Blue Whale Corp. v. Grand China Shipping Development Co.

13-0192-cv
Blue Whale Corp. v. Grand China Shipping Dev. Co., Ltd., et al.
1
2 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
3
4 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
5
6
7
8 August Term, 2012
9
10 (Argued: April 17, 2013 Decided: July 16, 2013)
11
12 Docket No. 13-0192-cv
13
14
15 BLUE WHALE CORPORATION,
16
17 Plaintiff-Appellant,
18
19 -v.-
20
21 GRAND CHINA SHIPPING DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD,
22 AKA SHANGHAI GRAND CHINA SHIPPING DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD.,
23 GRAND CHINA LOGISTICS HOLDING (GROUP) COMPANY LIMITED,
24 HNA GROUP CO. LTD.,
25
26 Defendants-Appellees.
27
28
29
30
31 Before:
32 POOLER, WESLEY, DRONEY, Circuit Judges.
33
34 Plaintiff-Appellant Blue Whale Corporation (“Blue
35 Whale”) appeals from the January 11, 2013 Order by the
36 United States District Court for the Southern District of
37 New York (Nathan, J.) vacating its prior Rule B maritime
38 attachment order against Defendant-Appellee HNA Group
39 Company, Ltd. (“HNA”). Contracting parties Blue Whale and
40 Defendant-Appellee Grand China Shipping Development Company,
41 Ltd. (“Development”) are currently engaged in arbitration in
42 London to resolve a dispute that arose out of the parties’
1 maritime shipping contract. In anticipation of an
2 arbitration award against Development, Blue Whale brought a
3 Rule B claim in the Southern District of New York against
4 Development’s alleged alter ego, HNA, seeking to attach
5 approximately $1.3 million worth of HNA assets located in
6 New York. The district court vacated the Rule B attachment
7 order after Defendants-Appellees challenged the sufficiency
8 of Blue Whale’s alter-ego claim under Rule E(4)(f). The
9 district court evaluated the prima facie validity of Blue
10 Whale’s veil-piercing claim under English law, pursuant to
11 the choice-of-law provision in the charter party, and
12 determined that Blue Whale had insufficiently alleged that
13 HNA was an alter ego of Development. Because we find that
14 Blue Whale’s alter-ego claim was collateral to the
15 contractual dispute and that English law did not govern, we
16 apply federal maritime conflicts-of-law analysis to
17 determine the governing law. Accordingly, we VACATE the
18 district court’s order and REMAND with instructions to re-
19 evaluate the prima facie validity of Blue Whale’s claim
20 under federal common law.
21
22 VACATED AND REMANDED.
23
24
25
26 GEORGE M. CHALOS (Katherine N. Christodoulatos,
27 Briton P. Sparkman, on the brief), Chalos &
28 Co., P.C., Oyster Bay, NY, for Plaintiff-
29 Appellant.
30
31 THOMAS H. BELKNAP, JR. (W. Cameron Beard, Of
32 Counsel, on the brief), Blank Rome LLP, New
33 York, NY, for Defendants-Appellees.
34
35 MICHAEL J. FREVOLA (Christopher R. Nolan, Warren
36 E. Gluck, on the brief), Holland & Knight LLP,
37 New York, NY, for Amicus Curiae White Rosebay
38 Shipping S.A.
39
40
41
42
2
1 WESLEY, Circuit Judge:
2 This admiralty law dispute arises from a distinctly
3 international transaction: a Chinese company contracted to
4 transport goods from Brazil to China aboard a Liberian
5 vessel. The existence of so many foreign interests yields
6 an inherently federal choice-of-law question – one we
7 resolve via application of maritime conflicts-of-law
8 principles.
9
10 Background
11 Plaintiff-Appellant Blue Whale Corporation (“Blue
12 Whale”), a foreign company,1 entered into a charter party (a
13 maritime contract) with Defendant-Appellee Grand China
14 Shipping Development Company, Ltd. (“Development”), a
15 Chinese company, on May 25, 2011. The charter party
16 provided for transport of 250,000 metric tons of iron ore
17 from Brazil to China aboard a Blue Whale vessel registered
18 in the republic of Liberia. The contract purportedly
19 required Development to pay 98% of the total freight costs
1
Throughout this litigation, Blue Whale is identified only
as a “foreign corporation.” We note that Blue Whale lists a
business address in Monrovia, Liberia, on a freight invoice
issued to Defendant-Appellee Grand China Shipping Development
Company, Ltd., and that at least one of Blue Whale’s vessels is
registered in Liberia.
