Univ Premium v. York Bank

Opinions of the United
1995 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
10-26-1995
Univ Premium v York Bank
Precedential or Non-Precedential:
Docket 94-2047
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Recommended Citation
"Univ Premium v York Bank" (1995). 1995 Decisions. Paper 282.
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UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
____________
Nos. 94-2047/2048
____________
UNIVERSAL PREMIUM ACCEPTANCE CORPORATION,
Appellant
v.
THE YORK BANK & TRUST COMPANY,
Appellee
____________
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
(D.C. Civ. Nos. 94-cv-02138, 94-cv-05735)
____________
Argued June 29, 1995
Before: HUTCHINSON*, ROTH, and WEIS, Circuit Judges
Filed October 26, l995
____________
Jane C. Silver, Esquire (ARGUED)
Richard P. McElroy, Esquire
BLANK, ROME, COMISKY & McCAULEY
1200 Four Penn Center Plaza
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Attorneys for Appellant
Ronald P. Schiller, Esquire (ARGUED)
Piper & Marbury
Two Logan Square, Suite 3400
18th & Arch Streets
Philadelphia, PA 19103
___________________________________
* The Honorable William D. Hutchinson participated in the oral
argument and decision in this case, but died before he could join
or concur in this Opinion.
1
C. Lamar Garren, Esquire
Piper & Marbury
Charles Center South
36 South Charles Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21201
Attorneys for Appellee
____________
OPINION OF THE COURT
____________
WEIS, Circuit Judge.
Defendant bank accepted drafts drawn on plaintiff
containing the direction "PAY AND DEPOSIT ONLY TO THE CREDIT OF
[payee]" and on which the payee's indorsements were forged.
Reasoning that the drafts were in effect negotiable, the district
court in this diversity case entered judgment for the bank, based
on Article 3 of the Uniform Commercial Code as adopted in
Pennsylvania. We conclude that the explicit direction on the
drafts precluded transfer and made them non-negotiable. Moreover,
we hold that the indorsements in blank did not make the drafts
bearer paper. Accordingly, we will reverse the judgment in favor
of the bank and remand the matter for resolution of the
plaintiff's claims under the bank collection provisions of the
Uniform Commercial Code and the common law.
Universal Premium Acceptance Corporation, having its
principal office in St. Louis, Missouri, provides financing to
policyholders to pay their insurance premiums. In the fall of
1991, Walter Talbot of the W. Talbot Insurance Agency in
2
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, requested Universal to provide financing
for his customers who needed funds to pay premiums on policies
issued by the Great American Insurance Company.
Universal accepted Talbot's proposal and sent him the
necessary documents, including blank drafts. The face of each
instrument contained Universal's name and address in the top left
corner, and a large UPAC logo in the top center. Below UPAC's
address was printed "PAY AND DEPOSIT ONLY TO THE CREDIT OF:
__________ INSURANCE CO." with a space for the amount. On the
lower right side of the instrument were blanks for the
policyholder's name, the insurance agency name, and a line for
"SIGNATURE OF PRODUCER OF RECORD/BROKER/AGENT." In the lower
right corner beneath the signature line appear the name and
address of the Landmark Bank.
The back of each instrument contained pre-printed
language: "Acceptance of this draft acknowledges Universal
Premium Acceptance Corporation's interest in the unearned or
return premium(s) and that we have issued a policy(ies) to the
named applicant (insured) in the amount of the premium
indicated."
3
Between September 1991 and July 1992, Talbot signed
drafts for more than $1 million in favor of Great American, but
did not deliver them to the insurance company. Instead, he
arranged for his confederates to forge the indorsement of Great
American and deposit the drafts in an account they opened at
defendant York Bank under the name of "Small Businessman's
Service Corporation." York deposited the drafts without securing
the indorsement of Small Businessman's Service Corporation and
transmitted them to Landmark (later renamed Magna Bank of
Missouri), Universal's bank in St. Louis.
As part of the scheme, Talbot and his associates set up
a dummy "Great American Insurance Company" office in Lancaster
and furnished its address and telephone number to Universal. To
verify that Great American had issued a policy, Universal would
contact that office. After assurance from Talbot's cohorts there
that the transaction was in order, Universal would then authorize
Landmark to pay the draft.
