United States v. Jose Ramos

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
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No. 16-2891
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
JOSE RAMOS,
Appellant
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On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
D. C. Criminal No. 1-15-cr-00257-001
District Judge: Honorable Sylvia H. Rambo
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Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
on January 26, 2017
Before: CHAGARES, RESTREPO and ROTH, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: March 6, 2017)
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OPINION*
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ROTH, Circuit Judge
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
Jose Ramos was sentenced to forty-six months of incarceration for illegally re-
entering the United States after having been convicted of an aggravated felony. On
appeal, his counsel seeks to withdraw pursuant to Third Circuit Local Appellate Rule
109.2 and Anders v. California,1 because counsel has not been able to identify any viable
issues on which to base an appeal. Permission to withdraw will be granted, and the
District Court’s order affirmed.
I. Background
In March 2000, Ramos, a citizen of Guatemala, unlawfully entered the United
States from Mexico. In August 2008, Ramos was convicted of petit larceny in Virginia
in relation to the theft of a bicycle. In July 2009, Ramos was convicted in the District of
Columbia of attempted distribution of cocaine. In December 2010, he was removed to
Guatemala. As part of the removal process, Immigration and Customs Enforcement
served Ramos with Immigration Form I-294, advising him that he was prohibited from
entering the United States because he had been found to be inadmissible due to his
aggravated felony convictions under Section 212 of the Immigration and Nationality Act,
8 U.S.C. § 1182.
Ramos then unlawfully re-entered the United States. On October 7, 2015, he
pleaded guilty to simple assault in relation to a domestic incident in Pennsylvania. The
Franklin County Court of Common Pleas imposed a sentence of time served, with
immediate release to immigration authorities. On October 28, 2015, a grand jury indicted
1
386 U.S. 738 (1967).
2
Ramos for illegally re-entering the United States after having been convicted of an
aggravated felony (namely, his 2008 conviction). On January 13, 2016, Ramos appeared
before the District Court to enter a guilty plea. However, because he was skeptical that
his petit larceny was an aggravated felony, he declined to plead on that date, and the case
was set for trial in February. On February 8, 2016, Ramos reversed course again and
pleaded guilty, while reserving the right to challenge whether he had a conviction for an
aggravated felony. In the course of conducting the guilty plea colloquy, the District
Court ensured that Ramos understood the nature of the proceeding and that his plea was
voluntary. Next, the Court proceeded to cover the considerations for accepting a guilty
plea that are outlined in Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. The Court
ultimately accepted Ramos’s plea.
A presentence report was prepared, recommending forty-six to fifty-seven months’
imprisonment. Ramos filed objections to the presentence report. He sought a downward
departure based upon an overstatement of his criminal history; he argued that he had not
in fact committed the assault to which he had pleaded guilty in 2015. He also requested a
downward variance based upon the government’s failure to move for a departure under
Section 5K3.1 of the Guidelines for the early disposition or fast track program. The
government filed a response arguing that Ramos’s criminal history was not overstated
and explaining that the fast track program was not offered to Ramos because he had
waited until the eve of trial to plead guilty, which caused the expenditure of significant
government resources. On June 8, 2016, the District Court held a sentencing hearing.
After considering Ramos’s requests for both downward departure and variance, the
3
District Court imposed a sentence at the bottom of the advisory Guidelines range, forty-
six months.
Ramos appealed. Counsel now requests to withdraw because there is no viable
basis for appeal.
II. Discussion2
Under Anders, if court-appointed appellate counsel “finds [an appeal] to be wholly
frivolous, after a conscientious examination of” the case, he must “so advise the Court
and request permission to withdraw.”3 When reviewing a request under Anders, this
Court’s first inquiry is “whether counsel adequately fulfilled [the] requirements” of
Anders.4 Counsel’s request must be accompanied by “a brief referring to anything in the
record that might arguably support the appeal.”5 Counsel’s brief is required “(1) to
satisfy the court that counsel has thoroughly examined the record in search of appealable
issues, and (2) to explain why the issues are frivolous.”6 An appeal is frivolous if “the
appeal lacks any basis in law or fact.”7
Here, we believe that counsel fulfilled the requirements of Anders. Counsel
submitted a brief that thoroughly reviews the record and identifies the potential issues
given the current procedural posture. As Ramos’s counsel points out, when there has
2
The District Court exercised jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231.
We have jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
3
Id. at 744.