3
1 to Blue Whale within seven days of loading the iron ore;
2 allegedly, Development failed to make this payment. Blue
3 Whale therefore held the vessel and its contents until
4 Development satisfied the claimed debt, resulting in more
5 than $1 million in damages borne by Blue Whale. Blue Whale
6 commenced arbitration against Development in London pursuant
7 to the charter party’s clause specifying that “[a]ny
8 disputes arising under the Contract,” if not settled
9 amicably, “shall be referred to arbitration in London [with]
10 British law to apply.” The arbitration is ongoing.
11 On March 26, 2012, Blue Whale filed a complaint in the
12 United States District Court for the Southern District of
13 New York seeking to attach property belonging to
14 Development’s alleged alter ego, Defendant-Appellee HNA
15 Group Company, Ltd. (“HNA”), also a Chinese company, in
16 anticipation of a future arbitration award against
17 Development. Rule B of the Supplemental Rules for Certain
18 Admiralty and Maritime Claims (“Rule B”) allows plaintiffs
19 to seek an attachment of “defendant’s tangible or intangible
20 personal property – up to the amount sued for – in the hands
21 of garnishees named in the process,” “[i]f a defendant is
22 not found within the district” at the time the complaint is
4
1 filed. FED. R. CIV. P. SUPP. R. B(1)(a). Blue Whale alleged
2 that Development and HNA “are in fact a single business
3 enterprise” and that the district court should allow Blue
4 Whale to pierce the corporate veil to reach in-district HNA
5 assets of approximately $1.3 million.
6 On May 17, 2012, the district court (Nathan, J.) issued
7 an order authorizing attachment of HNA’s holdings in third-
8 party Pacific American Corporation – a privately-held direct
9 subsidiary of HNA based in New York – in an amount up to
10 approximately $1.3 million. HNA subsequently moved to
11 vacate the district court’s maritime attachment order under
12 Rule E(4)(f), which provides that a person claiming interest
13 in attached property “shall be entitled to a prompt hearing
14 at which the plaintiff shall be required to show why the
15 arrest or attachment should not be vacated.” FED. R. CIV. P.
16 SUPP. R. E(4)(f).
17 Under Rule B, attachment is only appropriate if, inter
18 alia, the plaintiff has a valid prima facie admiralty claim
19 against the defendant. Neither party disputed that Blue
20 Whale had alleged a claim sounding in admiralty and that the
21 court had maritime jurisdiction. However, the parties
22 disagreed over what substantive body of law controlled
5
1 whether Blue Whale had alleged a valid prima facie claim to
2 pierce the corporate veil. HNA argued that English law
3 governed pursuant to the charter party’s choice-of-law
4 provision and that Blue Whale had failed to allege
5 sufficient facts to support a prima facie alter-ego claim.
6 In response, Blue Whale argued that federal common law
7 controlled the inquiry because Rule B is procedural in
8 nature and, in addition, because “it is well-settled that
9 ‘federal courts sitting in admiralty must apply federal
10 common law when examining corporate identity.’”2 Memorandum
11 of Law in Opposition to Motion to Vacate Maritime Rule B
12 Attachment, at 8-9, Blue Whale Corp. v. Grand China Shipping
13 Dev. Co., Ltd., et al., No. 12 Civ. 02213 (AJN) (S.D.N.Y.
14 2012).
15 The district court separately analyzed the two elements
16 required for Blue Whale’s claim: (1) whether the claim
17 sounded in admiralty; and (2) whether the claim was prima
18 facie valid. First, the court held that whether Blue Whale
2
Apparently, neither party raised the issue of whether HNA
(a non-signatory to the charter party between Blue Whale and
Development) could be bound by the English choice-of-law clause.
As the district court noted, there are cases that speak to this
issue and find that courts may force non-signatories to adhere to
choice-of-law clauses. See, e.g., FR 8 Singapore Pte. Ltd. v.
Albacore Maritime Inc., 754 F. Supp. 2d 628, 636 (S.D.N.Y. 2010).
6
1 adequately pled an admiralty claim was a procedural question
2 governed by federal maritime law because it related to the
3 court’s subject matter jurisdiction (a point not disputed by
4 the parties). The court therefore exercised maritime
5 jurisdiction over the claim. Second, the district court
6 held that the substantive question of whether Blue Whale had
7 pled a valid prima facie alter-ego claim was controlled by
8 English law pursuant to the contractual choice-of-law
9 provision. Under English law, the court concluded that Blue
10 Whale had not alleged an adequate prima facie claim to
11 pierce the corporate veil, and therefore vacated the
12 attachment.3
3
The district court also made an alternative ruling
supporting vacatur. Under Rule B, attachment is impermissible if
a defendant can be “found” within the district. FED. R. CIV. P.
SUPP. R. B(1)(a); see also Aqua Stoli Shipping Ltd. v. Gardner
Smith Pty Ltd., 460 F.3d 434, 445 (2d Cir. 2006), overruled on
other grounds by Shipping Corp. of India Ltd. v. Jaldhi Overseas
Pte Ltd., 585 F.3d 58 (2d Cir. 2009). Because HNA had registered
to do business in New York State after the district court issued
the Rule B attachment order, the district court reasoned that HNA
could now be “found” in the district and that vacatur was
appropriate under Rule E. On this basis, the court also denied
Blue Whale’s request to stay its decision and grant Blue Whale an
opportunity to obtain limited discovery and to amend its
complaint.
