United States v. Torray Eden

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
_____________
No. 17-2510
_____________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
TORRAY D. EDEN,
Appellant
______________
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
(D.C. No. 1-16-CR-00207-001)
District Judge: Hon. William W. Caldwell
______________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
May 24, 2018
______________
Before: MCKEE, SHWARTZ, and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges.
(Opinion Filed: June 27, 2018)
______________
OPINION*
______________
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
does not constitute binding precedent.
SHWARTZ, Circuit Judge.
Torray Eden pleaded guilty to drug trafficking and firearms-related offenses and
received a 262-month prison sentence. He argues that his sentence is procedurally and
substantively unreasonable. We disagree and will affirm.
I
Eden was arrested for selling crack cocaine to an informant and possessing a
loaded firearm during the sale. He subsequently pleaded guilty to possession with intent
to distribute twenty-eight grams or more of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §
841(a)(1), and to possession of a firearm in furtherance of drug trafficking, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 924(c).
The Probation Office determined that Eden qualified as a career offender and
calculated a United States Sentencing Guidelines range of 262 to 327 months’
imprisonment. At sentencing, Eden’s counsel conceded that the Guidelines range was
appropriately calculated, but requested that the District Court impose a sentence of 120
months based upon Eden’s difficult childhood and the events that led him to sell drugs.
After the Government argued for a sentence within the Guidelines range, Eden’s counsel
again argued that such a sentence “would fail to take into account anything about his
childhood,” App. 33, asserting:
So it’s easy to go through his criminal history and say how bad a person he
is, but not one of us has really experienced what it was like to be raped by
the time we were 5 years old, to be raped then when we were in foster care,
deprived of food and on the borderline intelligence range, being made fun of
in school. None of us, I doubt, had to experience those things.
2
So it’s easy to look at the record and say that he deserves [a guidelines
sentence], but this Court needs to weigh the [18 U.S.C. §] 3553(a) factors,
and that’s what we are asking this Court to do.
App. 33-34. The District Court responded:
Okay. Well, Ms. Ulrich, the problem that I have with your request is the fact
that starting at age 15, and now he’s 30, 31, you think he would be able to
get a message before that, despite his experiences in life when he was born.
I have an obligation to protect the public, and I have very little doubt that Mr.
Eden, when he is released, is likely to be a recidivist.
What concerns me about this case is that not only drugs, there was also
firearms, and then when he was in the halfway house, he got involved in a
crime.
So I don’t enjoy sentencing people to long terms of incarceration, but, in this
case, I think the Government is justified in seeking a lengthy sentence for the
protection of the public and to punish Mr. Eden.
I regret that he’s here, but he started at age 15. . . . He’s had something almost
at every age and he spent half his adulthood in prison for one offense or the
other.
App. 34. The District Court then imposed a sentence of 262 months’ imprisonment.
Eden’s counsel objected to the sentence on the grounds that, among other things, it
“absolutely fails to consider the 3553(a) factors which this Court is required to consider.”
App. 37-38. The District Court addressed counsel’s objection, stating: “Well, I will put
on the record that I have considered the 3553(a) factors, most of which have been
outlined here in open court today. I have also considered the contents of the presentence
report, as well as the sentencing memorandum,” App. 39, which include references to
Eden’s difficult childhood, limited level of intellectual functioning, and the circumstances
that led him to sell drugs.
3
Eden appeals the procedural and substantive reasonableness of his sentence.
II1
A
Eden first argues that his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the
District Court failed to consider the relevant 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors as required
under Gunter’s three-step sentencing procedure. United States v. Gunter, 462 F.3d 237,
247 (3d Cir. 2006). Gunter’s three steps require a district court to (1) calculate a
defendant’s Guidelines sentence, (2) rule on the parties’ motions and state whether the
court is granting a departure and how that departure affects the Guidelines calculation,
and (3) consider the relevant § 3553(a) factors.2 Id.
1
The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have
jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review factual
determinations underlying the sentence for clear error and the sentence itself for abuse of
discretion, assessing whether the District Court committed “significant procedural error”
and evaluating “the substantive reasonableness of the sentence.” United States v. Wise,
515 F.3d 207, 217-18 (3d Cir. 2008). Thus, our review of the district court’s analysis is
“highly deferential,” United States v. Bungar, 478 F.3d 540, 543 (3d Cir. 2007), and the
party challenging the sentence bears the ultimate burden of proving its unreasonableness,
United States v. Lessner, 498 F.3d 185, 204 (3d Cir. 2007).
2
The § 3553(a) provides that “a court shall impose a sentence that is sufficient,
but not greater than necessary” to accomplish the purpose of sentencing and “shall
consider” the following factors:
(1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and
characteristics of the defendant;
(2) the need for the sentence imposed—
(A) to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the
law, and to provide just punishment for the offense;
(B) to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct;
(C) to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant; and
4
A district court satisfies the third Gunter step where the record of a sentencing, as
a whole, reflects rational and meaningful consideration of the § 3553(a) factors. See
United States v. Grier, 475 F.3d 556, 571-72 (3d Cir. 2007) (en banc). There is no
bright-line rule for how thorough a court’s explanation of the factors must be. A
sentencing court does not have to “discuss and make findings as to each of the § 3553(a)
factors if the record makes clear the court took the factors into account in sentencing.”
