United States v. Fernandez, Reyes & Darge

14-4158-cr(L), 15-487-cr(Con), 15-643-cr(Con)
United States v. Fernandez, Reyes & Darge
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED
BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE
NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY
OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held
at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New
York, on the 2nd day of May, two thousand sixteen.
PRESENT: ROBERT D. SACK,
REENA RAGGI,
CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY,
Circuit Judges.
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v. Nos. 14-4158-cr(L)
15-487-cr(Con)
15-643-cr(Con)
JOE FERNANDEZ, ALBERTO REYES, AKA Zac,
PATRICK H. DARGE,
Defendants-Appellants,
MANUEL ALADINO SUERO, JOSE GERMAN
RODRIGUEZ-MORA, LUIS RIVERA,
Defendants.
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APPEARING FOR APPELLANTS: ROBERT WILLIAM RAY, Fox Rothschild
LLP, New York, New York, for Joe
Fernandez.
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B. ALAN SEIDLER, ESQ., New York, New
York, for Alberto Reyes.
MATTHEW J. GALLUZZO, Galluzzo &
Johnson LLP, New York, New York, for
Patrick Darge.
APPEARING FOR APPELLEE: JOHN CRONAN, Assistant United States
Attorney (Russell Capone, Margaret Garnett,
Assistant United States Attorneys, on the
brief), for Preet Bharara, United States
Attorney for the Southern District of New
York, New York, New York.
Appeal from judgments of the United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York (Alvin K. Hellerstein, Judge).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,
AND DECREED that the judgments entered on October 22, 2014 (as to Joe Fernandez),
February 13, 2015 (as to Alberto Reyes), and March 3, 2015 (as to Patrick Darge), are
AFFIRMED.
Defendants Joe Fernandez, Alberto Reyes, and Patrick Darge appeal from
convictions arising from their roles in the murders of Arturo Cuellar and Ildefonso
Vivero Flores. Fernandez—who stands convicted after a jury trial of conspiracy to
commit murder-for-hire, see 18 U.S.C. § 1958, and using a firearm to commit murder in
the course of that conspiracy, see id. § 924(j)(1)–(2)—argues on appeal that (1) the
evidence was insufficient to support his conspiracy conviction, and (2) the district court
erred in denying him a new trial based on (a) the government’s alleged Brady violation
and (b) newly discovered evidence. Reyes—who pleaded guilty to two counts of
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murder in the course of a narcotics offense, see 21 U.S.C. § 848(e)(1)(A), and substantive
and conspiratorial murder-for-hire, see 18 U.S.C. § 1958(a)—contends that his
below-Guidelines sentence of 25 years’ imprisonment is unreasonable. Darge—who
pleaded guilty to using a firearm to commit murder in the course of a drug trafficking
conspiracy, see 18 U.S.C. § 924(j)(1)–(2), two counts of murder while engaging in a
narcotics offense, see 21 U.S.C. § 848(e)(1)(A), and conspiracy to commit
murder-for-hire, see 18 U.S.C. § 1958—similarly contends that his below-Guidelines
sentence of 30 years’ imprisonment is unreasonable. We assume the parties’ familiarity
with the facts and the record of prior proceedings, which we reference only as necessary
to explain our decision to affirm.
1. Fernandez
a. Sufficiency Challenge
We review a sufficiency challenge de novo and must affirm the conviction if,
“viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of
fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (emphasis in original); accord United
States v. Binday, 804 F.3d 558, 572 (2d Cir. 2015). In conducting such review, we are
mindful that a conviction can be sustained on the basis of testimony from a single
accomplice, so long as the testimony is not incredible on its face and is capable of
establishing guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v. Diaz, 176 F.3d 52,
92 (2d Cir. 1999).