Both Blue Whale and HNA recognize that the district court
erred by finding that HNA’s post-attachment registration to do
business in New York State undermined Blue Whale’s basis for a
Rule B attachment order. See ProShipLine, Inc. v. Aspen
Infrastructures, Ltd., 585 F.3d 105, 112 n.4 (2d Cir. 2009) (“The
time for determining whether a defendant is ‘found’ in the
district is set at the time of the filing of the verified
7
1 Supported by Amicus Curiae White Rosebay Shipping S.A.
2 (“White Rosebay”),4 Blue Whale appeals from the district
3 court’s January 11, 2013 order vacating the prior Rule B
4 maritime attachment order against HNA.
5
6 Discussion
7 “We review a district court’s decision to vacate a
8 maritime attachment for abuse of discretion; however, we
9 review de novo any legal determinations on which this
10 discretion rests.” Williamson v. Recovery Ltd. P’ship, 542
11 F.3d 43, 48 (2d Cir. 2008). This Court has interpreted Rule
12 B to permit a plaintiff to obtain an order of attachment if
13 it can show that
14
15 1) it has a valid prima facie admiralty
16 claim against the defendant; 2) the
17 defendant cannot be found within the
18 district; 3) the defendant’s property may
complaint that prays for attachment and the affidavit required by
Rule B(1)(b).”); see also Marimed Shipping Inc. v. Persian Gulf
Shipping Co. Inc., 567 F. Supp. 2d 524, 527 (S.D.N.Y. 2008). HNA
could not be “found” within the district for purposes of Rule B
attachment because the text of the rule itself establishes that a
defendant is “found within the district when a verified complaint
. . . [is] filed.” FED. R. CIV. P. SUPP. R. B(1)(a) (emphasis
added). Thus, the district court’s alternative basis for
vacating the attachment order fails as a matter of law.
4
White Rosebay’s interest in this appeal stems from its
separate commencement of two admiralty veil-piercing actions
against HNA (and other parties).
8
1 be found within the district; and 4)
2 there is no statutory or maritime law bar
3 to the attachment.
4
5 Aqua Stoli Shipping Ltd. v. Gardner Smith Pty Ltd., 460 F.3d
6 434, 445 (2d Cir. 2006), overruled on other grounds by
7 Shipping Corp. of India Ltd. v. Jaldhi Overseas Pte Ltd.,
8 585 F.3d 58 (2d Cir. 2009). If a plaintiff fails to make
9 this showing when challenged under Rule E, a district court
10 must vacate the prior order of attachment. Id.11 The principal issue on appeal is whether Blue Whale
12 satisfied its burden of pleading a valid prima facie
13 admiralty claim against HNA in satisfaction of the first
14 prong of Aqua Stoli. As the district court recognized, this
15 evaluation requires us to answer two questions: (1) whether
16 Blue Whale’s claim against HNA sounds in admiralty; and (2)
17 whether the claim is prima facie valid. Each of these
18 questions, in turn, necessitates determining the governing
19 body of law. For the reasons explained below, we conclude
20 that the district court properly applied federal maritime
21 law to the procedural question of whether Blue Whale’s claim
22 sounds in admiralty, and we agree that the claim does sound
23 in admiralty because it arose out of a maritime contract.
24
9
1 We also agree with the district court that the issue of
2 the claim’s prima facie validity is a substantive inquiry.
3 We conclude, however, that the district court’s application
4 of English law to this question was improper because the
5 charter party’s choice-of-law provision does not govern Blue
6 Whale’s collateral alter-ego claim against HNA. Instead, we
7 draw on maritime choice-of-law principles to hold that
8 although federal common law does not govern every claim of
9 this nature, federal common law does apply here, primarily
10 because of the collateral claim’s close ties to the United
11 States. We remand for reconsideration by the district court
12 of the prima facie validity of Blue Whale’s alter-ego claim
13 under federal common law.
14
15 I. The Rule B Inquiry Is Procedural in Part and Substantive
16 in Part
17
18 “There is a split of authority” in the Southern
19 District of New York on the issue of what law governs
20 “whether [a] plaintiff has pled a facially valid admiralty
21 claim . . . and the Second Circuit has not ruled on it.” Al
22 Fatah Int’l Nav. Co. Ltd. v. Shivsu Canadian Clear Waters
23 Tech.(P) Ltd., 649 F. Supp. 2d 295, 299 (S.D.N.Y. 2009).
24 Some district courts within this Circuit presume that
10
1 “federal law governs all questions concerning the validity
2 of a Rule B attachment.” Harley Mullion & Co. Ltd. v.
3 Caverton Marine Ltd., No. 08-cv-5435 (BSJ), 2008 WL 4905460,
4 at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 7, 2008) (assessing whether plaintiffs
5 pled a valid maritime claim).5 Other district courts reason
6 that despite Rule B’s “undoubted[]” status as a procedural
7 rule, “Rule B itself does not provide the basis for
8 determining the existence of a valid prima facie admiralty
9 claim,” and instead, “the existence of a valid prima facie
10 claim turns on substantive law.” Al Fatah, 649 F. Supp. 2d
11 at 300.6
5
See also Emeraldian Ltd. P’ship v. Wellmix Shipping Ltd.,
No. 08 Civ. 2991 (RJH), 2009 WL 3076094, at *2-3 (S.D.N.Y. Sep.
