United States v. Bland

09-2379-cr
U nited States v. B land
1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
3
4 SUMMARY ORDER
5
6 RULINGS BY SUMM ARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
7 SUM M ARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERM ITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
8 FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1. W HEN
9 CITING A SUM M ARY ORDER IN A DOCUM ENT FILED W ITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
10 EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (W ITH THE NOTATION
11 “SUM M ARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUM M ARY ORDER M UST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY
12 PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
13
14 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
15 the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New
16 York, on the 13 th day of July, two thousand ten.
17
18 PRESENT: GERARD E. LYNCH,
19 DENNY CHIN,
20 Circuit Judges.*
21
22 ------------------------------------------------------------------
23
24 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
25 Appellee,
26
27 v. No. 09-2379-cr
28
29 ANTONIO BLAND,
30 Defendant-Appellant.
31
32 --------------------------------------------------------------------
33
34 FOR APPELLANT: Lawrence Gerzog, New York, New York, on submission.
35
36 FOR APPELLEE: Andrew E. Goldsmith, Assistant United States Attorney
37 (Emily Berger, on the brief), for Benton J. Campbell, United
38 States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York, on
39 submission.
40
41 Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
*
The Honorable Reena Raggi, originally a member of the panel, recused herself from
this case. The remaining two members of the panel, who are in agreement, decided this case
in accordance with Second Circuit Internal Operating Procedure (“IOP”) E(b).
1 (Edward R. Korman, Judge).
2 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
3 DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
4 Antonio Bland appeals from a conviction, following a conditional guilty plea
5 permitting him to appeal the denial of a suppression motion, of one count of being a felon
6 in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). On appeal, Bland argues
7 that the government failed to establish probable cause for his arrest for patronizing a
8 prostitute that led to the discovery of the firearm. We assume the parties’ familiarity with
9 the relevant facts and procedural history of this case, and the issues presented on appeal.
10 “On an appeal from a ruling on a motion to suppress, we review a district court’s
11 findings of historical fact for clear error, but analyze de novo the ultimate determination
12 of such legal issues as probable cause. . . .” United States v. Valentine, 539 F.3d 88, 93
13 (2d Cir. 2008), quoting United States v. Smith, 9 F.3d 1007, 1011 (2d Cir. 1993).
14 Bland’s suppression motion was heard by a magistrate judge who issued a report
15 and recommendation that was adopted in full by the district court. The magistrate judge
16 credited the testimony of an undercover police officer that Bland offered her $20 for oral
17 sex. The magistrate judge also credited testimony from an agent of the Bureau of Alcohol
18 Tobacco and Firearms (“ATF”) that Bland admitted, during a proffer session, that he had
19 offered the undercover officer money for oral sex. Finally, the magistrate judge found
20 that the discrepancy between the undercover officer’s original description of the request
21 for oral sex and an affidavit specifying a request for sexual intercourse arose innocently
2
1 as the information was passed from the undercover officer to the arresting officer to the
2 District Attorney’s Office. Taken together, the magistrate judge found the facts were
3 sufficient to establish probable cause.
4 “Probable cause exists if a law enforcement official . . . has ‘knowledge or
5 reasonably trustworthy information sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable caution in
6 the belief that an offense has been committed by the person to be arrested.’” United
7 States v. Howard, 489 F.3d 484, 491 (2d Cir. 2007) (citation omitted). Under New York
8 law, “[a] person patronizes a prostitute when . . . [inter alia] [h]e solicits or requests
9 another person to engage in sexual conduct with him in return for a fee.” N.Y. Penal Law
10 § 230.02(1)(c) (McKinney 2008) (emphasis added).1 While Bland claims that the
11 evidence against him fails to establish sufficient probable cause for his arrest, none of the
12 district court’s factual findings were clearly erroneous, and taken together they were
13 sufficient to establish probable cause. The credited testimony establishes that the
14 arresting officer had the requisite knowledge, based on the information supplied to him by
15 the undercover officer, to believe that Bland had violated § 230.02(1)(c).