After the fraud was discovered, Talbot was convicted
and imprisoned. Universal recovered part of its loss from Talbot
and then filed suit in its own behalf and as assignee of Landmark
against York. The complaints asserted claims under Articles 3
and 4 of the Uniform Commercial Code as enacted in Pennsylvania
at 13 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. §§ 3101-4504, as well as for
negligence and conversion.
4
The district court granted summary judgment for York.
Essentially adopting the theories the bank had advanced, the
court decided that:
1. The drafts were to be treated as if they were
negotiable. Although they did not contain the
terms "to the order of" or "to bearer," they could
be viewed as negotiable under 13 Pa. Cons. Stat.
Ann. § 3805.
2. Talbot signed the drafts on behalf of Universal.
3. Because Talbot did not intend Great American to
have any interest in the drafts, 13 Pa. Cons.
Stat. Ann. § 3405(a), the fictitious payee
provision, applied and shielded York from what
otherwise would have been its liability for paying
on a forged indorsement.
4. The forged indorsement of Great American was in
blank and thereby made the drafts payable to
bearer.
5. Because the drafts had become bearer paper, York
did not act in bad faith in depositing them in the
Small Businessman's Service Corporation account.
Accordingly, the district court found that York was not liable
under either the Uniform Commercial Code or common law.
Universal has appealed, contending that the limiting
language as to the payee on the drafts did not permit York to
deposit them in the Small Businessman's account, that the
fictitious payee provision does not apply, and that the
negligence claim should not have been resolved in York's favor.
I.
One of the requirements for negotiability under 13 Pa.
Cons. Stat. Ann. § 3104(a)(3) is that an instrument must be
5
"payable to order or to bearer."1 How the parties regard or
characterize the instrument is immaterial. "The negotiability of
an instrument cannot be established by waiver. . . . [W]here the
statute requires certain elements, it is not for private persons
to dispense with or waive them." 5A Ronald A. Anderson, Uniform
Commercial Code § 3-104:13 (3d ed. 1994). See also Anderson
§ 3-112:1 (official code comment). The drafts here did not meet
the terms of § 3104.
In some circumstances instruments that are not payable
"to order" or "to bearer" may nevertheless be within the scope of
Article 3 of the Code except that there can be no holder in due
course of such an item. 13 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 3805 provides
that Article 3 "applies to any instrument whose terms do not
preclude transfer and which is otherwise negotiable within this
division but which is not payable to order or to bearer
. . . ."
The commentary to section 3805 cites as a typical
example an item that reads "Pay John Doe" without the words "to
the order of." See, e.g., Key Bank of Southeastern New York,
N.A. v. Strober Bros., Inc., 523 N.Y.S.2d 855 (N.Y. App. Div.
1988). Such instruments have been termed "technically non-
negotiable" because they meet all requirements as to form except
1
Because the incidents in this case took place before the
effective date of the revised edition of the Uniform Commercial
Code presently in effect in Pennsylvania, the older version,
rather than the current one, is applicable here. See Menichini
v. Grant, 995 F.2d 1224, 1229 n.5 (3d Cir. 1993).
6
they are not payable to order or bearer.2 See Henry J. Bailey &
Richard B. Hagedorn, Brady on Bank Checks ¶ 2.17 (7th ed. 1992).
The language on the drafts, "PAY AND DEPOSIT ONLY TO
THE CREDIT OF: Great American Insurance Company," goes beyond a
mere technicality. Not only did these drafts lack "to the order
of," they contained specific instructions -- "deposit only to the
credit of." Implicit in such language is a warning of non-
negotiability. See C.R. v. The Travelers, 626 A.2d 588 (Pa.
Super. Ct. 1993) (presuming that proper restriction on face of
draft would have prevented negotiation).
The drafts demonstrate that they were not meant to be
freely transferable, but were to be "deposited" and "only" to the
credit of the insurance company. "Deposited" implies that the
instruments were to have a limited use and a short transactional
life. "Only" can be understood to modify "deposited" or the
payee, but in either instance, the language is quite restrictive.