28, 2009) (applying federal common law without discussion of
English choice-of-law clause in charter party); Euro Trust
Trading S.A. v. Allgrains U.K. Co., No. 09 Civ. 4483 (GEL), 2009
WL 2223581, at *2-3 (S.D.N.Y. July 27, 2009) (agreeing that “the
better view is that federal law governs all questions concerning
the validity of a Rule B attachment,” but specifically deciding
that federal law governs whether plaintiff alleged a valid
maritime claim (internal quotation marks omitted)); Budisukma
Permai SDN BHD v. N.M.K. Prods. & Agencies Lanka (Private) Ltd.,
606 F. Supp. 2d 391, 395-96 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (discussing choice of
law in the context of deciding whether plaintiff had a valid
maritime claim).
6
See also Indagro S.A. v. Bauche S.A., 652 F. Supp. 2d 482,
489-90 & 490 n.9 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (outlining the dispute and
finding that law of the contract governs whether plaintiff pled a
valid prima facie claim and federal law governs whether that
claim sounds in admiralty); Kulberg Fins. Inc. v. Spark Trading
D.M.C.C., 628 F. Supp. 2d 510, 515, 518-19 (S.D.N.Y. 2009)
(endorsing “numerous courts[’]” view that “existence of a valid
prima facie admiralty claim turns on the . . . law of the
contract”); Precious Pearls, Ltd. v. Tiger Int’l Line Pte Ltd.,
11
1 A. Whether a Claim Sounds in Admiralty Is a Procedural
2 Question Governed by Federal Maritime Law
3
4 Despite the divide, what is clear is that federal law
5 controls the procedural inquiry, namely, whether a
6 plaintiff’s claim sounds in admiralty. See id. at 299 n.4;
7 Euro Trust Trading S.A. v. Allgrains U.K. Co., No. 09 Civ.
8 4483 (GEL), 2009 WL 2223581, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. July 27, 2009).
9 This question is inherently procedural by virtue of its
10 relationship to the courts’ subject matter jurisdiction and,
11 thus, is controlled by federal maritime law. Here, the
12 parties do not dispute that Blue Whale’s claim sounds in
13 admiralty because it arises out of a maritime contract.
14 The more difficult question is whether federal law also
15 controls a court’s assessment of the validity of a
16 plaintiff’s prima facie claim.
17 B. Whether a Claim Is Prima Facie Valid Is a
18 Substantive Question Governed by the Relevant
19 Substantive Law
20
21 If the prima facie validity component of the inquiry is
No. 07 Civ. 8325 (JGK), 2008 WL 3172998, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. July 31,
2008) (without discussion, applying English law pursuant to
contract clause to assess whether contingent indemnity claim was
ripe); Sonito Shipping Co., Ltd. v. Sun United Maritime Ltd., 478
F. Supp. 2d 532, 536 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) (“The existence vel non of a
valid maritime claim for purposes of a Rule B writ of attachment
turns upon the applicable substantive law, in this case the law
of contract.”).
12
1 procedural in nature, federal law will control; if it is
2 substantive, the relevant substantive body of law will
3 control. The district courts in the Southern District of
4 New York have laid out the competing arguments for us. In
5 Harley Mullion & Co. Ltd. v. Caverton Marine Ltd., the court
6 explained its reasoning for finding that “the better view is
7 that federal law governs all questions concerning the
8 validity of a Rule B attachment” as follows:
9 If, in order to comply with the
10 requirements set forth in Aqua Stoli, a
11 claim must be valid under the substantive
12 law that will govern the underlying
13 action, parties initiating or responding
14 to a Rule 4(E) [sic] challenge would be
15 routinely required to litigate issues of
16 foreign law and courts would have to
17 probe into the merits of the underlying
18 claim. This sort of detailed examination
19 is inappropriate at a Rule 4(E) [sic]
20 hearing as it would undermine the prima
21 facie standard and is at odds with the
22 limited inquiry contemplated by Aqua
23 Stoli.
24
25 No. 08-cv-5435 (BSJ), 2008 WL 4905460, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Aug.
26 7, 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). By contrast,
27 in Al Fatah, the district court rejected this
28 position because
29
30 Rule B itself does not provide the basis
31 for determining the existence of a valid
32 prima facie admiralty claim. . . . [T]he
33 existence of a valid prima facie claim
34 turns on substantive law. Where the
13
1 substantive law underlying the claim is
2 foreign, it would make no sense to
3 determine the claim’s prima facie
4 validity under U.S. law.
