Barry v. Bergen Cty Probation

Opinions of the United
1997 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
10-22-1997
Barry v. Bergen Cty Probation
Precedential or Non-Precedential:
Docket
96-5577
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Recommended Citation
"Barry v. Bergen Cty Probation" (1997). 1997 Decisions. Paper 247.
http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_1997/247
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Filed October 22, 1997
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 96-5577
MICHAEL C. BARRY
v.
BERGEN COUNTY PROBATION
DEPARTMENT, Hackensack, N.J.;
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY
Bergen County Probation Department,
Peter Verniero, Attorney General
of New Jersey,
Appellants
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of New Jersey
(D.C. No. 94-cv-03258)
Argued August 12, 1997
BEFORE: STAPLETON, GREENBERG and COWEN,
Circuit Judges
(Filed October 22, 1997)
Peter Verniero
Attorney General of New Jersey
Arthur S. Safir, Esq. (argued)
Deputy Attorney General
Richard J. Hughes Justice Complex
Trenton, NJ 08625
Counsel for Appellants
David M. Quirk, Esq. (argued)
11 Seymour Street
Montclair, NJ 07042
Counsel for Appellee
OPINION OF THE COURT
COWEN, Circuit Judge.
This is an appeal from a judgment of the district court,
dated August 7, 1996, granting petitioner-appellee Michael
C. Barry's petition for a writ of habeas corpus. The district
court held that it had subject matter jurisdiction to
consider Barry's petition because his community service
obligation constituted custody for purposes of habeas
corpus review pursuant to 28 U.S.C. S 2254(a). The district
court further held that, because the media coverage at
issue had the potential to prejudice one or more jurors, the
trial judge's failure to voir dire the jurors violated Barry's
Sixth Amendment right to a fair trial. In addition to
granting the petition, the district court ordered that Barry
be released from his community service obligation. The
district court made no provision for the State to retry Barry.
Respondents-appellants, the Bergen County Probation
Department and Peter Verniero, the Attorney General of
New Jersey (collectively, "the State"), contend that the
district court erred in its determination that Barry was "in
custody" for habeas corpus purposes and that the media
coverage potentially prejudiced the jury. Moreover, the State
argues that the district court erred by releasing Barry from
his community service sentence without providing the State
with an opportunity to retry him.
We hold that Barry was "in custody" for purposes of 28
U.S.C. S 2254(a) when he was resentenced in 1993 to 500
hours of community service. We further hold that the media
coverage at issue did not have the potential to prejudice the
jury. Accordingly, the judgment will be reversed, and we
need not consider whether the district court erred by failing
to provide the State with an opportunity for retrial.
2
I.
Dr. Michael Barry served as medical director of the Fort
Lee Stress Relief Clinic. During its brief period of operation,
845 patients generated 2,429 visits and 2,337 prescriptions
for the drug Quaalude. Nearly every prescription was for
forty-five tablets, regardless of a patient's prior history.
Barry and a number of codefendants were indicted by the
State of New Jersey on: sixteen counts of dispensing the
drug Quaalude not in good faith in the course of
professional medical practice, in violation of N.J. STAT. ANN.
SS 24:21-9, :21-15 (West 1997), :21-19(a)(1), :21-19(b)(3)
(repealed by L.1987, c. 106, S 25, operative July 9, 1987)
(West 1997), and 2C:2-6 (West 1995); three counts of
dispensing Quaalude and Diazepam, in violation of those
same statutes; one count of maintaining a drug resort, in
violation of N.J. STAT. ANN. SS 24:21-21(a)(6), :21-21(b) (West
1997), and 2C:2-6; and one count of conspiracy to dispense
the drug Quaalude not in good faith in the course of
professional medical practice and to maintain a drug resort,
in violation of N.J. STAT. ANN. SS 24:21-24(a) (West 1997),
and 2C:5-2 (West 1995). The trial, which lasted almost five
months, commenced on January 4, 1982.
On February 18, 1982, the trial court became aware of
two newspaper articles that appeared in the Herald
Dispatch. The court admonished the jury:
There are just a few things I must call to your
attention, and one of them is that there have been
articles in the newspaper and they have been called to
my attention, about this case.
It's also been called to my attention that the articles
are not accurate. I am not critical of the articles in any
sense, that's none of my business what's in the article,
but it is our business to ask you not to read them.
Remember I said at the outset that you as the jury in
this case are the judges. You will be the judges in the
trial. You'll be the sole and final judges in this trial and
you'll have to decide this case based solely on the
evidence that you see and you hear that takes place in
this courtroom. I will continue to ask you, and if I don't
forget, I will be telling you this every day, I will remind
3
you not to read the newspapers. If you see anything
anywhere close that has anything to do with this case,
don't read it, don't let anybody attempt to discuss the
case with you, don't discuss the case even among
yourselves. Keep an open mind until you heard [sic] all
sides, the entire case, not just the State's case, but the
defendants' side and the law as given by the Court at
the end of the trial, but as I said, there are articles,
some of it is on the front page here, and there may be
something on the TV.
App. at 138-39. At the conclusion of the proceedings that
day, the trial court reminded the jury of its earlier
admonition regarding the press.
As the trial continued, the court repeatedly cautioned the
jury to refrain from discussing the case with anyone or
reading anything in the newspapers even tangentially
related to the case. On March 17, 1982, the trial court
instructed the jury at the conclusion of the proceedings
that day:
All right. I think it's a good time to recess.
But before we do, members of the jury, you will recall
from time to time I have been cautioning the jury not
to discuss the case, and not to read anything that
might in any way have any effect on you as, as it
pertains to this case. And I would just remind you once
again, would you please continue to follow those same
instructions.
And, I think more and more now you can realize the
importance of what I said, that ultimately you will have
to decide this case solely and you will have to solely on
the evidence that you see and you hear in this
courtroom. And, if you read something elsewhere or if
someone talks to you or even if you talk among
yourselves, it would be very, very hard for you to
remember whether you heard it in the courtroom or
you read it somewhere or whether it was evidence in
this case.