The terms on the face of the items were meant to preclude
transfer. See Resorts Int'l Hotel, Inc. v. Salomone, 429 A.2d
1078 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1981) (counter checks); Central
Bank v. Kaipern Santa Clara Fed. Credit Union, 191 Cal. App. 3d
186 (Cal. Ct. App. 1987) (money orders). We hold, therefore,
2
Section 3805 was deleted from the 1990 revision of the Code and
a check payable "To John Doe" without the word "order" is now
treated as a negotiable instrument and the holder in due course
provisions do apply. See 13 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 3104 & cmt. 2
(Supp. 1995) (effective July 9, 1993). The revision to the Code
intends that these instruments, which look like and are intended
to be checks, should be treated as such. We note that the drafts
here are not checks and that the broad language of section 3805
has been deleted in the 1990 revision.
7
that the drafts were not "otherwise negotiable" within the scope
of section 3805.
II.
As an alternative method of finding negotiability, York
argues that even if not originally negotiable, the indorsements
in blank by "Great American" converted the drafts into "bearer,"
negotiable, instruments. We reject that premise.
13 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 3204(b) provides that a blank
indorsement on a negotiable instrument transforms it into a
bearer instrument, but that section has no application to a non-
negotiable item. An item which is non-negotiable in its
inception remains so. Mere indorsement of such a draft does not
change its character. As one court remarked, to sanction any
other result would enable an indorser to change the rights and
liabilities of the prior parties in a most material fashion.
Wettlaufer v. Baxter, 125 S.W. 741 (Ky. 1910). See also Foley v.
Hardy, 253 P. 238 (Kan. 1927).
These cases are pre-U.C.C., but have retained their
authoritative status. See Partney v. Reed, 889 S.W.2d 896 (Mo.
Ct. App. 1994) (negotiability determined from four corners of
instrument at time it was issued without reference to extrinsic
facts).
One commentator has remarked:
"In order to understand the UCC definitions
in the area of negotiable instruments, you
must first know the law of negotiable
8
instruments. In other words, the Code is not
a code that tells a student or a banker or a
lawyer what the law is. It is rather a
compilation of notes that may serve to remind
you of law you had better know before you
read the UCC."
David Mellinkoff, The Language of the Uniform Commercial Code, 77
Yale L. J. 185, 192-93 (1967). For views on negotiability as
expressed in later treatises, see Anderson § 3-202:56 at 503 ("An
indorsement has no effect upon negotiability, without regard to
the nature or terminology of the indorsement"); Brady on Bank
Checks § 2.1 ("Negotiability must be determined solely by what is
written on the face of the instrument").
We conclude, therefore, that the drafts did not become
bearer or negotiable instruments by virtue of the forged blank
indorsements of the Great American Insurance Company.
III.
The general rule is a bank that pays on a forged
indorsement is liable to the drawer. However, 13 Pa. Cons. Stat.
Ann. § 3405(a) (the fictitious payee exception) provides that an
indorsement by any person in the name of the designated payee is
effective if the drawer intends the payee to have no interest in
the instrument. That provision is intended to protect banks that
cash instruments with such forged indorsements and is based on
the assumption that as between the bank and the drawer, the
latter is in a better position to prevent the loss.
9
We have held that section 3405 should be interpreted
broadly enough to carry out its purpose. New Amsterdam Casualty
Co. v. First Pennsylvania Banking & Trust Co., 451 F.2d 892 (3d
Cir. 1971). But, in McAdam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 896
F.2d 750, 762 (3d Cir. 1990), we recognized that because this
provision "is a banker's exception which dramatically departs
from the general UCC rule and narrows the liability of a bank,
courts should be cautious in expanding the section's scope beyond
its explicit rationale." Commentators have also characterized
section 3405 as a banker's provision that should be strictly
construed so as not to give more protection than is stated. See
James J. White & Robert S. Summers, Uniform Commercial Code § 16-
8 (2d ed. 1980).
13 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 3405 is not applicable here
because it speaks only to negotiable instruments. Although
Article 3 of the Uniform Commercial Code is sometimes applied by
analogy to non-negotiable instruments, in that situation as well,
the same cautious approach to section 3405 should be used.
The scenario here is quite different from a scheme in
which a faithless employee obtains a company check payable to a
non-existent person and then cashes it. In such situations there
is some merit in relieving the bank from liability and leaving
the employer to bear the loss. However, the direction on the
drafts here to "pay and deposit only to the credit of Great
American" was explicit.
