United States v. Yusuf Abdur-Rahman

10-4814-cr
United States v. Yusuf Abdur-Rahman
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
AMENDED SUMMARY ORDER
Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order filed on or after
January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and this court=s
Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a document filed with this court, a party must cite either
the Federal Appendix or an electronic database (with the notation Asummary order@). A party citing a
summary order must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the
13th day of March, two thousand thirteen.
PRESENT:
RALPH K. WINTER,
PETER W. HALL,
Circuit Judges,
ALVIN K. HELLERSTEIN,
Senior District Judge.*
_____________________________________________
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v. No. 10-4814-cr
YUSUF ABDUR-RAHMAN,
Defendant-Appellant.
______________________________________________
FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: DANIEL MATTHEW PEREZ, Law Offices of Daniel M.
Perez, Newton, New Jersey.
* The Honorable Alvin K. Hellerstein, United States Senior District Judge for the Southern District of New York,
sitting by designation.
FOR APPELLEE: RACHEL P. KOVNER, Justin S. Weddle, of counsel,
Assistant United States Attorneys for Preet Bharara,
United States Attorney for the Southern District of
New York, New York, N.Y.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Pauley, J.). UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of conviction entered on November 17, 2010
is AFFIRMED.
A jury found Yusuf Abdur Rahman guilty of executing and attempting to execute a scheme
to defraud Medicaid in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1347 and 2; committing access device fraud by
using New York State Benefit identification cards issued to others to fraudulently obtain Medicaid
benefits in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1029(a)(5) and 2; acquiring and obtaining controlled
substances by misrepresentation, fraud, forgery, deception and subterfuge in violation of 21
U.S.C. § 843(a)(3); aggravated identity theft in relation to health care fraud; and access device
fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1028A and 2. Rahman was sentenced to a term of 101 months’
imprisonment. In his counseled brief, Rahman raises three issues for review. He first challenges
the district court’s appointment of counsel despite his request for self-representation in violation of
the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution. Second, he argues that the district court similarly erred
in denying his motion to proceed pro se at sentencing. Third, he further contends that his second
appointed counsel was ineffective in failing to press, on Rahman’s behalf, Rahman’s request for
self-representation. Rahman also filed a pro se brief in which he raises eight additional issues for
review. In a separate opinion filed simultaneously with this order, we address Rahman’s pro se
challenge to the district court’s jury instruction concerning whether health care fraud is a predicate
offense under 18 U.S.C. § 1028A.
We assume the parties’ familiarity with the factual background and issues on appeal,
elaborating only where necessary to explain our decision affirming the judgment of the district
court.
I. Right to Self-representation
A. Before and During Trial
The right to self-representation is unqualified if invoked before the start of trial. U.S. ex
rel. Maldonado v. Denno, 348 F.2d 12, 15 (2d Cir. 1965). This right derives not from statute but
from the United States Constitution. Id. at 15; see also Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975)
(holding that under the Sixth Amendment, the accused is guaranteed the right of electing to
represent himself). A criminal defendant may proceed pro se if he “knowingly, voluntarily, and
unequivocally” waives his right to appointed counsel. Williams v. Bartlett, 44 F.3d 95, 99 (2d
Cir. 1994).
At the time of Rahman’s arrest, Assistant Federal Defender Martin Cohen was assigned to
represent Rahman. During Rahman’s arraignment on May 5, 2009, Rahman asked the court to
replace Cohen with other counsel. The court appointed CJA counsel, Kafahni Nkrumah. One
week later, on May 12, 2009, Rahman wrote a letter to the court asking that Atty. Nkrumah be
replaced because “[he] need[ed] someone older with experience.” During the May 19, 2009 bail
hearing, the district court urged Rahman to give Atty. Nkrumah “a chance” and declined to act on
Rahman’s request at that time. On May 28, 2009, Rahman sent a letter to the court stating that
Nkrumah’s performance was inadequate and moved to proceed pro se.