So, it is -- nor if you should see something, don't
read it. If someone wants to talk to you, don't let them
4
talk to you about the case. And, you will remember
that this has to do with this case and this was the
evidence in this case because some [sic] have to decide
it solely on the evidence that you see and hear in the
courtroom.
App. at 145-46.
On April 20, 1982, approximately two weeks before the
jury received the case, the trial court issued the following
admonition to the jury regarding an upcoming television
program:
There is another thing that I must call to your
attention, also. It's come to my attention that a
television program is to be televised on Channel 4,
NBC, on Tuesday evening, that's today, which may
address topics which have been either examined or
referred to here incourt [sic] . . . . I'm not going to tell
you about a program and then tell you not to look at
it, but I have to do it that way, because you might
come on it by chance. So, the best way to do it is to tell
you about it and then tell you not to look at it, whether
someone reminds you and says you know, I saw
something, tell them not to talk about it. So, I'm going
to ask you not to view the program, and further, I
would ask, if possible, that the program not be
watched by other members of your family, if possible,
or if that's not done, that you not discuss or be present
during any discussion with either your family or
friends . . . .
App. at 156-57. The following day, the court asked the
jurors if anyone had viewed the television program in
question, and no one answered in the affirmative.
On May 13, 1982, the trial judge, at the conclusion of the
entire case, charged the jury as follows:
Each defendant is entitled to have his case
determined from his or her own acts and statements
and the other evidence in the case which may be
applicable to him or to her. And you're here to
determine the guilt or innocence of the accused from
the evidence before you and you are not called upon to
5
return a verdict as to the guilt or innocence of any
other person or persons.
App. at 172. The jury received the case and commenced
deliberations that afternoon.
In the morning of May 14, 1982, during jury
deliberations, counsel for one of Barry's codefendants
brought to the court's attention that a newscast that had
been broadcast on WINS radio the previous evening
concerned hearings in Washington on methaqualone usage.
A recording of the story was transcribed for the record:
"At a Senate Labor and Human Resources
Subcommittee hearing, Republican Senator Paula
Hawkins says 90% of the sleeping pills also called the
love drug is [sic] supplied illegally to young people in a
two billion dollar a year business."
Now the recording has the following statement from
Senator Hawkins'[s] testimony, "Under the guise of
affording legitimate medical services these clinics
provide a ready and accessible source of
pharmaceutical Quaaludes, primarily for white collar
young adults. The procedure is apparently quite
simple. Bring between seventy five [sic] and two
hundred dollars in cash, fill out a brief personal history
form, claim personal or job problems and trade the
cash for a prescription of thirty to forty-five
Quaaludes."
The broadcast thencontinues [sic], "Now Senator
Hawkins has introduced a bill to ban Quaaludes as a
so-called controlled substance. Hawkins says at least
130 people died from the drug last year. The Drug
Enforcement Administration says Quaaludes [are]
second in popularity among young people only to
marijuana."
App. at 201.
Counsel also brought to the court's attention an article in
that day's Bergen Record entitled "Federal Drug Agency
Targets Stress Relief Clinics." According to counsel, the
articles concerned
6
stress clinics and how they operate in a manner so
that a drug can be given out to young people who are
then abusers. They refer to people coming in paying
$125 for a fifteen to twenty minute visit to a stress
clinic in order to receive Quaalude prescriptions.
App. at 178. The Record has the largest circulation in
Bergen County. Counsel then requested that the court voir
dire and sequester the jurors and the court instruct them
not to read that day's issue of the Bergen Record. The
request was denied. However, the court instructed:
You shouldn't read about the case . . . . You shouldn't
listen to the radio about anything that might pertain,
not only about this case but anything that might
pertain to anything relating to something that might
pertain to a related matter. And you shouldn't read
anything that might pertain to a related matter that
might affect you in this case.
So if you see or even think it might pertain to
something, put it aside. Don't read about it. Because
you have to decide this case solely on the evidence
that's been presented in this case . . . and not on
something that you heard on the radio or that you've
seen or that you will see, and there may be something
in the newspaper and I have to continuously guard
against that. And it never fails but that just at the time
when jurors are deliberating that some always thinks
[sic] something will be in the newspaper, something is
in the newspaper that they think might affect you in
your deliberations.
. . . So would you keep that in mind, not to read
anything. If you read a newspaper -- I can't keep you
from reading newspapers, but if something appears in
the newspaper that might affect you in this case, you
see the problems it creates.
App. at 203-04.
After lunch that same day, counsel for one of Barry's
codefendants advised the court that an alternate juror was
seen reading the Bergen Record. Counsel moved for a
mistrial or dismissal of the alternates; both motions were
7
denied. The court stated: "The record will show there are no
newspapers in the deliberating room." App. at 217. At the
end of the day, the court again instructed the jury:
I would ask that you not read or listen to what's on the
radio or on the TV, and I don't know if there'll be
anything on, but it just so happens that usually
something does happen at atime [sic] like this, that
something appears on the TV or on the radio which
deals with perhaps substances that might be related or
connected in some way with things that might remind
you of this case. . . .
And it's so important that you bear in mind that in
deciding this case you should not in any way be
influenced by anything other than . . . what you've
seen in the case . . . particularly something as I say,
that appears in a newspaper article or on the radio.
I would, therefore, urge you very, very strongly, if you
could stay away from reading even a headline that
might indicate anything like that. Don't even get
anywhere near anything like that.
App. at 221-22.
On May 17, 1982, counsel for one of Barry's
codefendants brought to the court's attention two
newspaper articles: one about the case itself from the May
15 issue of the Hudson Dispatch, with a six-column banner
headline reading "Mistrial Denied in Fort Lee Pill Pushing
Case," which reported sidebar conversations that someone
had leaked to the press, and one from the May 16 issue of
the Bergen Record entitled "New Jersey Weighs Ban Against
Quaaludes," which mentioned Barry and other defendants
and erroneously reported that they were linked to a stress
relief center in Atlantic City that was under investigation.