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Here, Fernandez’s confederate, Patrick Darge, testified that in February 2000,
Alberto Reyes, Jose Rodriguez-Mora, and Manuel Suero—all members of Jeffrey
Minaya’s drug organization—solicited Darge to murder Minaya’s drug suppliers, Cuellar
and Flores, in exchange for $180,000. After Darge agreed, he recruited his cousin
Fernandez to “watch [Darge’s] back” while he was committing the murders, and Luis
Rivera to serve as the getaway driver. Trial Tr. 270. Darge testified that Fernandez
agreed to participate after Darge told Fernandez that he had been “hired to murder two
guys,” that he needed Fernandez to back him up, that Fernandez would have to bring his
own gun, and that he would pay Fernandez $40,000. Id. at 276–77. Darge further
testified that he and Fernandez executed the planned murders in the lobby of an
apartment building on February 22, 2000, but that, after shooting the first victim in the
head, Darge’s gun jammed, at which point he ran out of the building while he heard other
shots being fired. Fernandez returned to the getaway car several minutes later and,
according to Darge, explained that he “had to make sure they were both dead.” Id. at
332. Cuellar and Flores were subsequently found shot dead in the lobby. Later that
same day, Reyes paid Darge the agreed-upon $180,000, $40,000 of which Darge in turn
paid to Fernandez. The jury reasonably could have concluded from this testimony that
Fernandez knowingly joined and participated in the charged conspiracy, and had the
specific intent to commit murder-for-hire. See United States v. Valle, 807 F.3d 508,
515–16 (2d Cir. 2015) (explaining that to sustain conspiracy conviction, government
must prove knowing joinder and participation in scheme, and specific intent to commit
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underlying offense); United States v. Hardwick, 523 F.3d 94, 99–100 (2d Cir. 2008)
(stating that § 1958 requires agreement to commit murder in exchange for another party’s
actual or promised payment, and defendant’s intent for murder to be committed).
Fernandez argues that Darge’s testimony was insufficient to sustain his conspiracy
conviction because it was uncorroborated. This argument fails because any lack of
corroboration “goes merely to the weight of the evidence, not to its sufficiency.” United
States v. Parker, 903 F.2d 91, 97 (2d Cir. 1990) (explaining that “weight of the evidence
is a matter for argument to the jury, not a ground for reversal”). In any event, the record
did corroborate Darge’s testimony in several material respects: (1) both Reyes and
Minaya testified that, in planning the murders, they understood that Darge and one of his
cousins were going to kill Cuellar and Flores; (2) Reyes testified that, upon entering the
apartment building lobby with Cuellar and Flores, he saw Darge and another man whom
he did not recognize; (3) Darge’s brother testified that, in 2011, Fernandez told him that
he (Fernandez) participated in the murders with Darge, and discussed leaving the country
to evade arrest for those crimes; and (4) Fernandez’s prison cellmate, Yubel
Mendez-Mendez, testified that Fernandez told Mendez that he (Fernandez) was
incarcerated “due to the fact that he had participated with Patrick,” i.e., Darge, Trial Tr.
706. Insofar as Fernandez’s sufficiency challenge is based on Darge’s alleged lack of
credibility, his testimony was not incredible on its face and, therefore, we must defer to
the jury’s assessment of his credibility. See United States v. Parker, 903 F.2d at 97.
Accordingly, Fernandez’s sufficiency challenge fails.
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b. Motion for a New Trial
Fernandez argues that the district court erred in denying his Fed. R. Crim. P. 33
motion for a new trial based on (1) the government’s failure to make disclosures required
by Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963);1 and (2) newly discovered evidence. We
review the district court’s denial of such motions for abuse of discretion, see United
States v. Brunshtein, 344 F.3d 91, 101 (2d Cir. 2003), which we do not identify here.
i. Alleged Brady Violation
To establish a Brady violation, a defendant must show that (1) the evidence at
issue is favorable to him because it is either exculpatory or impeaching, (2) the
government suppressed that evidence, and (3) he was thereby prejudiced. See Strickler
v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281–82 (1999); accord United States v. Madori, 419 F.3d 159,
169 (2d Cir. 2005).
Here, Fernandez contends that the government violated Brady by failing to
disclose notes of a proffer session in which Rivera denied involvement in the February
22, 2000 murders. Fernandez argues that he could have used this evidence to impeach
Darge’s testimony that Rivera was the getaway driver. We are not persuaded.
Review of the notes confirms the district court’s observation that they do not
reflect Rivera’s unequivocal denial of a getaway driver role. Moreover, and in any
event, Fernandez fails to show how the notes could have been “useful for impeachment,”
in the sense of “having the potential to alter the jury’s assessment of the credibility of a
1
The district court also denied Fernandez’s subsequent motion for reconsideration of its
conclusion that the alleged Brady violation did not warrant a new trial.