4
United States v. Youla, 241 F.3d 296, 300 (3d Cir. 2001).
5
Anders, 386 U.S. at 744.
6
Youla, 241 F.3d at 300.
7
McCoy v. Court of Appeals of Wisconsin, 486 U.S. 429, 438 n.10 (1988); accord Youla,
241 F.3d at 301 (“An appeal on a matter of law is frivolous where ‘[none] of the legal
points [are] arguable on their merits’” (citation omitted) (alterations in original)).
4
been an unconditional guilty plea, the primary issues that may be raised on appeal are (1)
the jurisdiction of the district court, (2) the validity of the guilty plea, and (3) the legality
of the sentence.8 Ramos’s counsel discusses each of these issues in the Anders brief and
describes why none supplies a plausible basis for appeal.
After reviewing counsel’s brief, the Court asks “whether an independent review of
the record presents any non-frivolous issues.”9 “Where the Anders brief initially appears
adequate on its face,” as counsel’s brief here does, and where there is no pro se brief, as
there is not here, we primarily focus on the portions of the record identified by the Anders
brief.10 If our inquiry shows that the identified issues are frivolous, the Court must “grant
trial counsel’s Anders motion, and dispose of the appeal without appointing new
counsel.”11 We have independently reviewed the record, focusing on the issues raised by
counsel’s Anders brief, and come to the following conclusions.
First, the District Court had jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §
3231, which provides jurisdiction over violations of federal law, here illegal re-entry into
the United States by a previously deported alien in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326.
Second, there are no facts suggesting that Ramos’s guilty plea was involuntary or
otherwise invalid. The District Court fully informed Ramos of the rights he was waiving,
the maximum penalties he faced, and the existence and significance of the United States
Sentencing Guidelines. Ramos indicated that he understood these points and pleaded
8
See United States v. Semulka, 431 F. App’x 138, 141 (3d Cir. 2011) (citing United
States v. Broce, 488 U.S. 563 (1989)).
9
Youla, 241 F.3d at 300.
10
Id. at 301.
11
3d Cir. L.A.R. 109.2(a).
5
guilty. No facts suggest any involuntariness or any other basis for invalidity. Thus, the
plea was valid.12
Third, the sentence was procedurally and substantively reasonable. Procedurally,
the District Court correctly calculated the Sentencing Guidelines range, and “the record
as a whole reflects rational and meaningful consideration of the factors enumerated in
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).”13 Substantively, the sentence was near the bottom of the
Sentencing Guidelines range, and we can find no basis for saying that “no reasonable
sentencing court would have imposed the same sentence on that particular defendant for
the reasons the district court provided.”14 Ramos requested a downward departure based
on an overstatement of criminal history, specifically arguing he had not committed the
assault for which he was convicted. However, the District Court heard Ramos’s evidence
and argument, and thereafter credited the police affidavit describing the assault. We
afford considerable deference to the District Court’s credibility determination,15 so we
cannot see any viable basis for an appeal relating to this point. Ramos also requested a
downward variance because he felt that he should have qualified for the Government’s
fast track program, but the District Court, exercising its discretion, declined to grant that
12
See United States v. Stewart, 977 F.2d 81, 84 (3d Cir. 1992) (“A transcript showing full
compliance with the customary inquiries and admonitions furnishes strong, although not
necessarily conclusive, evidence that the accused entered his plea without coercion and
with an appreciation of its consequences.”).
13
United States v. Grier, 475 F.3d 556, 571 (3d Cir. 2007) (en banc).
14
United States v. Tomko, 562 F.3d 558, 568 (3d Cir. 2009) (en banc).
15
United States v. Kole, 164 F.3d 164, 177 (3d Cir. 1998) (“Credibility determinations
are the unique province of a fact finder, be it a jury, or a judge sitting without a jury.
Where the record supports a credibility determination, it is not for an appellate court to
set it aside.” (citing Hoots v. Pennsylvania, 703 F.2d 722, 725 (3d Cir. 1983)).
6
variance. The District Court’s exercise of discretion is also entitled to substantial
deference,16 so we cannot identify a plausible basis for appeal here either.
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we will grant counsel’s request to withdraw and affirm
the District Court’s judgment.
16
Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 59 (2007) (holding that appeals courts review
sentences, including the decision to grant or deny a variance, for abuse of discretion
because “it is not for the Court of Appeals to decide de novo whether the justification for
a variance is sufficient or the sentence reasonable”).
7