Counsel moved for the court to instruct the jurors not to
read the newspapers at all and to voir dire them to
determine whether any had seen the article. The motion
was denied. At the end of the day, the court again
instructed the jury:
[A]gain, I would ask you please, please don't read
anything -- and it's difficult for me to say don't read
8
any newspaper because I'd like to ask you not to do
that, not to read and not to listen to TV and not to
listen to any radio, but I guess that's asking too much
for me to ask you to do that. I'd like to ask you to do
that but, again, I will caution you, please don't read
anything that might have the slightest -- if you see any
kind of a headline that might have anything to do with
any type of controlled dangerous substance or anything
that might have anything to do with any kind of a case,
even remotely, obviously you shouldn't be looking at it
or reading it. . . . And similarly, don't listen to anything
on the radio or TV.
App. at 247-48.
On May 18, 1982, the court again instructed:
Don't read anything in the newspapers that in any
way, shape or form might affect you in any possible
way because it is important that you decide this case
based on the evidence you've seen and heard or the
lack of evidence in the case. . . . [D]on't permit anyone
to discuss this case with you either on the telephone,
newspaper, radio, TV, et cetera.
App. at 255.
On May 19, 1982, the court instructed the jury "not to
read, listen, not to let anyone discuss the case with you."
App. at 262.
On May 20, 1982, shortly after the jury resumed
deliberations at 9:15 a.m., counsel brought to the court's
attention an article in that day's issue of the Bergen Record
with a six-column headline reading "Stress Center Jury
Replays Drug User's Testimony." Although the State
disputes that the jurors could have seen the paper because
it usually comes out after 9:30 a.m., defense counsel
represented to the court that he bought the paper
"downstairs" in the courthouse before the jury began
deliberating that day. Counsel again requested a voir dire of
the jury, which request was denied. Later, the court
instructed:
[O]nce again, I would caution you that you are not to
read anything in the newspapers. If any articles appear
9
in the newspapers -- and the fact that articles appear
in the newspapers, even though they may be allegedly
a rehash of what occurs in court, you shouldn't read
anything because the fact that something appears, it is
not for the jury to read at all. You should rely only on
the testimony, the evidence that was heard in court
and not what you read in the newspaper and not what
you hear outside of court as I've indicated earlier.. . .
[D]o not read anything about the case. . . . I have to
explain the importance of it to you and not to permit
anyone to discuss the case with you, not to read
anything, not to listen to anything that in any way
might have some bearing on this case, that might
influence you in the case.
App. at 272-73. Throughout most of the deliberations, the
jury was sequestered during lunch breaks and supervised
by a court officer during recess.
On May 24, 1982, Barry was found guilty on seventeen
of the twenty-one counts. He was sentenced to concurrent
three-year probationary terms on each of the seventeen
counts, contingent upon his completion of a 180-day jail
term, and fined, in the aggregate, $85,425. He appealed his
conviction, requesting that he be represented on appeal by
a court-appointed attorney. The state court rejected this
request and subsequently dismissed his appeal for lack of
prosecution. His petition for certification to the New Jersey
Supreme Court was denied.
Barry filed a petition in the district court pursuant to 28
U.S.C. S 2254 for a writ of habeas corpus. He asserted that
he was indigent and entitled to court-appointed counsel to
prosecute his state appeal. The district court dismissed the
petition for failure to exhaust state remedies. We vacated
and remanded. Barry v. Brower, 774 F.2d 1150 (3d Cir.
1985) (table). The district court thereafter granted Barry's
petition, and we affirmed with instructions to the district
court to order that Barry be released from state custody
unless the state court entered an order within thirty days
reinstating his state appeal and appointing counsel. See
Barry v. Brower, 864 F.2d 294 (3d Cir. 1988).
Subsequently, the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Appellate Division, affirmed Barry's conviction. In the
10
portion of the opinion that addressed the issue we face in
this appeal, the court wrote:
When a trial court is presented with a post-
impanelment voir dire motion based upon the potential
jury exposure to trial publicity, the court must employ
a two-part inquiry. First, the court should determine if
the disseminated information has the capacity to
prejudice the defendant. If so, the court should then
determine whether there is a realistic possibility that
such information may have reached one or more of the
jurors. "Relevant considerations include the extent,
notoriety, and prominence of the media coverage, with
particular reference to the aspects found particularly
prejudicial by the Court."
"The procedure of questioning an impaneled jury
when prejudicial publicity threatens the fairness and
integrity of a defendant's trial should not be invoked
begrudgingly." Similarly, however, the existence of
some publicity relating to the defendant or the
proceedings will not automatically require that the
judge hold a voir dire.
In an appropriate case, an alternative to
sequestration exists in the judge's issuance of "clear
and definitive" instructions to the jury not to read or
listen to media reports of the trial, and to decide issues
only on the evidence presented in court. Where
cautionary instructions are appropriate and properly
given, there is a presumption that jurors acted in good
faith in following those instructions. Even where
several jurors have been exposed to a media report
about the case, a mistrial need not be directed if the
report does not mention any defendants by name and
the judge instructs the jury that the report had nothing
to do with the defendants.
Where juror prejudice is alleged, it is within the
discretion of the trial judge to determine whether relief
should be granted. On appeal, we will not reverse a
discretionary decision of the trial judge unless we are
satisfied that a manifest denial of justice resulted
below. Here, we have carefully reviewed all allegations
11
of juror prejudice and find them clearly to be without
merit. We are satisfied that no manifest denial of
justice has occurred.
Regarding the articles concerning the case which
appeared in the Bergen Record and the Hudson
Dispatch, we note that nothing in the record indicates
the jurors actually or probably read them or heard
prejudicial media reports. Under these circumstances,
we find no prejudice resulting in a manifest denial of
justice occurred.
State v. Barry, No. A-720-82T4, slip op. at 84-86 (N.J.
Super. Ct. App. Div. Nov. 22, 1991) (per curiam) ("App. Div.
Op.") (quoting State v. Bey, 112 N.J. 45, 86, 89, 548 A.2d
846, 867, 869 (1988)) (citations omitted). The New Jersey
Supreme Court denied a petition for certification.