5
6 649 F. Supp. 2d at 300. Then-District Judge Chin further
7 explained that his “conclusion [was] not inconsistent with
8 Aqua Stoli[]” because even if an inquiry conducted under
9 foreign law might be “more difficult” than the same
10 assessment under United States law, “it need not necessarily
11 be any more rigorous.” Id.12 We agree with Judge Chin’s reasoning. Admiralty law
13 provides the remedy; substantive law defines the right to
14 the remedy. Assessing the prima facie validity of a claim
15 is a substantive inquiry that should be governed by the
16 relevant substantive law. By contrast, whether a claim
17 sounds in admiralty is a procedural question, the answer to
18 which supplies the source of a court’s subject matter
19 jurisdiction.
20 As the district court here recognized, the decisions
21 incorporating the reasoning in Harley Mullion typically do
22 so in the context of resolving a dispute over whether a
23 plaintiff has sufficiently alleged an admiralty claim – not
24 whether a plaintiff has pled a valid prima facie claim. See
25 Indagro S.A. v. Bauche S.A., 652 F. Supp. 2d 482, 490
14
1 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (“Where the question is not whether the
2 claim is maritime in nature, but rather whether the
3 plaintiff has pled a ‘valid’ claim at all, courts in this
4 District have considered whether the plaintiff alleged a
5 prima facie claim under the substantive law governing the
6 parties’ dispute.”). As a result, in these cases,
7 statements to the effect that all Rule B queries are
8 procedural in nature and are governed by federal law
9 effectively constitute dicta – no one disagrees that federal
10 law controls the determination of whether a claim sounds in
11 admiralty.
12 We hold that federal maritime law governs whether a
13 claim sounds in admiralty and that the relevant substantive
14 law governs whether a plaintiff has alleged a valid prima
15 facie claim. We use substantive law to assess the prima
16 facie validity of a plaintiff’s claim because substantive
17 law supplies the relevant measure for deciding whether or
18 not the claim is legally sufficient. Of course, this means
19 that courts must apply the correct substantive law – i.e.,
20 the law which defines the rights and responsibilities of the
21 parties to the dispute. This introduces the more difficult
22 question in this case: what substantive law controls the
23 validity of Blue Whale’s alter-ego claim?
15
1 II. Federal Maritime Choice-of-Law Analysis Determines the
2 Relevant Substantive Law
3 There are three approaches for evaluating what law
4 governs Blue Whale’s alter-ego claim in this case: invoking
5 the charter party’s choice-of-law provision, which specifies
6 English law; automatically applying federal common law
7 because the court is “examining corporate identity”; or
8 engaging in a federal maritime choice-of-law analysis.
9 Because we find that the charter party’s choice-of-law
10 clause does not govern this collateral alter-ego claim, we
11 hold that federal maritime choice-of-law principles dictate
12 the proper controlling substantive law. In this case, a
13 maritime choice-of-law analysis yields federal common law as
14 the relevant governing law by virtue of the claim’s
15 connection to the United States.
16 A. The Contractual Choice-of-Law Clause Does Not
17 Control Because the Alter-Ego Claim Is Collateral
18
19 First, we reject HNA’s contention, and the district
20 court’s conclusion, that the charter party’s choice-of-law
21 clause requires applying English substantive law to govern
22 this dispute. Kalb, Voorhis & Co. v. American Financial
23 Corp., 8 F.3d 130, 132 (2d Cir. 1993), teaches us that
24 choice-of-law clauses in underlying contracts are
16
1 “irrelevant” to assessing alter-ego claims. In that case,
2 Kalb, the plaintiff, held debentures (collateral-free debts
3 or notes) issued by third-party corporation Circle K. Id.4 at 131. After Circle K filed for bankruptcy under Chapter
5 11, Kalb sued as a creditor of Circle K to pierce the
6 corporate veil and impose liability for the debentures on
7 the defendant, a former controlling stockholder of Circle K.
8 Id. Shortly thereafter, Circle K asserted its own rights to
9 pierce the veil against the defendant; the question in the
10 case was “whether a claim alleging that the debtor or
11 bankrupt is the alter ego of its controlling stockholder”
12 belonged to Circle K or Kalb. Id. at 132.
13 In considering the choice of law in this diversity
14 case, we determined that it was appropriate to apply the
15 choice-of-law principles of the forum state (New York)
16 rather than relying on the choice-of-law clause in the
17 debentures. Id. We noted that “[t]he choice of law
18 provisions in the debentures [were] irrelevant [because t]he
19 issue is the limited liability of shareholders of a
20 corporation – not Circle K’s obligations under the
21 debentures.” Id.22 Similarly, here the issue is HNA’s legal status as an
23 alter ego of Development, not the obligations under or
17
1 subsequent alleged violations of the charter party between
2 Development and Blue Whale. Blue Whale’s claim against HNA
3 sounds in admiralty because it arose from this maritime
4 contract – however, the substance of the attachment claim
5 concerns whether HNA is an alter ego of Development. This
6 corporate identity inquiry is indeed distant from the
7 dispute over the charter party’s provisions regarding the
8 transport of iron ore. For this reason, we find that “the
9 issue of piercing the corporate veil is collateral to the
10 contract, and thus this Court is not bound by the choice of
11 law provision.” United Trade Assocs. Ltd. v. Dickens &
12 Matson (USA) Ltd., Inc., 848 F. Supp. 751, 759 (E.D. Mich.
13 1994); see also Wehlage v. EmpRes Healthcare Inc., 821 F.
