United States v. Folkes

11-984-cr
United States v. Folkes
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY
PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New
York, on the 7th day of February, two thousand twelve.
PRESENT: BARRINGTON D. PARKER,
REENA RAGGI,
RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.,
Circuit Judges.
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v. No. 11-984-cr
WALFORD FOLKES, a.k.a. James E. Pittman, a.k.a.
Yuri Willis, a.k.a. Wolly Folkes, a.k.a. Robert Reddick,
a.k.a. Willis Folkes, Jr., a.k.a. Junior Folkes, a.k.a.
Ronald Coote, a.k.a. Devon Willis, a.k.a. Robert Willis,
a.k.a. Davian Brown,
Defendant-Appellant.
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APPEARING FOR APPELLANT: EILEEN F. SHAPIRO, Esq., Brooklyn, New
York.
APPEARING FOR APPELLEE: WILLIAM D. SARRATT (Jo Ann M. Navickas,
Allon Lifshitz, on the brief), Assistant United
States Attorneys, Of Counsel, for Loretta E.
Lynch, United States Attorney for the Eastern
District of New York, Brooklyn, New York.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District
of New York (Sandra L. Townes, Judge).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the judgment entered on March 14, 2011, is AFFIRMED.
On remand from this court, see United States v. Folkes, 622 F.3d 152, 158 (2d Cir.
2010) (identifying error in Guidelines calculation), Walford Folkes was sentenced to 36
months’ imprisonment for illegal reentry, see 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a), and a consecutive
24-month prison term for aggravated identity theft, see 18 U.S.C. § 1028A. Folkes now
appeals the 36-month prison term, a variance from his undisputed Guidelines range of 12 to
18 months’ imprisonment, as procedurally and substantively unreasonable. In reviewing
Folkes’s sentence “under a ‘deferential abuse-of-discretion standard,’” United States v.
Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 189 (2d Cir. 2008) (en banc) (quoting Gall v. United States, 552 U.S.
38, 41 (2007)), we assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and the record of prior
proceedings, which we reference only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.
1. Procedural Error
Folkes submits that various procedural errors render his illegal reentry sentence
unreasonable. First, he faults the district court for failing to determine his applicable
Criminal History Category pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1 before departing therefrom pursuant
to § U.S.S.G. 4A1.3. Further, he complains that the district court failed to follow the
departure procedures outlined in U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3. See United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d
at 190 (identifying incorrect calculation of Guidelines as procedural error). These arguments
misconstrue the sentencing record, which shows that the district court correctly identified the
applicable Guidelines to provide for an offense level of 13 and a Criminal History Category
of I, but ultimately decided to impose a non-Guidelines sentence.
While the district judge referenced “departing” from the Guidelines, in context, it is
clear that what the district court was referencing was a variance to achieve Folkes’s
“nonguidelines sentence of 36 months.” Sentencing Tr. at 9; see United States v. Keller, 539
F.3d 97, 99 n.2 (2d Cir. 2008) (noting that, colloquially, “departure” and “variance” are often
used interchangeably). It was procedurally appropriate for the district court to consider
Folkes’s extensive history of criminal conduct as one factor supporting a non-Guidelines
sentence. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1). In applying a variance based, inter alia, on such
considerations, the district court was not subject to the procedural limitations on departures
specified in U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3. See United States v. Keller, 539 F.3d at 99 n.2.
Folkes’s contention that the district court failed adequately to consider the § 3553(a)
factors, while cast here as a substantive reasonableness argument, might also be understood
as a claim of procedural error. See United States v. Payne, 591 F.3d 46, 71 (2d Cir. 2010).
So understood, the argument fails. We generally presume that a district court has satisfied
its duty to consider the § 3553(a) factors in the absence of record evidence to the contrary.
See United States v. Carr, 557 F.3d 93, 107 (2d Cir. 2009). In this case, the record amply
demonstrates that the district court considered—and specifically referenced—the § 3553(a)
factors in explaining its variance.
The fact that the court did not reference § 3553(a)(6), which specifies the need to
avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities among similarly situated defendants, does not by
itself signal procedural error. We do not require district courts robotically to reference each
§ 3553(a) factor. See United States v. Brown, 514 F.3d 256, 270 (2d Cir. 2008). Moreover,
the district court was hardly obliged to accord this factor the mitigating weight urged by
Folkes in light of its stated reasons for according greater weight to other, aggravating
§ 3533(a) factors. See United States v. Fernandez, 443 F.3d 19, 31–32 (2d Cir. 2006). We
will not second guess a district court’s assignment of different weights to various § 3553(a)
factors so long as its ultimate sentence is reasonable. See United States v. Pope, 554 F.3d
240, 246–47 (2d Cir. 2009); United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d at 191.
2. Substantive Reasonableness
Having identified no procedural error, we consider Folkes’s argument that his
36-month sentence for illegal reentry is substantively unreasonable because (1) variances are
rarely employed in immigration cases in the Eastern District of New York, (2) his sentence
is twice the high end of his Guidelines range, and (3) it incarcerates him for longer than is
necessary to accomplish the goals of sentencing. A general reference to other immigration
sentences imposed in the Eastern District of New York is insufficient to demonstrate an
unwarranted disparity between Folkes’s sentence for illegal reentry and those imposed on a
range of other immigration defendants who do not necessarily have similar records and who
have not necessarily been found guilty of similar conduct. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6);
United States v. Fernandez, 443 F.3d at 31–32. As for Folkes’s second argument, the
percentage of a variance from the applicable Guidelines does not necessarily signal
substantive unreasonableness. See United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d at 190 (citing Gall v.
United States, 552 U.S. at 47, in explaining that while appellate court may consider extent
of deviation from Guideline in reviewing sentence, it may not use percentage of departure
as standard for determining strength of justification required).
In evaluating the totality of Folkes’s substantive unreasonableness claim, our task is
not to decide what sentence we think is appropriate. See Gall v. United States, 552 U.S.
at 51. Rather, we consider only “whether the sentence imposed falls within the broad range
that can be considered reasonable.” United States v. Jones, 531 F.3d 163, 174 (2d Cir. 2008).
Having reviewed the district court’s persuasive explanation for its variance, we conclude that
this is not one of the “exceptional cases where the trial court’s decision cannot be located
within the range of permissible decisions.” United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d at 189 (internal
quotation marks omitted).
3. Conclusion
Having identified no merit in Folkes’s reasonableness challenge to his sentence for
illegal reentry, the judgment of conviction is AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT:
CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court