.
8
citations, alterations and quotation marks omitted); see also Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Res.
Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842-43 (1984). To defer to an agency’s interpretation of a
statute as reasonable, this Court “need not conclude that the agency construction was the only
one it permissibly could have adopted . . . or even the reading the court would have reached if
the question initially had arisen in a judicial proceeding.” Xia Fan Huang v. Holder, 591 F.3d
124, 129 (2d Cir. 2010) (quoting Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843 n.11). Additionally, an “agency’s
interpretation of its [own] regulations [is] entitled to controlling weight unless it is plainly
erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation.” Forest Watch v. U.S. Forest Serv., 410 F.3d 115,
118 (2d Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted).
However, an “‘administrative implementation of a particular statutory provision [only]
qualifies for Chevron deference when it appears that Congress delegated authority to the agency
generally to make rules carrying the force of law, and that the agency interpretation claiming
deference was promulgated in the exercise of that authority.’” Rotimi v. Gonzales, 473 F.3d 55(2d Cir. 2007) (per curiam) (emphasis added) (quoting United States v. Meade Corp., 533 U.S.
218, 226-27 (2001)). Because there is no indication that the BIA’s nonprecedential opinions are
“promulgated under its authority to make rules carrying the force of law, we do not accord
[them] Chevron deference.” Rotimi, 473 F.3d at 57 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also
Varughese v. Holder, 629 F.3d 272, 274 (2d Cir. 2010) (per curiam) (“While the BIA’s
interpretation of immigration statutes is generally entitled to Chevron deference, interpretations
in non-precedential unpublished BIA decisions . . . are not so entitled.”) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
9
III. An IJ’s Authority to Base a Frivolousness Finding on a Withdrawn Application
This Court has already held that the language in the INA concerning whether a
frivolousness finding can be based on a withdrawn application is ambiguous. Mei Juan Zheng,
514 F.3d at 181-82 (noting that “language [in § 1158(d)(6)] is susceptible of at least two
meanings” and that “[e]ach view is backed by case law from other circuits”). And, on remand,
the BIA determined that this issue was resolved by its precedential decision, Matter of X-M-C-,
which held that “the only action required to trigger a frivolousness inquiry is the filing of an
asylum application” and that such findings can be entered after any final order addressing
whether the application was frivolous, not only orders adjudicating the merits of the application.
25 I. & N. Dec. at 324-25. Thus, this Court is bound to defer to the BIA’s interpretation of §
1158(d)(6) as announced in Matter of X-M-C- unless its reading of the statute is unreasonable.
Mizrahi v. Gonzales, 492 F.3d 156, 158 (2d Cir. 2007) (“[W]here . . . [a] challenged unpublished
decision relies on a binding published decision, Chevron deference will extend to that earlier
decision’s reasonable resolution of statutory ambiguity.”).
There is no basis for this Court to find that the BIA’s interpretation of § 1158(d)(6) in
Matter of X-M-C- is unreasonable. By holding that § 1158(d)(6) should be read to emphasize the
filing of an asylum application, as opposed to its adjudication, Matter of X-M-C-, 25 I. & N. Dec.
324-25, the BIA adopted one of the possible interpretations of the statute acknowledged by this
Court in Mei Juan Zheng, 514 F.3d at 181. See also 8 U.S.C. § 1158(d)(6) (providing that a
frivolous finding is appropriate if “an alien has knowingly made a frivolous application for
asylum and the alien has received [notice of the consequences]”) (emphasis added); 8 C.F.R. §
1208.20 (providing that a frivolousness finding is appropriate if an IJ or the BIA “finds that the
alien knowingly filed a frivolous asylum application”) (emphasis added). Significantly, this
10
interpretation has also been adopted by several of our sister circuits. See, e.g., Chen v. Mukasey,
527 F.3d 935, 943 (9th Cir. 2008) (finding that “withdrawal of an asylum application does not
obviate the need for an IJ to determine whether a false application should be deemed frivolous”);
Lazar v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 469, 476-77 (6th Cir. 2007) (holding that frivolousness finding is
not mooted by withdrawal because “if that were the law, every petitioner seeking relief under the
INA would have an incentive to lie in their submissions because there would be no penalties for
doing so”).
Additionally, the BIA offered a reasonable explanation for its view that “final
determination” in §1158(d) should not be interpreted to require a final determination on the
merits of the frivolous asylum application, but encompasses any “final order determining that an
asylum application is frivolous.” Matter of X-M-C-, 25 I. & N. at 325. According to the Board,
an alternative reading would permit an alien who testified falsely and then withdrew his
application to “escape the consequences deliberately chosen by Congress to prevent such abuse
of the system.” Id. at 326; see also Mei Juan Zheng, 514 F.3d at 181 (recognizing that
“allow[ing] an alien to withdraw a materially false application on the eve of a decision without
suffering any adverse consequences for the falsehood . . . would undermine the potency of the
frivolousness bar as a deterrent to lying”) (internal citation omitted).
On appeal, Zheng first contends that because one of the definitions of “made” is to be
“assured of success,” in order to have “made” a frivolous asylum application, an alien’s
application must have been “assured of success.” Pet’r’s Br. 10. This argument lacks merit.
The term “made” has multiple meanings. See Webster’s Third New International Dictionary
1356 (1993) (defining “made” to mean “artificially produced by a manufacturing process,”
“invented fictitious,” “assured of success ,” “fully trained,”
11
“specially fitted, designed, or adapted” ). As petitioner conceded at oral argument, courts
regularly state that a motion has been “made.” Rather than suggesting that the moving party will
prevail, this statement is commonly understood to mean that an application has been filed for the
court’s consideration. Petitioner has failed to identify any basis for finding that the Board acted
unreasonably by interpreting “made” to mean “filed.” Thus, the Board’s interpretation must be
upheld.