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significant prosecution witness.” United States v. Avellino, 136 F.3d 249, 255 (2d Cir.
1998). Rivera was not called as a prosecution witness, and Fernandez does not contend
that he would have called him as a defense witness if he had been aware of the proffer
notes, much less that Rivera would have been willing to testify. See United States v.
Fernandez, No. 10 Cr. 863(AKH), 2014 WL 7180225, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 25, 2014)
(observing that Rivera’s Fifth Amendment rights “presumably . . . made him unavailable
to be a witness for either party”); cf. Leka v. Portuondo, 257 F.3d 89, 106–07 (2d Cir.
2001) (concluding that failure to disclose nontestifying eyewitness’s account of crime at
odds with those of testifying witnesses violated Brady where “testimony at trial would
have had seismic impact, both because of what he would have said and because his
testimony would have furnished the defense with promising lines of inquiry for”
cross-examination of other witnesses). United States v. Jackson, 345 F.3d 59 (2d Cir.
2003), on which Fernandez relies, is inapposite. There, this court made clear that
“Brady and its progeny may require disclosure of exculpatory and/or impeachment
materials whether those materials concern a testifying witness or a hearsay declarant.”
Id. at 71 (emphasis added); see also United States v. Orena, 145 F.3d 551, 553 (2d Cir.
1998) (considering Brady claim that undisclosed material could have been used to
impeach out-of-court co-conspirator statements admitted under Fed. R. Evid.
801(d)(2)(E)). Fernandez does not contend that the proffer notes could have been used
to impeach any of Rivera’s out-of-court statements admitted at trial.
Nor are we persuaded that the proffer notes could have usefully impeached
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Darge’s testimony. Rivera’s inability to remember, in 2012, whether he participated in
the February 2000 murders was not necessarily probative of Darge’s credibility in
testifying that Rivera was the getaway driver. Fernandez nevertheless submits that he
could have asked Darge if he (Darge) “had heard or was aware that Rivera denied being
the driver of the getaway car,” Appellant Br. 28–29, but, even if Rivera’s proffer
statements could be so construed, he provides no basis to think that Darge had knowledge
of those statements, necessarily precluding Fernandez from satisfying the prejudice prong
of a Brady claim.
In these circumstances, we cannot conclude that the district court abused its
discretion in denying Fernandez’s Brady-based Rule 33 motion.
ii. Newly Discovered Evidence
Fernandez also argues that newly discovered evidence in the form of his own
October 13, 2011 Verizon Wireless telephone records warranted a new trial. 2 He
submits that these records cast doubt on trial evidence indicating that, at an October 13,
2011 meeting set up by Christian Guzman at Fernandez’s request, Fernandez told
Darge’s brother that he (Fernandez) committed the February 22, 2000 murders with
Darge, and discussed leaving the country to evade arrest for those crimes. We do not
2
In moving for this relief, Fernandez also requested a subpoena for all of his Verizon
Wireless records and all of Christian Guzman’s AT&T phone records, which the district
court denied. Fernandez subsequently obtained a log of Guzman’s AT&T text messages
from October 13, 2011, and, again, moved for an order requiring release of the content of
text messages from that day. Because that motion was filed during the pendency of this
appeal, the district court appears to have deferred consideration of it. See Fed. R. Crim.
P. 37(a)(1).
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here decide what, if any, doubt the Verizon records cast on the prosecution evidence
because we conclude, in any event, that the records cannot be deemed newly discovered
evidence for purposes of a Rule 33 motion as, with “reasonable diligence,” they “could
have been discovered before or during the trial.” United States v. Parse, 789 F.3d 83,
109 (2d Cir. 2015). The Verizon records that purportedly contradict AT&T records
admitted at trial are Fernandez’s own cellphone records from October 2011 and, thus,
were presumably available to him in the exercise of reasonable diligence at his 2013 trial.
As for the AT&T text message log, if Fernandez sent Guzman a text message on October
13, 2011, rather than calling him, that was known to Fernandez well before trial
commenced, providing him ample opportunity to obtain these records beforehand. See
United States v. Capece, 287 F.2d 537, 538 (2d Cir. 1961) (rejecting new trial motion
based on purportedly impeaching Western Union records that did not show transfers
testified to by cooperating witness because “[i]f [defendant] did not receive the money
order, she knew this at the time of trial” and, therefore, had “ample time to obtain”
Western Union records during trial).