Following the state court affirmance of his conviction,
Barry was ordered to pay the fine. When he failed to do so,
a motion seeking to hold him in contempt was filed by the
Bergen County Probation Department. Concluding that
Barry was unable to pay the fine, the state court entered an
amended Judgment of Conviction, which ordered Barry, in
lieu of paying the fine, to perform 500 hours of community
service. Barry's probation supervision ended on or about
February 1, 1993.
This petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to
S 2254 was filed in the district court on July 12, 1994,
when Barry was still obligated to complete his community
service under the direction of the Morris County Probation
Department. The petition named as respondents the Bergen
County Probation Department and Peter Verniero, the
Attorney General of New Jersey. His petition raises several
issues, including whether the trial judge violated his Sixth
Amendment rights by refusing to voir dire the jury during
its deliberations concerning possible prejudice arising from
media coverage of the case.
The district court granted the petition, ordering that he
be released from community service. It also held that his
community service obligation constituted custody for
habeas corpus purposes. In addition, the district court held
that the media coverage during jury deliberations could
12
have potentially prejudiced one or more jurors and,
therefore, the trial court's failure to voir dire the jury was
an error of constitutional magnitude. The district court
determined that the remaining claims had no merit. This
appeal followed.
The State raises three issues in this appeal. First, was
Barry "in custody" pursuant to 28 U.S.C. S 2254(a)?
Second, did the trial court's failure to voir dire or sequester
the jury after becoming aware of the media attention the
case received violate Barry's Sixth Amendment right to have
his case tried by an impartial jury? Finally, did the district
court err by failing to give the State the opportunity to retry
Barry? We raise sua sponte the issue of whether, assuming
Barry is "in custody," either of the respondents is his
"custodian" for purposes of S 2254(a).
II.
Our appellate jurisdiction is pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
SS 1291 and 2253. The district court determined it
unnecessary to engage in any fact finding. Accordingly, we
exercise plenary review over the district court's grant of
habeas corpus. United States v. Cleary, 46 F.3d 307, 3019-
10 (3d Cir. 1995); Lesko v. Owens, 881 F.2d 44, 50 (3d Cir.
1989). This standard is derived from the purpose of a
reviewing court in a habeas proceeding, which is to review
state cases " ``for violations of federal constitutional
standards.' " Lesko, 881 F.2d at 50 (quoting Milton v.
Wainwright, 407 U.S. 371, 377, 92 S. Ct. 2174, 2178
(1972)).
III.
A. Custody
The first issue in this appeal is whether Barry was "in
custody" for purposes of S 2254(a) when he was
resentenced in 1993 to 500 hours of community service.
Section 2254(a) provides that federal courts have
jurisdiction to entertain an application for habeas relief
only if a petitioner is "in custody" in violation of the laws,
treaties, or Constitution of the United States. This
13
requirement "is designed to preserve the writ of habeas
corpus as a remedy for severe restraints on individual
liberty." Hensley v. Municipal Court, 411 U.S. 345, 351, 93
S. Ct. 1571, 1574 (1973). In making a custody
determination, a court looks to the date that the habeas
petition was filed. See Carafas v. LaVallee, 391 U.S. 234,
238-40, 88 S. Ct. 1556, 1559-61 (1968).
Barry argued, and the district court agreed, that
S 2254(a)'s custody requirement was satisfied because
Barry was subject both to " ``significant restraints on [his]
liberty' . . . which were ``not shared by the public
generally,' " Dist. Ct. Op. at 6 (quoting Jones v.
Cunningham, 371 U.S. 236, 240, 242, 83 S. Ct. 373, 376,
377 (1963)), and " ``some type of continuing governmental
supervision.' " Id. (quoting Tinder v. Paula, 725 F.2d 801,
803 (1st Cir. 1984) (citing Spring v. Caldwell, 692 F.2d 994,
997-98 (5th Cir. 1982))). The State contends that the
district court's conclusion is erroneous for two reasons.
First, Barry's community service was imposed in lieu of his
$85,000 fine, and his failure to complete community service
would have resulted, at most, in the reimposition of the fine
(or the proportional remainder thereof), rather than
incarceration. Therefore, the State argues, Barry's case is
indistinguishable from cases holding that the mere
imposition of a fine is insufficient to constitute custody.
Second, the State maintains that Barry was not subjected
to the type of continuing governmental supervision usually
associated with custody. In particular, the State points out
that Barry took almost three years to complete his service,
and that he had the ability to choose both the type of
assignments as well as a specific schedule for completing
these assignments. We conclude that the state has read
S 2254(a)'s custody requirement too narrowly.
While early Supreme Court decisions held that
incarceration was required before a defendant was "in
custody" for habeas corpus purposes, see Hensley, 411
U.S. at 350 n.8, 93 S. Ct. at 1574 n.8, the Hensley Court
noted that these decisions have not been cited by more
recent Supreme Court decisions and "may no longer be
deemed controlling." Id. Instead, the meaning of "custody"
has been broadened so that, in the S 2254(a) context, it is
14
no longer limited to physical custody. See Justices of the
Boston Mun. Ct. v. Lydon, 466 U.S. 294, 301, 104 S. Ct.
1805, 1810 (1984) (pretrial release on personal
recognizance constitutes custody); Hensley, 411 U.S. at
349-51, 93 S. Ct. at 1573-75 (release on personal
recognizance pending execution of sentence constitutes
custody); Jones, 371 U.S. at 240-43, 83 S. Ct. at 375-77(parole tantamount to custody); see also Barry, 864 F.2d at
296 (probation constitutes custody for habeas corpus
purposes).
Despite this "subtle shift[ ]" in the custody requirement,
see Lefkowitz v. Fair, 816 F.2d 17, 19 (1st Cir. 1987),
courts continue to recognize that this custody requirement
is designed "to limit the availability of habeas review ``to
cases of special urgency, leaving more conventional
remedies for cases in which the restraints on liberty are
neither severe nor immediate.' " Poodry v. Tonawanda Band
of Seneca Indians, 85 F.3d 874, 894 (2d Cir.) (quoting
Hensley, 411 U.S. at 351, 93 S. Ct. at 1575), cert. denied,
___ U.S. ___, 117 S. Ct. 610 (1996). Accordingly, several
courts have held that the imposition of a fine or restitution
does not constitute "custody." See, e.g. , Barnickel v. United
States, 113 F.3d 704, 706 (7th Cir. 1997); United States v.