14 Supp. 2d 1122, 1127-28 (N.D. Cal. 2011); JSC Foreign
15 Economic Ass’n Technostroyexport v. Int'l Dev. and Trade
16 Servs., Inc., 295 F. Supp. 2d 366, 385-86 (S.D.N.Y. 2003)
17 (determining that action to enforce judgment was “in no way
18 connected to or related to the performance of the shipment
19 contracts” and that arbitration clause did not govern).7
7
There are a number of cases that indicate that had Blue
Whale prevailed at the London arbitration proceeding in advance
of bringing an action for attachment or enforcement in the United
States, federal common law and not English law would govern the
court’s evaluation of HNA’s alleged alter-ego status. See, e.g.,
Bridas S.A.P.I.C. v. Gov. of Turkmenistan, 345 F.3d 347, 353,
18
1 B. Federal Common Law Does Not Apply Automatically for
2 “Examining Corporate Identity”
3
4 Second, we reject the proposition advanced by Blue
5 Whale and White Rosebay that federal common law
6 automatically governs the alter-ego claim. Blue Whale and
7 Amicus Curiae White Rosebay cite numerous cases for the
8 proposition that
9 courts in this Circuit have consistently
10 held . . . [that] ‘[f]ederal courts
11 sitting in admiralty must apply federal
12 common law when examining corporate
13 identity.’
14
15 Clipper Wonsild Tankers Holding A/S v. Biodiesel Ventures,
16 LLC, 851 F. Supp. 2d 504, 507-08 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (quoting In
17 re Holborn Oil Trading Ltd., 774 F. Supp. 840, 844 (S.D.N.Y.
18 1991)).8 However, many of these cases, as well as matters
358-60 (5th Cir. 2003) (remanding after applying federal common
law instead of contractually-specified English law to determine
whether Government of Turkmenistan was subject to arbitration,
and thus liable for arbitration award, as alleged alter ego of
contracting party) (cited favorably in Compagnie Noga
D’Importation et D’Exportation, S.A. v. Russian Federation, 361
F.3d 676, 686 (2d Cir. 2004)).
8
See also Constellation Energy Commodities Grp. Inc. v.
Transfield ER Cape Ltd., 801 F. Supp. 2d 211, 223 (S.D.N.Y. 2011)
(applying federal common law to evaluate plaintiff’s claim to
enforce arbitration award against alleged alter-ego defendants);
Emeraldian, 2009 WL 3076094, at *2-3 (applying federal common law
to assess validity of plaintiff’s prima facie alter-ego maritime
claim without discussing applicability of English choice-of-law
provision); Arctic Ocean Int’l Ltd. v. High Seas Shipping Ltd.,
622 F. Supp. 2d 46, 53 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (same).
19
1 cited more broadly in support,9 are focused principally on
2 the scope of courts’ admiralty jurisdiction, rather than on
3 the source of substantive law. Admiralty jurisdiction and
4 federal maritime law need not go hand–in-hand, see, e.g.,
5 Lauritzen v. Larsen, 345 U.S. 571 (1953), even in the
6 context of examining corporate identity.
7 It appears that this Court’s decision in Kirno Hill
8 Corp. v. Holt, 618 F.2d 982 (2d Cir. 1980) (per curiam), is
9 at the root of the principle that federal common law governs
10 the analysis of corporate identity. Kirno Hill did not
11 involve Rule B, a contract specifying choice of law,
12 international parties or contracts, or, in fact, any quarrel
13 over choice of law. Instead, the case centered around a
14 dispute over personal liability for obligations under a
15 charter party. Id. at 984. We applied federal maritime
16 law, “which is the law we apply in an admiralty case,” to
9
See Swift & Co. Packers v. Compania Colombiana Del Caribe,
S.A., 339 U.S. 684 (1950); Williamson, 542 F.3d at 49-50; see
also Williamson v. Recovery Ltd. P’ship, No. 06 Civ. 5724
(LTS)(FM), 2007 WL 102089, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 16, 2007) (“The
choice of law clauses, whatever their significance in the
ultimate determination of the merits of the dispute, do not
divest the federal court of subject matter jurisdiction.”); see
also Budisukma, 606 F. Supp. 2d 391 (adopting Harley Mullion
analysis to decide primary issue of whether plaintiff’s claim was
maritime in nature and not specifying whether reasoning for
applying federal common law, instead of English law, to assess
validity of alter-ego claims was on a similar basis).
20
1 determine whether an undisclosed principal was bound by
2 contracts made by an agent acting within his authority. Id.3 at 985.
