Maria Broadnax v. Secretary United States Depart

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
__________
No. 20-3143
__________
MARIA BROADNAX,
Appellant
v.
SECRETARY UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS
__________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of New Jersey
(District Court No. 3:18-cv-02393)
District Judge: Honorable Brian R. Martinotti
______________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
On April 22, 2021
______________
Before: AMBRO and RESTREPO, Circuit Judges, and NOREIKA, District Judge*
(Filed: June 15, 2021)
__________
OPINION **
__________
RESTREPO, Circuit Judge.
Appellant Maria Broadnax challenges the District Court’s grant of summary judg-
ment terminating her employment discrimination action against Appellee Department of
Veterans Affairs (the “VA”). In granting summary judgment against Broadnax, the District
Court determined that a number of Broadnax’s claims were time-barred, and that the re-
maining claims failed as a matter of law. We will affirm the District Court’s ruling. To
the extent Broadnax raises a new disparate impact claim for the first time on appeal, it is
waived.
I. BACKGROUND
As we write primarily for the benefit of the parties, we will briefly recite the relevant
facts here. Broadnax was first hired by the VA in their Lyons, New Jersey facility as a
wage-grade 1, part-time Food Service Worker in 2013. The following year, she was pro-
moted to a wage-grade 2 Food Service Worker, still on a part-time basis. Broadnax main-
tained this position until 2018, when she successfully applied for a full-time Medical Sup-
port Assistant position at the same facility. In July 2014, Broadnax injured her back in a
*
Honorable Maryellen Noreika, District Judge, United States District Court for the District
of Delaware, sitting by designation.
**
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
2
work accident, and the VA Occupational Health Office recommended that she be placed
on temporary, and then permanent, light duty to accommodate her injuries. In accordance
with the recommendation, Broadnax was not to engage in activity that would involve lift-
ing, carrying, pulling, or pushing over 25 lbs.
In the period between her July 2014 accident and her hiring as a Medical Support
Assistant in 2018, Broadnax unsuccessfully applied for several positions at Lyons. At the
beginning of 2015, she applied for a Cook position, which listed the lifting and moving of
objects of at least 40 pounds as one of its requirements, and was not hired. In March 2015,
Broadnax purportedly applied for a Housekeeping Aide position and was not selected. 1 In
July 2015, she applied for a Nursing Assistant position and was initially given a conditional
offer. After Broadnax’s completion of a physical examination during the pre-hiring pro-
cess, however, the VA determined that she could not safely work in the position and chose
not to select her. Toward the end of 2015, Broadnax applied for three separate Food Ser-
vice Worker openings and was not selected for any of them. Around this time she also
applied to be converted from a part-time to full-time Food Service Worker at her same
position, but was not selected.
Broadnax additionally applied for a wage-grade 4, part-time Food Service Worker
position in late 2015, and learned of her non-selection on February 5, 2016. This position
also involved the maneuvering of objects in excess of 40 pounds. Broadnax was informed
of her non-selection for a separate full-time Food Service Worker position on March 4,
1
The VA did not have a record of the application, but Broadnax produced an email ac-
knowledging her application for the position.
3
2016, a position which also had the same heavy lifting requirements. Broadnax contends
that her failure to be hired for any of these roles was a result of disability discrimination.
In addition to the claims of discrimination with respect to the non-selections,
Broadnax alleges that she was subject to a hostile work environment due to her disability.
One of her supervisors, Charlotte Smith, allegedly asked her “When are you going to get
off light duty? Don’t you want to move up?” In late 2015, Smith also purportedly told staff
that she “was moving them up, but not moving up any handicapped employees” at the
moment. Last, Broadnax alleges that on March 4, 2016 – the same day she was informed
of her non-selection for a full-time Food Service Worker position – Smith told Broadnax
that she would not be promoted to full-time status until Broadnax got off of light duty.