Michaud, 901 F.2d 5, 7 (1st Cir. 1990) (per curiam);
Dremann v. Francis, 828 F.2d 6, 7 (9th Cir. 1987) (per
curiam). Likewise, several courts have held that the
imposition of certain civil disabilities does not constitute
"custody." See, e.g., Lefkowitz, , 816 F.2d at 20 (revocation
of medical license is not custody); Lillios v. New Hampshire,
788 F.2d 60, 61 (1st Cir. 1986) (per curiam) (fine and
suspension of driver's license is not custody); Ginsberg v.
Abrams, 702 F.2d 48, 49 (2d Cir. 1983) (per curiam)
(petitioner's removal from the bench, revocation of his
license to practice law, and disqualification as a real estate
broker and insurance agent is not custody).
No court has so far determined whether community
service constitutes custody for purposes of S 2254(a).
However, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit recently
found custody where a petitioner was sentenced to fourteen
hours of attendance at an alcohol rehabilitation program
after being convicted of driving while intoxicated. See Dow
15
v. Circuit Court of the First Circuit, 995 F.2d 922 (9th Cir.
1993) (per curiam). The court made this determination even
though the petitioner could schedule his service over a
three-day or five-day period. Concluding that this was
sufficient to constitute custody, the Ninth Circuit wrote:
The sentence in this case, requiring appellant's
physical presence at a particular place, significantly
restrains appellant's liberty to do those things which
free persons in the United States are entitled to do and
therefore must be characterized, for jurisdictional
purposes, as "custody." Appellant "cannot come and go
as he pleases." Hensley, 411 U.S. at 351, 93 S. Ct. at
1575. Moreover, appellant suffers a greater restraint
upon his liberty--mandatory class attendance--than
the restraint suffered by a person who is released upon
his own recognizance. See id. at 351-53, 93 S. Ct. at
1574-76.
Id. at 923 (emphasis added).
We find the Dow decision quite compelling and analogous
to this matter. Like the petitioner in Dow, the State did not
monitor or restrict Barry's every act. Moreover, both
petitioners were afforded a certain amount of flexibility to
schedule when they would complete their respective
obligations. Nevertheless, as the Ninth Circuit recognized,
an individual who is required to be in a certain place--or in
one of several places--to attend meetings or to perform
services, is clearly subject to restraints on his liberty not
shared by the public generally.
Moreover, the State's reliance on the so-called "fine-only"
cases does not alter this analysis. The instant case is
readily distinguishable from cases in which courts have
held that a fine-only sentence does not constitute custody,
because such sentences implicate only property, not liberty.
See Hanson v. Circuit Court of the First Judicial Circuit of
Ill., 591 F.2d 404, 407 n.6 (7th Cir. 1979); see also
Lefkowitz, 816 F.2d at 20 ("Habeas jurisprudence has
traditionally been concerned with liberty rather than
property, with freedom more than economics."); Ginsberg,
702 F.2d at 49 (limitations on economic mobility do not
constitute custody). It is also distinguishable from those
16
cases where the petitioner was barred only from pursuing
certain means of livelihood, see Lefkowitz, 816 F.2d at 20;
Ginsberg, 702 F.2d at 49; Harvey v. South Dakota, 526 F.2d
840, 841 (8th Cir. 1975) (per curiam), rather than, as here,
required to perform a certain type of work.
Equally unavailing is the State's contention that Barry
was not "in custody" because he was not supervised on a
continuous basis. As the Second Circuit recently noted in
Poodry, 85 F.3d at 895, an analogous case involving
banishment from an Indian tribe and reservation,
" ``[r]estraint' does not require ``on-going supervision' or ``prior
approval.' " Id. ("While ``supervision' (or harassment) by
tribal officials or others acting on their behalf may be
sporadic, that only makes it all the more pernicious. . .
[because] the petitioners have no ability to predict if, when,
or how their sentences will be executed."). But see
Lefkowitz, 816 F.2d at 19 ("[H]e who seeks the succor of
habeas corpus must be subject . . . ``at the least, to some
type of continuing governmental supervision.' "(quoting
Tinder, 725 F.2d at 803)). While there is no suggestion that
the Morris County Probation Community Service Program
officials monitored Barry's every move, they nevertheless
performed an oversight function and actually reported back
to Bergen County Probation officials. See Letter from Peter
N. Brill, Bergen County Probation Officer, to Arthur Safir,
Deputy Attorney General, Appellate Division 2 (August 12,
1994), App. at 126 ("Regrettably I have been informed that
Mr. Barry has been less than cooperative with the Morris
County Probation Community Service Program officials, and
if he fails to cooperate, it is our intention to return the
matter to Judge Moses for further disposition."). This level
of supervision was clearly adequate.
Finally, we are unpersuaded by the State's argument that
Barry was not "in custody" because he did not face
imminent incarceration. Custody is established whenever a
restraint on liberty is either actual or imminent. See
Hensley, 411 U.S. at 351, 93 S. Ct. at 1575; see also
Poodry, 85 F.3d at 894 ("[A] court [must] judge the ``severity'
of an actual or potential restraint on liberty." (emphasis
added)). Courts have inquired into the imminence and
inevitability of incarceration in the fine-only cases only
17
because the fine itself represented no severe restraint on
liberty. For example, the courts in Poodry and Dow, where
the restraints were found to be sufficiently severe, did not
even discuss this factor. But see Lefkowitz, 816 F.2d at 20("He who seeks the writ must be incarcerated, or under
immediate threat of incarceration, in order to meet the
custody requirement of the habeas statute."). Because we
conclude that Barry's community service obligation
imposed an actual, severe restraint on his liberty, we need
not consider an alternative method for establishing custody,
namely, the threat of imminent or inevitable incarceration.