4 Subsequent cases citing Kirno Hill for the proposition
5 that federal common law dictates whether or not a maritime
6 plaintiff has sufficiently pled a claim to pierce the
7 corporate veil tend to proceed along one of two lines.
8 First, there are cases like Clipper Wonsild Tankers Holding
9 A/S v. Biodiesel Ventures, LLC, 851 F. Supp. 2d 50410 (S.D.N.Y. 2012), opining that courts must choose between
11 state law and federal common law. In Clipper, alleged
12 alter-ego defendants argued that plaintiffs’ Rule B claims
13 should be governed by Texas law because of the parties’
14 diversity and defendants’ status as Texas corporations. Id.15 at 506-07. The district court disagreed because plaintiffs
16 had expressly (and properly) invoked the court’s admiralty
17 jurisdiction since a charter party lay at the center of the
18 dispute. Id. at 507-08. This result strikes us as correct.
19 When the choice is between state law and federal common law,
20 the federal interest in maintaining uniformity in the
21 quintessentially federal realm of admiralty supersedes any
22 competing interest in applying state law. See generally Am.
23 Dredging Co. v. Miller, 510 U.S. 443 (1994).
21
1 Second, there are Rule B attachment cases in which
2 district courts must grapple with foreign parties’ disputes
3 that arose (or sometimes sank) in foreign waters. In Arctic
4 Ocean International, Ltd. v. High Seas Shipping Ltd., 622 F.
5 Supp. 2d 46 (S.D.N.Y. 2009), for example, a Russian
6 plaintiff-company secured a Rule B attachment order in the
7 Southern District of New York against a Marshall Islands
8 defendant-company and an alleged alter-ego Canadian
9 defendant-company. Id. at 47-48. In evaluating the alleged
10 alter ego’s attack on the attachment order,10 the district
11 court assessed the prima facie validity of plaintiff’s
12 alter-ego claim under federal common law. Id. at 53-56.
13 The district court applied federal common law instead of
14 Russian law, Marshall Islands law, Canadian law or English
15 law (which was specified by the charter party’s arbitration
16 choice-of-law provision, id. at 48) because “federal courts
17 sitting in admiralty have tended to apply federal maritime
18 common law,” id. at 53 (citing In re Holborn, 774 F. Supp.
19 at 844).
10
The alleged alter-ego defendant moved to dismiss the
complaint under Rules 12(b)(2) and 12(b)(6) rather than
challenging the attachment under Rule E(4)(f) because no property
had actually been attached in the approximately eleven months
that the Rule B order had been in force. Arctic Ocean, 622 F.
Supp. 2d at 50. However, as the district court recognized,
defendant’s arguments “would have similar force at a Rule E(4)(f)
hearing.” Id.22
1 Although the district court may well have reached the
2 correct result in Arctic Ocean, we do not believe that Kirno
3 Hill (or its progeny) compels courts “examining corporate
4 identity” to apply federal common law. That said, we
5 recognize that district courts frequently have found value
6 in using federal common law to evaluate the validity of
7 collateral claims in Rule B attachment proceedings. Our aim
8 today is to clarify that the decision of which body of law
9 to apply should be the product of a maritime choice-of-law
10 analysis.
11 C. Maritime Choice-of-Law Analysis Shows that Federal
12 Common Law Controls Because United States Law Has the
13 Strongest Connection to the Relevant Transaction
14
15 The Supreme Court first announced the maritime
16 conflicts-of-law test in Lauritzen v. Larsen, 345 U.S. 57117 (1953). “The rule of Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Electric Mfg.
18 Co.[], under which a federal court exercising its diversity
19 jurisdiction looks to the choice-of-law doctrine of the
20 forum state, does not govern suits invoking the court’s
21 admiralty jurisdiction.” Itel Containers Int’l Corp. v.
22 Atlanttrafik Exp. Serv. Ltd., No. 86 Civ. 1313 (RLC), 1988
23 WL 75262, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. July 13, 1988). Thus, when
24 parties properly invoke admiralty jurisdiction, courts apply
25 federal maritime choice-of-law rules. Id.23
1 In Lauritzen, a Danish seaman brought suit in the
2 Southern District of New York under the Jones Act, 46 U.S.C.
3 § 688, alleging that he was negligently injured aboard a
4 ship of Danish flag and registry while in Havana harbor.
5 345 U.S. at 573. The ship was owned by a Danish citizen,
6 and the injured seaman had signed the ship’s articles
7 providing that disputes would be governed by Danish law.
8 Id. Nevertheless, he sought to invoke United States law.
9 Id.10 Recognizing that “[m]aritime law . . . has attempted to
11 avoid or resolve conflicts between competing laws by
12 ascertaining and valuing points of contact between the
13 transaction and the states or governments whose competing
14 laws are involved,” id. at 582, the Supreme Court laid out a
15 multi-factor choice-of-law test,11 “[t]he purpose of [which]
11
Supplemented by subsequent case law, the non-exhaustive
list of factors includes: “(1) the place of the wrongful act;
(2) the law of the ship’s flag; (3) the domicile of the injured
party; (4) the domicile of the shipowner; (5) the place of the
contract; (6) the inaccessibility of the foreign forum; (7) the
law of the forum; and (8) the shipowner’s base of operations.”