Broadnax filed six claims for the non-selections with the Equal Employment Op-
portunity (“EEO”) counselor at the VA on March 14, 2016. She also complained about
the hostile work environment during the EEO process. The VA EEO investigated
Broadnax’s claims and referred them for consideration to the VA Office of Employment
Discrimination, and they were denied in a December 8, 2017, decision. Broadnax brought
a civil action in the District Court of New Jersey on February 20, 2018, renewing her dis-
crimination claims under the Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 701 et seq., regarding her
non-selections; a hostile work environment claim; and a retaliation claim. Broadnax also
now raises for the first time on appeal a disparate impact claim against the VA. We will
discuss each group of claims in turn.
4
II. DISCUSSION 2
The District Court denied all but two of the latest non-selection claims for lack of
timeliness. Before pursuing employment discrimination claims in federal court, a federal
employee must first exhaust all administrative remedies. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(c). In
order to satisfy this exhaustion requirement, a federal employee must: (1) contact the
agency’s EEO counselor within 45 days of the alleged discriminatory action; (2) file a
formal complaint with the EEOC within 15 days of the conclusion of the informal coun-
seling process, if unsuccessful; and (3) appeal the agency’s final decision to the EEOC or
file a civil action in federal district court within ninety days of the agency’s decision. 29
C.F.R. §§ 1614.105–1614.109, 1614.401, 1614.407(a).
Broadnax first contacted the EEO on March 4, 2016, and accordingly she was barred
from raising claims based on actions that took place prior to January 19, 2016, 45 days
before March 4. Recognizing this difficulty, Broadnax requests that we apply equitable
tolling to allow her to bring the earlier claims. “The doctrine of equitable tolling stops a
statute of limitations period from running after a claim has accrued, but should be applied
sparingly.” Podobnik v. U.S. Postal Serv., 409 F.3d 584, 591 (3d Cir. 2005) (internal cita-
tion and quotation omitted). “Appellant bears the burden of proving that the equitable
2
The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. We have jurisdiction under
28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review de novo the District Court’s grant of summary judgment.
Goldenstein v. Repossessors Inc., 815 F.3d 142, 146 (3d Cir. 2016). “Viewing the evidence
in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, summary judgment is appropriate only if
there is ‘no genuine issue as to any material fact [such] that the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.’” Kelly v. Borough of Carlisle, 622 F.3d 248, 253 (3d Cir.
2010) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)).
5
tolling doctrine applies here.” Id. (citing Courtney v. La Salle Univ., 124 F.3d 499, 505
(3d Cir. 1997)). “[T]here are three principal, though not exclusive, situations in which
equitable tolling may be appropriate: (1) where the defendant has actively misled the plain-
tiff respecting the plaintiff’s cause of action; (2) where the plaintiff in some extraordinary
way has been prevented from asserting ... her rights; or (3) where the plaintiff has timely
asserted ... her rights mistakenly in the wrong forum.” D.J.S.-W. by Stewart v. United
States, 962 F.3d 745, 750 (3d Cir. 2020) (citation and quotation omitted).
None of these circumstances apply here. Broadnax argues that the VA has actively
discriminated against employees with disabilities for upwards of thirty years, justifying the
grant of equitable tolling, but provides almost no support whatsoever for this proposition. 3
Accordingly, we find that the claims arising out of non-selections prior to January 19, 2016
are time-barred.
As for the remaining two non-selections at issue, the District Court correctly deter-
mined that Broadnax was not qualified. “In order for an employee to make out a prima
facie case of discrimination under the Rehabilitation Act, the employee bears the burden
of demonstrating (1) that he or she has a disability, (2) that he or she is otherwise qualified
to perform the essential functions of the job, with or without reasonable accommodations
by the employer; and (3) that he or she was nonetheless terminated or otherwise prevented
from performing the job.” Shiring v. Runyon, 90 F.3d 827, 831 (3d Cir. 1996). The VA
3
Broadnax cites the deposition testimony of her supervisor, Michelle Ore, who stated that
she was not aware of an instance of the Food Department promoting anyone who was part-
time with a work restriction to full-time within a 30-year period.