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The district court held a conference and, at the suggestion of Atty. Nkrumah, ordered a
competency evaluation of Rahman. On July 20, 2009, Atty. Nkrumah filed a motion to withdraw
as counsel and asked the court to appoint new counsel in his place.
On July 30, 2009, the district court held a hearing to discuss the status of Rahman’s case.
During the hearing, the district court granted Atty. Nkrumah’s motion, held that Rahman was
competent, appointed Charles Hochbaum to represent Rahman, and cautioned Rahman that Atty.
Hochbaum would be his last court-appointed lawyer. Rahman did not object to the appointment
of Hochbaum nor did he reassert his desire to proceed pro se. On appeal, Rahman argues that the
district court erred when it failed to consider his request to proceed pro se and instead appointed
substitute counsel.
Under the circumstances presented we are not persuaded that Rahman’s request was
unequivocal. Although clearly styled as a motion for self-representation, Rahman’s letter in
support of the motion reiterated the same concerns he expressed in his motion to replace Atty.
Nkrumah, i.e., Rahman’s dissatisfaction with the outcome of the bail hearing and his belief that
Atty. Nkrumah lacked the experience necessary to represent Rahman. Those concerns were
further shared with the psychologist evaluating Rahman, to whom Rahman expressed the view that
his first preference was for new counsel rather than proceeding pro se. We recognize that
generally “a defendant is not deemed to have equivocated in his desire for self-representation
merely because he expresses that view in the alternative, simultaneously requests the appointment
of new counsel, or used it as a threat to obtain private counsel,” Williams, 44 F.3d at 100. Here,
however, Rahman’s prior and unresolved motion for new counsel, coupled with his repeated
complaints about Atty. Nkrumah and his expressed wish for substitute counsel, evinced a desire
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not to represent himself but instead to have the district court appoint new counsel. Compare
Wilson v. Walker, 204 F.3d 33 (2d Cir. 2000) (defendant’s repeated requests to proceed pro se,
notwithstanding the appointment of new counsel, indicated a clear desire to invoke the right to
self-representation); see also LaValle v. Artus, 403 Fed. Appx. 607, 609 (2d Cir. 2010) (summary
order) (request to proceed pro se at trial was not unequivocal where defendant expressed
dissatisfaction with current counsel’s trial strategy, stated that he wished to remain represented by
counsel, and that self-representation was his “last option.”).
Even if Rahman’s request to represent himself was sincere and unequivocal at the time
made, his subsequent statements to the evaluator and his acceptance, without objection, of Atty.
Hochbaum as trial counsel indicated that he was vacillating on the issue or had abandoned his
request altogether. Wilson, 204 F.3d at 37; see also Williams, 44 F.3d at 99–100 (citing Brown v.
Wainwright, 665 F.2d 607, 611 (5th Cir. 1982) (waiver when, after initial request to proceed pro
se, defendant asked counsel to continue representation and then, once again, requested to proceed
pro se on the third day of trial)); United States v. Bennett, 539 F.2d 45 (10th Cir. 1976).
Accordingly, on this record we conclude that Rahman’s request was not clear and unequivocal and
therefore the district court did not err in granting Rahman’s May 12, 2009 motion to replace Atty.
Nkrumah. See United States v. Purnett, 910 F.2d 51, 55 (2d Cir. 1990) (“‘[C]ourts indulge every
reasonable presumption against waiver’ of fundamental constitutional rights[.]”) (quoting Johnson
v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464 (1938)); see also United States v. Frazier-El, 204 F.3d 553, 559 (4th
Cir. 2000) (“[W]e must ascribe a constitutional primacy to the right to counsel because this right
serves both the individual and collective good, as opposed to only the individual interests served
by protecting the right of self-representation.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
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B. Sentencing
Rahman also asserts that the district court erred in denying his motion for
self-representation with respect to sentencing. It is well accepted that a defendant who exercises
his right to appear pro se is not permitted to complain later about the quality of his own defense or
raise an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. McKaskle v. Wiggins, 465 U.S. 169, 177 n.8
(1984) (citing Faretta, 422 U.S. at 834, n.46). The record reveals that Rahman was unwilling to
waive a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel from the point of self-representation forward.