Next, Zheng asserts that the Board erred in holding that a frivolous finding may qualify
as a “final determination” because such a finding does not comport with the definition of a
determination, which is a “judicial decision settling and ending a controversy.” Pet’r’s Br. 10-
11. However, as the Board noted in Matter of X-M-C-, a frivolous finding does in fact “settle or
end a controversy” as it renders pointless any further determination on the merits of an
application. 25 I. & N. at 324-25. Accordingly, even under the definition of “determination”
that Zheng advocates, the Board’s conclusion that a frivolousness finding constitutes a “final
determination” should be affirmed.
Finally, Zheng argues that her application “cannot be found frivolous because the
fabrication that was contained in the withdrawn application was not discovered “during the
course of [the] proceedings” as is required by 8 C.F.R. § 1208.20. Pet’r’s Br. 13. This argument
also fails because nothing in § 1208.20 mandates discovery of the fabrication that is the basis for
a frivolousness finding “during the course of the proceedings” relating to that application.
IV. An IJ’s Discretion Whether to Engage in a Frivolousness Inquiry
The IJ noted that “favorable factors” in Zheng’s case may have led him to decline to
consider whether a frivolousness finding should be entered against her, but that he lacked
discretion not to enter such a finding when the statutory and regulatory conditions for
12
frivolousness have been met. In its unpublished August 30 Opinion, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s
decision, holding that “an Immigration judge does not retain discretion under [§ 1158(d)] to
decline to make a frivolous application finding once the Immigration Judge determines that the
alien has knowingly filed an application that is frivolous, i.e., that the application contains a
material element or elements that are deliberately fabricated.” Special App. 4. On appeal,
Zheng challenges the IJ and the BIA’s conclusion.
This Court has already held that there are multiple ways to interpret the INA provisions
concerning an IJ’s discretion to enter a frivolousness finding. Mei Juan Zheng, 514 F.3d at 182.
Accordingly, on remand, had the BIA entered a published, precedential opinion, that opinion
would be subject to review under the Chevron doctrine. See Varughese, 629 F.3d at 274. The
BIA, however, declined to do so. Instead, it entered an unpublished, non-precedential opinion
that, at most, is entitled deference to the extent that it is persuasive. See Tchitchui v. Holder, 657
F.3d 132, 135 n.5 (2d Cir. 2011) (per curiam).4 We are not persuaded.
There are two possible points at which an IJ may exercise discretion before entering a
frivolousness finding: (1) when deciding whether to investigate if the preconditions for entering
such a finding have been met; and (2) after the inquiry has begun, i.e., once an IJ has determined
that an application contains a material misstatement and that the applicant was adequately
warned, until the moment the IJ enters the finding. The BIA’s August 30 Opinion correctly
4
This Court has not yet resolved whether unpublished BIA opinions interpreting
immigration statutes are entitled to Skidmore deference, or whether they are reviewed de novo.
See Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 140 (1944) (deferring to agency interpretations to the
extent they have “power to persuade”). We need not resolve the question now, because neither
the IJ nor the BIA’s decision contains any analysis with persuasive power. See Tchitchui, 657
F.3d at 135 n.1 (noting that standard of review given to unpublished BIA decisions remains an
open question in this Circuit); Dobrova v. Holder, 607 F.3d 297, 300 (2d Cir. 2010) (same).
13
acknowledges that IJs regularly exercise discretion when deciding whether to initiate a
frivolousness inquiry. Indeed, the August 30 Opinion states that:
[t]he law . . . is clear that while an adverse credibility determination may trigger a
frivolousness application inquiry, an adverse credibility determination does not
necessitate such an inquiry. An immigration judge may determine, based on the
circumstances in an individual case, that an adverse credibility finding does not
warrant an inquiry or determination into whether an application is frivolous. This
is particularly true if neither party requests that the court make such an inquiry.
Special App. 5 (internal citation omitted) (emphasis added). The August 30 Opinion is thus
consistent with the text of § 1158(d) and 8 C.F.R. § 1208.20, neither of which compels IJs to
engage in a frivolousness inquiry anytime they suspect that the conditions for entering such a
finding are present.
Even though Zheng admitted to having filed a false application in this case, the
frivolousness inquiry did not begin until the IJ started his analysis. Indeed, the government
conceded at oral argument that an IJ may choose not to engage in a frivolousness analysis – and
thus not enter a frivolousness finding – even though a party raises the issue. Nothing in the
record here, however, suggests that the IJ understood that he had this discretion once the
government raised frivolousness as an issue.5 Thus, when the IJ in Zheng’s case asked the
Immigration and Naturalization Service attorney whether he had discretion not to enter a finding
that the original application had been frivolous, the answer concededly should have been “yes.”
Accordingly, the petition for review as to this issue must be granted.
5
In the August 30 Opinion, the Board held that once a frivolousness inquiry has begun,
an IJ must enter a frivolousness finding if he concludes that an alien filed an asylum application
containing a material misstatement after he received the proper warnings. It is unnecessary for
us to decide whether this conclusion is persuasive because, in this case, the IJ did not understand
that he could choose not to initiate a frivolousness inquiry.
14
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is DENIED with respect to the Board’s
determination that a withdrawn asylum application may serve as the basis of a frivolousness
finding and GRANTED as to the Board’s conclusion that the IJ lacked discretion whether to
engage in a frivolousness inquiry. Accordingly, we VACATE the BIA’s August 30 Opinion and
REMAND to the BIA for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
15