United States v. Tomko, 562 F.3d 558, 568 (3d Cir. 2009) (en banc) (citations and
internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis omitted). The sentencing court’s
explanation simply must be “sufficient for [the reviewing court] to see that the particular
circumstances of the case have been given meaningful consideration within the
parameters of § 3553(a).” United States v. Levinson, 543 F.3d 190, 196 (3d Cir. 2008).
(D) to provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational
training, medical care, or other correctional treatment in the most
effective manner;
(3) the kinds of sentences available;
(4) the kinds of sentence and the sentencing range established for—
(A) the applicable category of offense committed by the applicable
category of defendant as set forth in the guidelines . . .
(5) any pertinent policy statement—
(A) issued by the Sentencing Commission pursuant to section 994(a)(2)
of title 28, United States Code, subject to any amendments made to such
policy statement by act of Congress . . . and
(B) that, except as provided in section 3742(g), is in effect on the date the
defendant is sentenced[;]
(6) the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants
with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct; and
(7) the need to provide restitution to any victims of the offense.
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
5
Eden argues his sentence was procedurally unreasonable because the District
Court failed meaningfully consider the § 3553(a) factors. The record shows that the
Court did consider the applicable factors. In considering “the history and characteristics
of the defendant,” the District Court’s focused on Eden’s extensive criminal history and
considered his difficult childhood, limited level of intellectual functioning, and the
circumstances that led him to sell drugs. In this regard, the District Court stated that it
read Eden’s sentencing memorandum and the presentence report, both of which
contained detailed discussions of these subjects, and heard defense counsel’s recitation of
these same facts. The District Court acknowledged Eden’s hardships in life, but declined
to give them the weight that Eden “contend[ed] they deserve . . . .” United States v.
Merced, 603 F.3d 203, 217 (3d Cir. 2010) (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted). This, however, “does not mean that those factors were not considered.” Id. In
fact, they were. The Court stated that “you [would] think [Eden] would be able to get a
message before [he turns 30], despite his experiences in life when he was born,” App. 34,
reflecting its view that his troubling background did not excuse his repeated crimes and
wasted opportunities to turn things around.
As to the need for the sentence imposed, the District Court also noted the instant
offense involved both guns and drugs, and its colloquy demonstrates that the sentence
needed to “reflect the seriousness of the offense” and the need for significant
punishment. The Court further noted Eden’s years-long criminal record and observed
that his prior sentences had not deterred him, he would likely repeat his crimes, and the
6
Court’s sentence was needed “to protect the public from further crimes of the
defendant[.]” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(C).
Moreover, the record disproves Eden’s contention that the District Court failed to
consider the parsimony provision of § 3553(a), i.e., to impose a sentence that is
“sufficient, but not greater than necessary” to comply with the purposes of sentencing.
The District Court explained that a “lengthy sentence” was “justified” in this case
because it had “very little doubt that Mr. Eden, when he is released, is likely to be a
recidivist,” App. 34, and a lengthy sentence was needed to protect the public. Thus, the
record shows that the District Court meaningfully considered the § 3553(a) factors and its
sentence was procedurally reasonable.
B
Eden also challenges the substantive reasonableness of his sentence. When
reviewing for substantive reasonableness, we consider the totality of the circumstances of
the case to assess whether the district court imposed a reasonable sentence that did not
constitute an abuse of discretion. Tomko, 562 F.3d at 567. Under this deferential
standard of review, “if the district court’s sentence is procedurally sound, we will affirm
it unless no reasonable sentencing court would have imposed the same sentence on that
particular defendant for the reasons the district court provided.” Id. at 568. “Sentences
within the [g]uidelines range are ‘more likely to be reasonable than those that fall outside
this range.’” United States v. Woronowicz, 744 F.3d 848, 852 (3d Cir. 2014) (quoting
United States v. Olfano, 503 F.3d 240, 245 (3d Cir. 2007)).
7
The District Court’s sentence was substantively reasonable. First, the District
Court imposed a 262-month sentence, which is at the bottom of the applicable Guidelines
range. Second, Eden fails to meet his burden of demonstrating that no reasonable
sentencing court would have imposed this bottom-of-the-guidelines sentence given the
instant offense and his lengthy criminal history. Third, Eden’s efforts to undermine the
reasonableness of his sentence based on sentences the District Court has imposed on
other career offenders fails. He argues that he received a sentence higher than that of
76% of career offenders sentenced by the District Court. Eden, however, provides no
basis to show that these offenders were similar to him in terms of their criminal history
and the seriousness of the offenses for which they were being sentenced. “[B]ecause
sentencing disparities are unreasonable only when the defendants are similarly
situated[,]” United States v. King, 604 F.3d 125, 145 (3d Cir. 2010), the sentences the
District Court has imposed on other career offenders do not demonstrate Eden’s sentence
was substantively unreasonable.
III
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm.
8