Carbotrade S.p.A. v. Bureau Veritas, 99 F.3d 86, 90 (2d Cir.
1996) (citing Hellenic Lines Ltd. v. Rhoditis, 398 U.S. 306, 309
(1970); Romero v. Int’l Terminal Operating Co., 358 U.S. 354, 382
(1959); Lauritzen, 345 U.S. at 583-92). Though the Lauritzen
factors speak more directly to tort claims, a modified framework
may be invoked in contract actions. See Rainbow Line, Inc. v.
M/V Tequila, 480 F.2d 1024, 1026-27 (2d Cir. 1973); see also Itel
Containers, 1988 WL 75262, at *2.
24
1 is to assure that a case will be treated n [sic] the same
2 way under the appropriate law regardless of the fortuitous
3 circumstances which often determine the forum,” id. at 591.
4 In Lauritzen, the balance of factors clearly pointed to
5 application of Danish law: the injured seaman had minimal
6 contacts with the United States beyond the intangible – his
7 desire to invoke this nation’s more favorable maritime tort
8 law. Id. at 592.
9 Here, by contrast, Blue Whale initiated this proceeding
10 in the United States, and specifically in the Southern
11 District of New York, because that is where HNA owns
12 property. Blue Whale did not invoke the Southern District
13 of New York’s admiralty jurisdiction by serendipity – the
14 presence of HNA’s property enabled this action and, along
15 with it, the application of federal maritime law.
16 Furthermore, the basic tenet upon which Lauritzen is
17 premised will be satisfied here by using federal common law
18 because its application reflects an implicit “resol[ution
19 of] conflicts between competing laws by ascertaining and
20 valuing points of contact between the transaction and the
21 states or governments whose competing laws are involved.”
22 Id. at 582.
23
25
1 As is often the case in admiralty, we deal here with
2 multi-national foreign parties locked in dispute as the
3 result of an alleged breach of an international shipping
4 contract. Indeed, part of the reason we authorize maritime
5 attachment is the “peripatetic” nature of maritime parties,
6 the “transitory” status of their assets, Aqua Stoli, 460
7 F.3d at 443, and the need for parties to obtain security
8 “[i]n a world of shifting assets, numerous
9 thinly-capitalized subsidiaries, flags of convenience and
10 flows of currencies,” Navalmar (U.K.) Ltd. v. Welspun
11 Gujarat Stahl Rohren, Ltd., 485 F. Supp. 2d 399, 404
12 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) (citing Aurora Maritime v. Abdullah Mohamed
13 Fahem & Co., 84 F.3d 44 (2d Cir. 1996)).
14 This particular case arose from a charter party between
15 a Chinese company, Development, and another foreign company,
16 Blue Whale, to ship iron ore from Brazil to China on a
17 Liberian vessel. This narrative yields several potential
18 sources of law; none have a particularly strong connection
19 to the transaction. The facts here contrast strongly with
20 the facts in Lauritzen, where all parties, the ship, and the
21 contract itself exhibited strong ties to Denmark. 345 U.S.
22 at 573.
23
26
1 Importantly, however, the relevant “transaction” in
2 this case is not Development’s alleged failure to comply
3 with the charter party – it is Blue Whale’s claim to pierce
4 the corporate veil. The district court in this Rule B
5 action is charged only with determining whether Blue Whale
6 stated a prima facie valid alter-ego claim against HNA in
7 furtherance of its motion to attach HNA’s property in New
8 York. Accordingly, United States law has the strongest
9 “points of contact” with this claim by virtue of the
10 location of HNA’s property, Blue Whale’s corresponding
11 choice of forum and the unavailability of an alternative
12 forum, and the absence of a dominant foreign choice of law.
13 On a final note, we recognize the value of simplifying
14 the judicial process required for Rule B attachments and
15 Rule E motions to vacate when feasible. See generally Aqua
16 Stoli, 460 F.3d at 443-44. As we have articulated, this
17 does not excise the judicial obligation to apply the
18 governing substantive law to assess the prima facie validity
19 of a Rule B admiralty claim when challenged in a Rule E
20 proceeding. But here, for the reasons discussed, we
21 identify federal common law as the proper substantive body
22 of law to govern Blue Whale’s alter-ego claim against HNA.
23 This follows from the ideas underpinning the Lauritzen
27
1 choice-of-law analysis and from our aim of ensuring
2 uniformity in admiralty law whenever possible. Accordingly,
3 we vacate the district court’s order and remand for
4 reconsideration of the prima facie validity of Blue Whale’s
5 Rule B alter-ego claim under federal common law. See
6 Williamson, 542 F.3d at 53; Clipper, 851 F. Supp. 2d at 509-
7 10.
8 Conclusion
9 For the foregoing reasons, the order of the district
10 court is hereby VACATED and REMANDED.
28