The action of York Bank in permitting the deposit of
the drafts in the Small Businessman's Service Corporation account
10
instead of Great American's account created quite a different
situation than cashing the check of a fictitious payee. The face
of the drafts raised a red flag and was enough to put York on
notice that something was amiss in the Talbot group's dealings
with it. We are not persuaded that the fictitious payee
exception should be carried over to the non-negotiable
instruments in this case.
IV.
Our conclusions that the drafts are non-negotiable and
that the fictitious payee exemption is not applicable undermine
the basic premises upon which the district court based its
decision. Consequently, the case must be remanded to the
district court for further proceedings during which the parties
may develop their contentions consistent with appropriate legal
principles. We expect that on remand some of the confusion that
developed because of the alternative and, at some points,
inconsistent theories advanced by the parties may be dispelled.
The district court is entitled to a more focused presentation of
the issues than that which occurred.
Our holding that these drafts were not negotiable means
that some of the parties' arguments to this Court and the
district court have become irrelevant. We need not discuss them
further, but in the interests of simplification, we will dispose
of several issues summarily so that they need not be considered
on remand:
(1) The mere fact that Universal entrusted Talbot with
the forms is not a proper basis for imputation of agency between
11
him and Universal. The premium financing agreement specifically
disclaims such a relationship and there is no evidence of
apparent authority in this record.
(2) Universal is incorrect in characterizing the
direction "pay and deposit only" on the face of the drafts as an
"indorsement."
(3) The parties' discussion about ratification of the
forged indorsements is not pertinent at this point. Pennsylvania
does not permit ratification of a forgery on a non-negotiable
item. See Funds for Business Growth, Inc. v. Woodland Marble &
Tile Co., 278 A.2d 922, 925 (Pa. 1971).
V.
The test for negotiability of drafts and checks is the
same, and therefore, to this point there has been no need to
discuss the differences between the two types of instruments.
On remand, however, the distinctions may be important in
resolving the issues remaining. A brief discussion on the nature
of drafts therefore may be helpful.
The parties have correctly designated the items in
question as drafts, but at times have treated them as checks. A
check may be described in general terms as an order to a bank by
a person having an account there to pay on demand a specified
amount of money to a designated payee. Although all checks are
drafts, not all drafts are checks. Drafts may take other forms
as well. For example, if the order to pay is directed to a third
party other than a bank or to a bank where the drawer does not
have an account, the item is a draft, but not a check.
12
Drafts are sometimes used in sales transactions when
the seller initiates the payment process rather than having the
buyer issue a check. In what is to some extent a reversal of
roles, the seller, as drawer, writes a draft on the buyer as
drawee. Often the draft will provide that it is "payable
through" a specified bank in which the buyer has an account.
That bank then pays the seller.
Drafts can also be used to implement a three-party
transaction involving a buyer, seller and financing entity. As
an illustration, a buyer of an automobile signs a draft drawn on
a finance company but payable to an automobile dealer through a
specified bank. The dealer deposits the draft in its own bank,
which sends it to the finance company's bank. After it approves
the transaction, the finance company directs its bank to pay the
draft to the automobile dealer. Thereafter, the buyer makes
periodic payments to the finance company.
In other instances, the arrangements between the buyer-
drawee and his bank may provide that the bank is to receive bills
of lading or other documentation as a pre-condition to honoring
the drafts. These are called "documentary drafts."
Casualty insurance companies frequently use drafts for
the payment of claims. Adjusters sign the drafts payable through
a named bank and deliver them to the claimant. Copies of the
draft and executed releases are sent to the home office, which
can review those documents before authorizing its bank to pay the
draft. This procedure gives the home office some control over
the payment of claims. It also enables an insurance company to
13
place funds with the bank only when needed to honor drafts,
rather than having the money remain idle in a checking account.
Another use of drafts is the withdrawal of funds from
savings banks. That practice is described in Pennsylvania
Banker's Assoc. v. Secretary of Banking, 392 A.2d 1319 (Pa.