16 Bland argues that an “agreement” is an element of the crime of patronizing a
17 prostitute, and that there was insufficient evidence of an agreement to arrest him. Bland
18 is incorrect. An agreement is not required for an arrest for patronizing a prostitute.
1
Section 230.02 provides the definition of “patronizing a prostitute”for the purposes
of §§ 230.04-230.06 (patronizing a prostitute in the third, second, and first degrees), and for
former § 230.03 (patronizing a prostitute in the fourth degree), under which Bland was
charged, which has since been repealed.
3
1 Under the definition set forth in § 230.02(1), that crime may be committed in several
2 distinct ways. While agreement may be required for a conviction pursuant to
3 § 230.02(1)(b), which applies to someone who “pays or agrees to pay a fee to another
4 person pursuant to an understanding that in return therefore such person or a third person
5 will engage in sexual conduct with him” (emphasis added), no such agreement is required
6 for a conviction pursuant to subsection (c), which requires only that a person “solicit[] or
7 request[]” another person to engage in sexual conduct for money, and not that the person
8 solicited agree to the request.
9 Bland cites a number of cases to support his argument that an agreement is a
10 necessary element of patronizing a prostitute, but these cases are easily distinguishable.
11 Four of these cases, People v. Polianskaia, 730 N.Y.S.2d 685 (N.Y.C. Crim. Ct. 2001),
12 People v. A.M., No. 2001CN001284, 2001 WL 1117455 (N.Y.C. Crim. Ct. July 31,
13 2001), People v. A.S., 685 N.Y.S.2d 573 (N.Y.C. Crim. Ct. 1998), and People v. Hilo,
14 791 N.Y.S.2d 872 (Table) (N.Y. Sup. App. Term 2004), deal with the crime of
15 prostitution, N.Y. Penal L. § 230.00, not the crime patronizing a prostitute for which
16 Bland was arrested. In two other cases, People v. Richardson, No. 2001KN057369, 2002
17 WL 977167 (N.Y.C. Crim. Ct. Apr. 5, 2002), and People v. Bah, 688 N.Y.S.2d 39718 (N.Y.C. Crim. Ct. 1999), the charging documents specified that the defendant had made
19 an agreement to engage in sexual conduct for a fee, and the prosecutions were apparently
20 brought under § 230.02(1)(b), which calls for an agreement, and not under § 230.02(1)(c),
21 which does not. Finally, the accusatory statement in People v. Kenrick, 615 N.Y.S.2d
41 859 (N.Y.C. Crim. Ct. 1994), did not in fact allege an agreement, but stated only that the
2 defendant “requested” that the undercover officer engage in sexual conduct, evincing that
3 no agreement is needed to violate the patronizing a prostitute provision.
4 According to one New York court, the purpose of the patronizing statute is to
5 punish potential patrons simply for soliciting, “otherwise the patron would be permitted
6 to proceed on his way uncondemned by the law, until he finally finds a person willing to
7 satisfy him.” People v. Bronski, 351 N.Y.S.2d 73, 75 (N.Y.C. Crim. Ct. 1973). To read
8 section 230.02(1)(c) to require agreement on the part of the solicited party would defeat
9 this purpose. We decline to adopt Bland’s reading, which is contrary to both the plain
10 language and the apparent purpose of the statute.
11 We also decline Bland’s alternative request that we certify the question of whether
12 agreement is an element of the crime of patronizing a prostitute to the New York Court of
13 Appeals. This request was based on Bland’s contention that the federal trial court below
14 second-guessed the interpretations of a long line of state trial courts. However, the
15 district court’s decision does not conflict with any of the cases Bland cites, and does not
16 second-guess any state court precedent. Given the clarity of the plain language of section
17 230.02(1)(c), there is no need to certify the question.
18 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of conviction is AFFIRMED.
19
20 FOR THE COURT:
21 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
22
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