Thus, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Fernandez a new
trial based on newly discovered evidence.
2. Reyes’s and Darge’s Sentencing Challenges
We review Reyes’s and Darge’s sentences for “reasonableness,” which is “a
particularly deferential form of abuse-of-discretion review.” United States v. Cavera,
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550 F.3d 180, 187–88 & n.5 (2d Cir. 2008) (en banc); accord United States v.
Broxmeyer, 699 F.3d 265, 278 (2d Cir. 2012).
a. Reyes
Reyes argues that his 25-year prison sentence is disproportionate to the sentences
imposed on other participants in the same murder-for-hire conspiracy. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a)(6). As an initial matter, although a district court may consider case-specific
disparities, see United States v. Wills, 476 F.3d 103, 110 (2d Cir. 2007), § 3553(a)(6)
does not require such consideration, see United States v. Frias, 521 F.3d 229, 236 (2d Cir.
2008); accord United States v. Ghailani, 733 F.3d 29, 55 (2d Cir. 2013). Where, as
here, a district court does consider disparities among confederates, “the weight to be given
such disparities, like the weight to be given any § 3553(a) factor, is a matter firmly
committed to the discretion of the sentencing judge and is beyond our appellate review, as
long as the sentence ultimately imposed is reasonable in light of all the circumstances
presented.” United States v. Florez, 447 F.3d 145, 158 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation
marks and brackets omitted); accord United States v. Messina, 806 F.3d 55, 66–67 (2d Cir.
2015).
In sentencing Reyes, the district court acknowledged that Minaya, the leader of the
murder-for-hire conspiracy, was sentenced to 15 years’ imprisonment, but explained that it
would not use that sentence “as a precedent for everyone else” based on further
consideration of the facts of this case. Reyes App’x 79. We will not disturb this
determination regarding the appropriate weight to give to the disparity between Minaya’s
10
and Reyes’s sentences because we cannot conclude that Reyes’s 25-year term of
imprisonment sentence falls outside “the range of permissible decisions.” United States
v. Cavera, 550 F.3d at 189; see United States v. Florez, 447 F.3d at 158. The sentence
reflected (1) a significant downward departure, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e), from the
statutory minimum term of life imprisonment that Reyes faced for his § 1958 convictions,
see United States v. Perez–Frias, 636 F.3d 39, 43 (2d Cir. 2011) (observing that it is
“difficult to find that a below-Guidelines sentence is unreasonable”); and (2) the district
judge’s careful consideration of numerous factors particular to Reyes, including that he
led the two murder victims to the shooters.3 See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). In these
circumstances, we cannot conclude that Reyes’s 25-year sentence so shocks the
conscience as to be substantively unreasonable. See United States v. Rigas, 583 F.3d
108, 123 (2d Cir. 2009).
Accordingly, we identify no merit in Reyes’s sentencing challenge.
b. Darge
i. Procedural Reasonableness
Darge submits that his 30-year prison sentence is infected with procedural error
because the district court (1) erroneously referred to the Guidelines as mandatory, and
(2) failed to specify whether it was relying on 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e) or U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1 in
3
Insofar as Reyes faults the district court for subsequently sentencing Manuel Suero to
28 years’ imprisonment despite the fact that he did not cooperate with the government,
the record belies Reyes’s contention that Suero was just as culpable as Reyes. Although
Suero planned the murders with Reyes, it was Reyes who led the victims to the shooters
and, thus, bore equal or “almost equal” responsibility as the shooters for their deaths.
Reyes App’x 77.
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determining whether, and to what extent, to depart from the statutory minimum.
Because Darge did not raise these procedural objections in the district court, we review
them for plain error. See United States v. Verkhoglyad, 516 F.3d 122, 128 (2d Cir.
2008); see also United States v. Marcus, 560 U.S. 258, 262 (2010) (stating that plain error
requires showing of (1) error, (2) that is clear or obvious, (3) affecting substantial rights,
and (4) calling into question fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial
proceedings).