Accordingly, we find no error with the district court’s denial of Rahman’s motion.
II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Rahman next argues that Atty. Nkrumah provided ineffective assistance of counsel in
moving to withdraw and requesting the appointment of substitute counsel rather than pressing
Rahman’s motion for self-representation. Rahman also challenges Atty. Nkrumah’s suggestion,
in the first instance, that Rahman undergo a competency evaluation. Under the familiar
Strickland standard, Atty. Nkrumah’s request for substitute counsel was not objectively
unreasonable and did not adversely affect the proceedings. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 688 (1984). Furthermore, we take no issue with the request for a competency hearing, 18
U.S.C. § 4241, and conclude that the district court, in continuing to have Rahman represented by
counsel until the resolution of the competency determination, acted within its discretion. Purnett,
910 F.2d at 54–55.
III. Rahman’s Pro Se Appeal
Rahman, in his pro se brief, raises eight additional issues for review. Rahman argues that
Congress has not authorized cumulative punishment for violating federal health care statutes; all
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four counts of the indictment are multiplicitous and violate the Fifth Amendment; he was deprived
of his right to a speedy trial; the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over his case because the
defrauded Medicaid program was not a federal health care program; the district court was biased;
the jury instructions were erroneous; the evidence produced at trial was insufficient to convict on
counts 2 and 4 of the indictment; and the district court abused its discretion in imposing certain
sentencing enhancements.
We review de novo a preserved claim that the charges were multiplicitous. United States
v. Mejia, 545 F.3d 179, 204 (2d Cir. 2008). Multiplicity is found where an indictment “charges in
separate counts two or more crimes, when in law and fact, only one crime has been committed,”
United States v. Handakas, 286 F.3d 92, 97 (2d Cir. 2002) (overruled on other grounds). We
consider “whether each [count] requires proof of a fact which the other does not.” United States
v. Finley, 245 F.3d 199, 205 (2d Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also
Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932). The charges of conviction are not
multiplicitous and do not result in a violation of the Constitution’s double jeopardy clause. The
counts charged in the indictment—health care fraud, access device fraud, and obtaining controlled
substances by fraud—each required proof of at least one fact that the others did not. 18 U.S.C. §
1347; 18 U.S.C. § 1029(a)(5); 21 U.S.C. § 843(a)(3). Nor does the charge of aggravated identity
theft violate the double jeopardy clause because cumulative punishment is authorized for that
crime. See 18 U.S. § 1028A(a)(1) and (c); see also Flores-Figueroa v. United States, 556 U.S.
646, 648 (2009).
Rahman has not identified a Speedy Trial Act violation. We review for abuse of
discretion the district court’s determination that the ends of justice warrant the exclusion of time in
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the calculation of mandated time frames. United States v. Beech-Nut Nutrition Corp., 871 F.2d
1181, 1197–98 (2d Cir. 1989). Each instance that the district court excluded time, the exclusion
was either consented to or within the court’s discretion upon a finding that the ends of justice were
served by taking such action. That determination is entrusted to the court, not the parties, Parisi
v. United States, 529 F.3d 134, 140 (2d Cir. 2008), and we hold that the district court did not abuse
its discretion in excluding time, notwithstanding Rahman’s objection, to allow for production and
discovery, to resolve the matter of Rahman’s competency, and to enable new defense counsel to
prepare pre-trial motions.
Rahman also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence produced at trial to demonstrate his
guilt on the charges of health care fraud and access device fraud. Upon our independent review of
the trial record, we conclude that there was ample evidence to sustain the jury’s verdict on each
count. See United States v. Gagliardi, 506 F.3d 140, 149–50 (2d Cir. 2007).
We have considered Rahman’s remaining claims regarding his arrest, the district court’s
jurisdiction and alleged bias, and his challenges to the sentence imposed, and we determine that
each is without merit. For the reasons stated above and in the accompanying per curiam opinion,
the judgment of conviction is AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O=Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
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