In sum, we hold that Barry's community service
obligation constitutes custody for habeas corpus
jurisdictional purposes. As part of his 1993 resentencing,
Barry was ordered to perform 500 hours of community
service under the direction of the Morris County
Community Service Program. Although Barry was given
approximately three years to complete this service, as well
as options regarding the type and hours of service, there
can be no doubt that these conditions significantly
restrained his liberty "to do those things which in this
country free [people] are entitled to do." Jones, 371 U.S. at
243, 83 S. Ct. at 377. The district court correctly held that
the community service obligation which Barry was required
to complete constituted custody within the meaning of
S 2254(a).
B. The Proper Respondent(s)
At the time he filed his petition, Barry was under the
supervision of the Morris County Community Services
Program. However, he named as respondents only the
Attorney General and the Bergen County Probation
Department. Because of this discrepancy, we raised sua
sponte whether Barry named the correct respondent(s) and
requested the parties to submit letter briefs on the issue.
See Braden v. 30th Judicial Circuit Court of Ky., 410 U.S.
484, 494-95, 93 S. Ct. 1123, 1129 (1973) ("The writ of
habeas corpus does not act upon the prisoner who seeks
relief, but upon the person who holds him in what is
alleged to be unlawful custody.").
In response to our request, both parties agree that the
state court order of January 13, 1993 transferred Barry's
18
community service obligation to the Morris County
Probation Community Service Program, and that Barry did
not file his habeas petition until June 12, 1994. However,
they disagree as to the implication of these dates.
Barry contends that the Bergen County Probation
Department, one of the named respondents, did not
relinquish custody of either the case or of Barry himself as
a result of the January 13 order. The order clearly states,
"If this Sentence is not completed, the Fine shall be
reinstated." App. at 123. Accordingly, Barry argues, they
retained oversight and custody. He also points to the letter
dated August 12, 1994 from the Chief Probation Officer of
Bergen County to the Deputy Attorney General, which
states that Bergen County Probation will "return the matter
to Judge Moses for further disposition" if Barry fails to
cooperate with the Morris County Community Service
Program. App. at 125-26. Finally, Barry argues that as the
Attorney General of New Jersey was listed as a respondent,
and as he is the highest ranking law enforcement officer in
New Jersey with overall supervisory authority and
responsibility, he is clearly the custodian of Barry.
The Attorney General's office asserts, by contrast, that
Barry failed to name as a proper party-respondent either
the particular probation officer responsible for his
supervision or the official in charge of the probation agency.
They also point to a letter attached to their response to this
court's questions which explains that Barry was supposed
to meet with a probation officer in Morris County, and once
he had completed his community service obligation, the
case would be closed. The Attorney General's office also
argues that the Attorney General is not the proper
respondent.
We are not persuaded by the State's arguments. The
Advisory Committee Note to Rule 2 of the Rules Governing
Section 2254 Cases in the United States District Courts
("Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases") provides that where
[t]he applicant is in custody in any other manner
differing from [jail, prison, or other actual physical
restraint, or probation or parole] due to the effects of
the state action he seeks relief from[, t]he named
19
respondent should be the attorney general of the state
wherein such action was taken.
Advisory Committee Note to Rule 2(b), Rules Governing
Section 2254 Cases, 28 U.S.C. foll. S 2254 (1994). This text
appears in the advisory committee note to Rule 2(b),
governing cases where "the applicant is not presently in
custody . . . but may be subject to such custody in the
future[.]" Rule 2(b), Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases,
28 U.S.C. foll. S 2254 (1994). Nevertheless, the text of the
Advisory Committee Note is written in broad language and
is preceded by the explanation that it is "worthwhile to spell
out the various situations which might arise and who
should be named as respondent(s) for each situation."
Advisory Committee Note to Rule 2(b), Rules Governing
Section 2254 Cases; cf. Reimnitz v. State's Attorney of Cook
County, 761 F.2d 405, 409 (7th Cir. 1985) ("The important
thing is not the quest for a mythical custodian, but that the
petitioner name as respondent someone (or some
institution) who has both an interest in opposing the
petition if it lacks merit, and the power to give the
petitioner what he seeks if the petition has merit--namely,
his unconditional freedom.").
The State cites this note but, without explanation,
asserts that the Attorney General was not Barry's
custodian. Based on the plain language of the advisory
committee note, the argument of the State must fail. We
conclude that the Attorney General is properly named as a
respondent in this matter. Moreover, because Bergen
County authorities retained jurisdiction over Barry, they too
were properly named as a respondent here.
IV.
Having determined that the district court did, in fact,
have subject matter jurisdiction to consider Barry's
petition, and that the proper respondents have been
named, we now consider whether Barry's constitutional
right to an impartial jury was violated. The district court
found that Barry's Sixth Amendment right to a fair trial was
violated when the trial judge refused to voir dire the jury,
which may have been exposed to prejudicial media
20
coverage. The State contends this conclusion is erroneous
for several reasons: (1) the district court's determination
that the media coverage had the potential to prejudice the
jury was ill-founded; (2) even assuming the media coverage
could potentially prejudice the jury, the district court erred
by failing to accord appropriate deference to the state court
finding that "nothing in the record indicates the jurors
actually or probably read them or heard prejudicial media
reports[,]" App. Div. Op. at 85; and (3) even assuming the
jurors were exposed to potentially prejudicial media
coverage, the district court erred by not requiring the
habeas petitioner to demonstrate a higher level of prejudice
than a defendant must show on direct review. Because we
conclude that the media coverage did not have the potential
to prejudice the jury, we need not reach the State's
alternative arguments.
The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
guarantees state criminal defendants the right to a trial by
an impartial finder of fact. See Morgan v. Illinois, 504 U.S.
719, 726, 112 S. Ct. 2222, 2228 (1992); Irvin v. Dowd, 366
U.S. 717, 721-22, 81 S. Ct. 1639, 1641-42 (1961). 1 In both
civil and criminal cases on direct appeal, we
utilize a three step procedure to determine whether
publicity during the course of the trial has prejudiced
the jury. "First, a court determines whether the news
coverage is prejudicial. Second, if it is, the court
determines whether any jurors were exposed to the
coverage. Third, if exposure did occur, the court
examines the exposed jurors to determine if this
exposure compromised their impartiality."