Darge’s first argument merits little discussion because, although the Guidelines
are advisory, see United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), Darge faced a statutory
mandatory minimum of life imprisonment under 18 U.S.C. § 1958. In any event, the
district court’s significant downward departure from this mandatory minimum, upon the
government’s § 3553(e) motion, makes clear that the court did not misapprehend its
sentencing authority.
Darge’s complaint about the district court’s failure to specify the basis for its
departure is equally meritless. Although the decision to depart from a statutory
mandatory minimum and the maximum extent of such a departure may, under § 3553(e),
be “based only on substantial assistance to the government,” a district court may consider
other factors in arriving at a final sentence. United States v. Richardson, 521 F.3d 149,
159 (2d Cir. 2008); accord United States v. Williams, 551 F.3d 182, 186 (2d Cir. 2009).
Here, the district court granted a § 3553(e) departure as to Darge’s § 1958 conviction based
on his substantial assistance to the government, and a § 5K1.1 departure as to his
12
convictions for crimes not carrying a mandatory minimum. Then, in arriving at a final
sentence, the district judge carefully considered other relevant factors including, under 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a), the seriousness of Darge’s offense and his personal characteristics. See
United States v. Williams, 551 F.3d at 186–87 (explaining that, after deciding to depart
pursuant to § 3553(e) and determining maximum extent of departure, court may consider
§ 3553(a) factors in arriving at final sentence). Insofar as Darge contends that the district
court considered improper factors in determining the maximum extent of departure, he
fails to demonstrate that any such error affected his substantial rights or calls into question
the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings. See United States v.
Marcus, 560 U.S. at 262. Thus, we identify no plain procedural error in the district court’s
departure determination.
ii. Substantive Reasonableness
Darge’s substantive challenge to his sentence also fails because his 30-year prison
term cannot be said to fall outside “the range of permissible decisions” available to the
district court. United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d at 189; see also United States v. Jones,
531 F.3d 163, 174 (2d Cir. 2008) (observing that “broad range” of sentences can be
substantively reasonable).
In urging otherwise, Darge faults the district court for not according more weight to
his cooperation. We are not persuaded. Darge—who testified at Fernandez’s trial to
joining the murder-for-hire conspiracy as the primary shooter, soliciting others to
participate, and shooting one of the victims dead—faced a statutory minimum term of life
13
imprisonment for his § 1958 conviction. Nevertheless, based on his assistance to the
government, the district court granted him a § 3553(e) departure and, after careful
consideration of that assistance, the nature of his involvement in the conspiracy, and his
professed rehabilitation, sentenced him to 30 years. We cannot conclude that the district
court abused its discretion in so weighing the sentencing factors. See United States v.
Fernandez, 443 F.3d 19, 32 (2d Cir. 2006) (holding that appellate court generally will not
second-guess weight district court assigns factors possibly relevant to sentencing).
Darge’s disproportionality argument relative to confederates is also meritless. As
discussed with respect to Reyes’s sentence, where a district court considers disparities
among confederates, “the weight to be given such disparities, like the weight to be given
any § 3553(a) factor, is a matter firmly committed to the discretion of the sentencing judge
and is beyond our appellate review, as long as the sentence ultimately imposed is
reasonable in light of all the circumstances presented.” United States v. Florez, 447 F.3d
at 158 (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). Because we cannot conclude that
Darge’s 30-year sentence is unreasonable, his disproportionality argument necessarily
fails. Moreover, and in any event, Darge cannot demonstrate that his confederates who
received equal or lesser sentences were similarly situated because Darge (1) was one of the
shooters in the murder-for-hire scheme that took two lives, and (2) also pleaded guilty to
the 1998 murder of Arturo Rizzetto in relation to an unrelated drug trafficking crime. See
United States v. Fernandez, 443 F.3d at 32 (rejecting disparity challenge where defendant
failed to show that confederate was “similarly situated”).
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Thus, to the extent Darge’s challenge is substantive as well as procedural, it fails
because the record does not permit us to conclude that this is one of those “exceptional
cases” where the district court’s below-Guidelines sentence falls outside of the range of
permissible decisions. United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d at 189; see United States v.
Perez–Frias, 636 F.3d at 43.
Accordingly, we reject Darge’s sentencing challenge.
3. Conclusion
We have considered defendants’ remaining arguments and conclude that they are
without merit. We therefore AFFIRM the judgments of the district court.
FOR THE COURT:
CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court
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