6
has conceded that Broadnax satisfies prong (1) and (3) of the test, and so the analysis turns
on whether Broadnax was “otherwise qualified to perform the essential functions” of either
position:
A two-part test is used to determine whether someone is a qualified individ-
ual with a disability. First, a court must consider whether the individual sat-
isfies the prerequisites for the position, such as possessing the appropriate
educational background, employment experience, skills, licenses, etc. Sec-
ond, the court must consider whether or not the individual can perform the
essential functions of the position held or desired, with or without reasonable
accommodation.
Gaul v. Lucent Techs., Inc., 134 F.3d 576, 580 (3d Cir. 1998) (internal citations and quo-
tations omitted).
Both the February 5 and March 4 non-selections concerned Food Service Worker
positions that required employees to move objects in excess of 40 pounds, and Broadnax
did not provide any evidence in the record suggesting that she would be able to physically
perform such duties with or without accommodation. The District Court was correct to
conclude that her discrimination claims based on these non-selections failed as a matter of
law.
Broadnax’s hostile workplace claim fares no better. In order to make out a claim,
Broadnax must show that: (1) she is a qualified individual with a disability under the ADA;
(2) she was subject to unwelcome harassment; (3) the harassment was based on her disa-
bility or a request for an accommodation; (4) the harassment was sufficiently severe or
pervasive to alter the conditions of her employment and to create an abusive working en-
vironment; and (5) that the VA knew or should have known of the harassment and failed
to take prompt effective remedial action. Walton v. Mental Health Ass’n. of Se.
7
Pennsylvania, 168 F.3d 661, 667 (3d Cir. 1999). 4 To determine whether the alleged har-
assment was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of employment, we
look “at all the circumstances,” including “the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its
severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance;
and whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Harris v.
Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 23 (1993). The environment must be both perceived to be
hostile by the plaintiff and shown to be objectively hostile. Id. at 22.
To support this claim, Broadnax again attempts to rely upon the unsupported prop-
osition that the VA has engaged in a thirty-year campaign of disability discrimination.
Broadnax also points to the alleged statements made by supervisor Smith, along with al-
leged joking remarks by her colleagues regarding her light-duty status, as creating a hostile
work environment. The District Court correctly determined that, under the totality of the
circumstances, these remarks were insufficient to constitute harassment sufficiently severe
or pervasive to alter the conditions of employment.
Broadnax also raises a retaliation claim. To succeed, she must show that she en-
gaged in “(1) protected employee activity; (2) adverse action by the employer either after
or contemporaneous with the employee’s protected activity; and (3) a causal connection
between the employee’s protected activity and the employer’s adverse action.” Marra v.
4
We have previously held that “[w]hether suit is filed under the Rehabilitation Act or un-
der the Disabilities Act, the substantive standards for determining liability are the same.”
McDonald v. Com. of Pa., Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, Polk Ctr., 62 F.3d 92, 95 (3d Cir.
1995).
8
Philadelphia Hous. Auth., 497 F.3d 286, 300 (3d Cir. 2007), as amended (Aug. 28, 2007).
The record does not support any inference that Broadnax suffered an adverse action as a
result of initiating the EEO complaint process. She argues that the VA’s approval of her
application in 2018 to become a full-time employee as a Medical Support Assistant was
retaliatory, because the hourly wage of the position was less than that of her prior Food
Service position. But, without more, it is difficult to understand how being successfully
selected for a position that she voluntarily applied for would constitute an adverse action.
Finally, Broadnax’s disparate impact claim is waived, as she failed to raise it in the
District Court. “We generally refuse to consider issues on appeal that were not raised in
the lower courts.” Matter of Am. Biomaterials Corp., 954 F.2d 919, 927 (3d Cir. 1992).
“This general rule applies with added force where the timely raising of the issue would
have permitted the parties to develop a factual record.” Id. at 927-28.
* * * * *
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s order.
9