_________________________________________________________________
1. The district court and both parties identify this right as stemming
from the Sixth Amendment. This is not strictly correct. The Sixth
Amendment, made applicable to the states via the Fourteenth
Amendment, requires that serious criminal offenses be tried by a jury.
See Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145, 149, 88 S. Ct. 1444, 1447
(1968). The Due Process Clause requires that a factfinder at a criminal
trial, be it a judge or a jury, be impartial. See Morgan, 504 U.S. at 727,
112 S. Ct. at 2229 ("[D]ue process alone has long demanded that, if a
jury is to be provided the defendant, regardless of whether the Sixth
Amendment requires it, the jury must stand impartial and indifferent to
the extent commanded by the Sixth Amendment.").
21
United States v. DiSalvo, 34 F.3d 1204, 1221-22 (3d Cir.
1994) (quoting Waldorf v. Shuta, 3 F.3d 705, 709-10 (3d
Cir. 1993)); see also Government of the Virgin Islands v.
Weatherwax, 20 F.3d 572, 574-78 (3d Cir. 1994) (utilizing
this framework).
To determine whether publicity during the course of a
trial has prejudiced a jury, we must first consider whether
the news coverage is prejudicial. See DiSalvo, 34 F.3d at
1221 (quoting Waldorf, 3 F.3d at 709-10). We make the
prejudice " ``determination on the basis of an objective
analysis by considering the probable effect of the allegedly
prejudicial information on a hypothetical average juror.' "
Waldorf, 3 F.3d at 710 (quoting United States v. Gilsenan,
949 F.2d 90, 95 (3d Cir. 1991)). "The likelihood of
substantial prejudice turns on all of the surrounding
circumstances, the most important being the nature of the
information learned by the jurors and the manner in which
it was conveyed." Government of the Virgin Islands v.
Dowling, 814 F.2d 134, 138 (3d Cir. 1987). The party
claiming prejudice has "the burden of demonstrating the
likelihood of actual prejudice." Waldorf, 3 F.3d at 710.
In two recent cases, we have held certain news
broadcasts and publications to be non-prejudicial. In
DiSalvo, 34 F.3d at 1222, the defendant claimed he had
been prejudiced by news articles that "mentioned that he
had twice been acquitted by federal juries, characterized
him as a ``mob lawyer,' [and] made reference to a prior
charge of tax evasion levied against him." We concluded
that the district court was correct in finding that "none of
the publications" at issue "ma[de] reference to the fact that
[the defendant] had committed a crime, had been convicted
of a crime or had acknowledged that he was guilty of any
conduct charged in the indictment." Id. We also noted that
"while the ``mob lawyer' characterization was not necessarily
flattering to [the defendant], use of this term is not
sufficiently prejudicial to constitute a violation of [his] Sixth
Amendment rights." Id.In Gilsenan, 949 F.2d at 92, the appellants contended
that they had been prejudiced by a news article and a
television broadcast concerning a plea agreement ultimately
rejected by the district court. The news reports stated that
22
the government conceded it had a weak case and that the
appellants maintained their innocence. The reports
criticized the government for attempting to dispose quietly
of a controversial case in which it had little confidence and
noted that the district court rejected the agreement because
it did not provide for incarceration of the appellants. We
held that these reports were not prejudicial from an
objective viewpoint because they cast the government but
not the appellants in a bad light. See also United States v.
DeLarosa, 450 F.2d 1057, 1062 (3d Cir. 1971) (no potential
for prejudice from news story concerning shots fired into
home of government's chief witness where perpetrator was
unknown).
Some of our decisions would appear to be in tension with
the above holdings. In Weatherwax, 20 F.3d at 574, we
found prejudice. The article at issue seriously misquoted
the defendant's testimony to make it appear as if he had
cocked the gun and taken aim before he shot the victim.
The inaccuracies severely undercut the defendant's self-
defense theory. See also DiSalvo, 34 F.3d at 1222 n.16
(distinguishing Weatherwax).
In Waldorf, 3 F.3d at 711, which concerned a trial over
damages resulting from an automobile accident that
rendered the plaintiff a quadriplegic, we found prejudicial a
news story concerning a $30 million verdict rendered for a
plaintiff in another case who was rendered a quadriplegic
after a shooting. We deemed it highly relevant that the
media reports "placed before the jury the very same type of
information the district court had excluded as
inadmissible." Id. at 707. See also United States v. Bertoli,
40 F.3d 1384, 1395 (3d Cir. 1994) (in Waldorf, "the
circumstances posed a serious risk that an extraneous and
inadmissible newspaper article may have vitiated
procedural rulings based on fairness to both sides"). We
also noted that the article involved a "factually similar . . .
case," even though it was "completely unrelated," Waldorf,
3 F.3d at 712 n.7, and that the jury was exposed to it the
night before and the day of its verdict.
In Dowling, 814 F.2d at 135-36, a newspaper article
published during trial revealed that the defendant had
previously been convicted of bank robbery, the same crime
23
with which he was charged in that case. We concluded that
information concerning the defendant's prior criminal
conduct had the potential for prejudice.
Finally, in United States ex rel. Greene v. New Jersey,
519 F.2d 1356, 1357 (3d Cir. 1975) (per curiam), we held
that information concerning the defendant's attempt to
enter a plea of non vult was prejudicial. The Gilsenan court
distinguished Greene based on the fact that the defendant
in Greene, rather than the state, had initiated plea
negotiations, and that he had been willing to expose himself
to a life sentence by pleading guilty. See Gilsenan, 949 F.2d
at 96-97 n.11.
Based on the foregoing, we conclude that all of the
publications and broadcasts at issue are non-prejudicial.
We observe that the headline of the May 15 article in the
Hudson Dispatch, using the derogatory term "pill pushing,"
and the headline of the May 20 article in the Bergen Record
calling a witness a "drug user," are certainly no more
prejudicial than the use of the term "mob lawyer" in
DiSalvo, 34 F.3d at 1222. Indeed, the terms "pill pushing"
and "drug user" do not directly refer to Barry and are less
prejudicial than "mob lawyer," which we held to be "not
sufficiently prejudicial to constitute a violation of [the
defendant's] Sixth Amendment rights." Id. Likewise, we are
unable to find that Barry was prejudiced by the May 20
article simply because it reported that the trial court denied
a motion for a mistrial. Cf. Gilsenan, 949 F.2d at 95 (no
prejudice by reports that district court rejected proposed
plea agreement).