1978). For a general discussion of various types of drafts, see
Barkley Clark & Barbara Clark, The Law of Bank Deposits,
Collections and Credit Cards ¶¶ 1.05, 13.01 (Rev. ed. 1995);
Brady on Bank Checks ¶ 1.13 (7th ed. 1992); Daniel E. Murray,
Drafts "Payable Through" Banks, 77 Com. L.J. 389 (1972). Steven
B. Dow, Determining Bank Status in Article Four Check
Collections, 49 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 43 (1987).
Universal uses drafts as a means of providing financing
for policyholders to pay premiums due their insurance carriers.
The arrangements are made through the insurance agents who sell
the policies. The customary procedure is for the insurance
agent, acting on behalf of the policyholder, to sign the draft
form supplied by Universal, fill in the amount desired and insert
the name of the insurance company issuing the policy. A copy of
the draft, together with a Premium Finance Agreement executed by
the policy holder, is sent to Universal.
The original draft is delivered directly to the
insurance company, which deposits it in its bank. The original
draft is then transmitted to Universal's bank, Landmark. On
receipt, Landmark advises Universal, which is then required to
instruct the bank within twenty-four or forty-eight hours whether
to pay the draft. In that interim, Universal calls the insurance
14
company to verify that a policy had been issued and that the
financing transaction is apparently in good order.
With this understanding of the business practices
followed in this case, we note briefly the various claims
asserted by Universal. Preliminarily, we point out that Talbot,
as agent for the policyholder, was the drawer of the drafts.
Universal was the drawee, not the "maker" as it was labeled by
York employees. Great American was the payee. Landmark's status
will be discussed infra.
VI.
In addition to, or in the alternative to Article 3,
Universal based its claims on Article 4 of the Commercial Code,
governing bank deposits and collections. Article 4's scope is
not limited to negotiable instruments, but includes "items" that
are defined as "any instrument for the payment of money even
though it is not negotiable but does not include money." 13 Pa.
Cons. Stat. Ann. § 4104. The drafts here come within that
definition.
Universal relies on 13 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 4207(a),
which provides for warranties that are applicable upon payment or
acceptance of an item. That section provides in pertinent part
that "[e]ach . . . collecting bank who obtains payment or
acceptance of an item and each prior . . . collecting bank
warrants to the payor bank or other payor who in good faith pays
or accepts the item that: (1) he has good title to the item or
is authorized to obtain payment or acceptance on behalf of one
who has a good title." See Continental Bank & Trust Co. v.
15
Peoples Nat'l Bank & Trust Co. of Norristown, 274 A.2d 549 (Pa.
Super. Ct. 1970) (per curiam) (Hoffman, J., concurring)
(explaining operation of section 4207).
The liabilities for breach of warranty by banks in the
collection process is affected by their status. As we view the
record before us, York Bank is the depository bank because it was
"the first bank to which an item is transferred for collection."
13 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 4105. It probably is also a
collecting bank.
Landmark may be a collecting bank. 13 Pa. Cons. Stat.
Ann. § 3120 provides that "[a]n instrument which states that it
is `payable through' a bank or the like designates that bank as a
collecting bank to make presentment but does not of itself
authorize the bank to pay the instrument." See also 13 Pa. Cons.
Stat. Ann. § 4105 cmt. 3. ("Items are sometimes drawn or
accepted `payable through' a particular bank. . . . [T]he
`payable through' bank will be a collecting (and often a
presenting) bank; it is not a `payor bank.'"
York, however, contends that Landmark was a payor bank,
and as such had more responsibilities than a collecting bank. It
appears that determination of Landmark's status will be a
significant factor in the resolution of Universal's claims under
Article 4 and may require further development on remand.
Landmark's name, appearing as it does in the lower
right-hand corner of the draft, creates an ambiguity. Although
that location usually identifies a party as the drawer or maker,
see Mitchultka v. Grapin, 340 A.2d 576 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1975), it
16
is clear enough that Landmark was not intended to be such. It
may be that the uncertainty as to Landmark's status came about
because the draft form was prepared by Universal and not the
bank.
From our review of the record, including a scrutiny of
the face of the items, we conclude that they are, to a
substantial degree, akin to "payable through" drafts. Although
on their face the drafts do not contain the words "payable
through," that lack is not determinative here for two reasons.
First, the drafts are not negotiable and, thus, not within the
term "instrument" as used in section 3120.3 Second, at this
juncture, the evidence on the practice followed in issuing and
paying the drafts corresponds to the "payable through" procedure.
The determination of whether a draft is of the "payable
through" variety can be important in determining whether a bank
that honors the item is a "payor" or a "collecting" bank.
Although some courts have concluded that "payable through" status
is determined by examining the face of the draft, they have
nonetheless considered evidence on the function that the bank
actually performed. See Berman v. United States Nat'l Bank, 249
N.W.2d 187 (Nebr. 1976); Engine Parts, Inc. v. Citizens Bank of
Clovis, 582 P.2d 809 (N.M. 1978). The net result is that
extrinsic evidence has been used to determine whether a
relationship similar to a "payable through" arrangement existed
3
Article 3 is not always consistent in its use of the word
"instrument". See Mellinkoff, 77 Yale L.J. at 194-95. It
appears, however, that section 3120 uses the term to mean only
negotiable items.
17
in fixing a bank's liability. See Branch Banking & Trust Co. v.
Bank of Washington, 120 S.E.2d 830 (N. C. 1961); Phelan v.
University Nat'l Bank, 229 N.E.2d 374 (Ill. App. Ct. 1967);
Wilhelm Foods, Inc. v. National Bank, 382 F. Supp. 605 (S.D.N.Y.
1974) (distinguished by Horney v. Covington Cty. Bank, 716 F.2d
335 (5th Cir. 1983)).
The argument against the use of extrinsic evidence
rests on its possible adverse impact on negotiability. Whatever
may be the merits of restricting review to the face of the drafts
to determine the status of the affected parties, that limitation
has less weight here because the items are not negotiable. See
Dow, 49 U. Pitt. L. Rev. at 63, 66-81. Moreover, there is some
significance to the fact that before a draft would be honored by
Landmark, it had to be accepted by Universal.
On remand, therefore, in determining the status of the
parties to the drafts under Article 4, the district court will
not be restricted to the face of the items. Instead, it will be
free to consider whatever further evidence it deems necessary.
VII.
In addition to its breach of warranty count, Universal
insists that York is liable in conversion. We note that this
claim must be resolved on remand and observe that D & G Equipment
Co. v. First Nat'l Bank of Greencastle, 764 F.2d 950 (3d Cir.
1985), discussed a claim for conversion of checks. We commented
that under 13 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 3419, an instrument is
converted when it is paid on a forged indorsement.
18
However, it appears that common law conversion in
Pennsylvania may be somewhat broader in scope. Id. at 957 n.4.
In Cenna v. United States, 402 F.2d 168, 170 (3d Cir. 1968), we
said that under Pennsylvania law, conversion is the "deprivation
of another's right of property, or use or possession of a
chattel, or other interference therewith, without the owner's
consent and without legal justification."
VIII.
Finally, Universal seeks a recovery based on
negligence. As York points out, when 13 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann.
§ 3405 applies, some courts have held that the drafters of Code
intended to displace common law negligence actions. See Law of
Bank Deposits ¶ 8.04[8][c]; Brady on Bank Checks, § 31.17
(collecting cases).
In the absence of a holding by an appellate court, we
may assume, without deciding, that Pennsylvania would adopt that
viewpoint.4 However, since we have concluded that section 3405
does not apply here, Universal is free to establish, if it can,
a case of negligence against York.
In that connection, York's action in depositing drafts
made payable to one company in the account of another should be
subject to scrutiny. See, e.g., Commonwealth Fed. Savings & Loan
v. First National Bank of New Jersey, 513 F. Supp. 296, 304 (E.D.
4
In the 1990 revision, the fictitious payee provision formerly in
§ 3405 was renumbered as § 3404 and provided for imposition of
comparative negligence liability. "In short, this is one area
where the drafters of the 1990 UCC completely reversed a rule of
the 1962 U.C.C." Brady on Bank Checks ¶ 31.18 at 31-46.
19
Pa. 1979) ("established banking practice mandates that any check
payable to a designated business entity can be accepted for
deposit only into the account of such named payee"). Further
development of this claim must await the remand.
Accordingly, the judgment of the district court will be
reversed and the case will be remanded for further proceedings
consistent with this Opinion.
20