We also conclude that the Bergen Record article of May
16, which mentioned Barry by name and incorrectly
reported that he had ties to a second stress relief center
that was under investigation, is not prejudicial under the
reasoning of DiSalvo. In DiSalvo, the court held that the
media reports at issue were not prejudicial because they
did not state that the defendant committed a crime, was
convicted of a crime, or acknowledged guilt of any conduct
charged in the indictment. Here, there were allegations only
that Barry had ties to another clinic that was under
investigation, a far cry from stating that he was actually
guilty of or had been convicted of another crime. Further,
24
the fact that the report was inaccurate adds little. Even
assuming the reports had been accurate, they were not
prejudicial under DiSalvo.
Finally, we conclude that the May 14 WINS radio
broadcast of Senator Hawkins's testimony, and the Bergen
Record article of the same date recounting Senator
Hawkins's testimony, were not prejudicial so as to deny
Barry his Fourteenth Amendment right to an impartial jury.
While the Senator's testimony concerned a factually similar
yet completely unrelated case, the similarity with our
decision in Waldorf ends there. As we observed in Bertoli,
the Waldorf court accorded significant weight to the fact
that the jury was exposed to " ``the very same type of
information the district court had excluded as
inadmissible.' " Bertoli, 40 F.3d at 1395 (quoting Waldorf, 3
F.3d at 707). This exposure "may have vitiated procedural
rulings based on fairness to both sides." Id. It is also
important to note that the Waldorf court found it
"significant" . . . that "the jury was exposed to the Queens
verdict both the night before and the very same day that it
reached a verdict on Waldorf 's damage claim." Waldorf, 3
F.3d at 713. Here, no such concerns are present. There is
no suggestion that media coverage of the Senator's
testimony vitiated any of the trial court's procedural
rulings. Moreover, the verdict was rendered ten days after
the reports were broadcast. Waldorf does not assist the
petitioner.
We hold that the district court erred as a matter of law
by concluding that the media coverage at issue had the
potential to prejudice one or more jurors. Because the
media coverage was not prejudicial, we need not consider
the second and third parts of the three-part procedure set
forth in DiSalvo. Nor do we consider whether the district
court erred by failing to provide the State with an
opportunity to retry the petitioner.
V.
The judgment of the district court will be reversed. The
matter will be remanded to the district court with a
direction to dismiss the petition.
25
STAPLETON, J., Circuit Judge, Dissenting:
On January 13, 1993, Barry pled guilty to violating his
probation by failing to pay an $85,000 fine. The court then
entered an order providing as follows:
The defendant shall serve five hundred (500) hours of
Community Service: upon completion of this sentence
the $85,000.00 Fine previously imposed shall be
forgiven. If this Sentence is not completed, the Fine
shall be reinstated.
App. at 123. Barry's term of probation ended one month
later on February 1, 1993.
Barry filed his petition initiating this proceeding on July
12, 1994. As of that date, he had not completed his 500
hours of community service. On August 24, 1994, the
Vicinage Chief Probation Officer responded to an inquiry
from the New Jersey Attorney General's Office as follows:
If I understand your inquiry correctly, you are
interested in being advised as to whether or not Mr.
Barry is currently under Probation supervision. He is
not, but he is still obligated to perform the fullfive
hundred hours of community service.
App. at 126.
The foregoing is the sum total of the record information
concerning Barry's status at the time he filed his petition.
On this record, I would hold that he has not carried his
burden of establishing the jurisdiction of the district court
to entertain his petition. See Charles Allen Wright, et al.,
Federal Practice and Procedure, S 3522 at 63-65 (2d ed.
1984).
Section 2254(a) of Title 28 of the United States Code
provides:
The Supreme Court, a Justice thereof, a circuit
judge, or a district court shall entertain an application
for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a person in
custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court only
on the ground that he is in custody in violation of the
Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.
26
(emphasis added).
It is well settled that a person whose only obligation is to
pay a criminal fine is not "in custody" for purposes of
S 2254. See, e.g., United States v. Watroba, 56 F.3d 28, 29
(6th Cir. 1995); United States v. Segler, 37 F.3d 1131, 1137
(5th Cir. 1994); United States v. Michand, 901 F.2d 5 (1st
Cir. 1990). This is true because such a person's liberty is
not currently restrained, even though there is the potential
that he may be incarcerated in the future if thefine is not
paid. The potential for future incarceration is insufficient
to confer jurisdiction because the person can avoid
incarceration by meeting his obligation and thus holds the
"keys to the prison" in his pocket. See Dremann v. Francis,
828 F.2d 6, 7 (9th Cir. 1987); Tinder v. Paula, 725 F.2d
801, 804 (1st Cir. 1984).
This record does not suggest that Barry's liberty was
restrained when he filed his petition. Unlike a person on
probation, he was apparently free to come and go as he
wished. He was not obligated to secure the consent of a
probation officer when he decided where or how he would
live or what his activities would be on any given day. He
had no unfulfilled sentence hanging over his head that he
might be required to serve at any point. He was simply
required to donate 500 hours of community service of an
unspecified nature on an unspecified schedule.1 If he
should fail to meet this obligation within a reasonable
period of time, his fine would be reinstated pursuant to the
court's order. In the meantime, he held the keys to the
prison in his pocket.
I realize that the Supreme Court of the United States in
recent decades has expanded the concept of "custody" for
purposes of S 2254 beyond physical incarceration. It has
never, however, held anyone to be in "custody" who enjoyed
the freedom that Barry enjoyed at the time he filed his
petition. In my view, he was in a position not materially
different from a person whose only obligation to the state is
the payment of a fine, and I would follow the well-
_________________________________________________________________
1. The government represents that Barry was free to choose the service
he would undertake and the hours of his performance. Appellant's Brief
at 24. Barry does not contest this representation.
27
established precedent holding that such a person is not "in
custody."
A True Copy:
Teste:
Clerk of the United States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
28