Robert Dombrosky v. Eric Stewart

NOT PRECDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
____________
No. 12-3802
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ROBERT A. DOMBROSKY,
Appellant
v.
ERIC C. STEWART
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
(D. C. No. 3-10-cv-01477)
District Judge: Honorable A. Richard Caputo
Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1 (a)
on July 18, 2013
Before: RENDELL, SMITH and ROTH, Circuit Judges
(Filed: February 12, 2014)
OPINION
ROTH, Circuit Judge:
Robert A. Dombrosky appeals the District Court’s August 27, 2012, order granting
summary judgment in favor of Eric C. Stewart. For the reasons that follow, we will
affirm the District Court’s order.
I. Factual Background
Dombrosky began working as a police officer with the Westfall Township Police
Department on September 30, 1998. On July 16, 2007, Dombrosky was charged with
criminal violations in Port Jervis, New York, that were not related to his job. On
September 6, 2007, Dombrosky and his employer agreed that Dombrosky would take
unpaid leave from his job as a police officer pending the resolution of the charges against
him in Port Jervis.1
On July 19, 2008, Dombrosky attended a party where he consumed multiple
alcoholic beverages. When Dombrosky attempted to drive himself home that night, his
vehicle swerved off the road and struck a tree.
Dombrosky called police on his mobile telephone. Sergeant David Zegarski
arrived on the scene. Zegarski said that Dombrosky was not present. Zegarski and
another officer then went to Dombrosky’s residence but Dombrosky was not there either.
Zegarski contacted Eric Stewart, the Assistant Chief of Police and on-call
supervisor. Stewart proceeded to Dombrosky’s home. Dombrosky was not home, but
Stewart encountered Dombrosky as Stewart was departing. Dombrosky had walked
approximately five miles home along public streets. Dombrosky invited Stewart into his
home. Stewart stated that Dombrosky appeared intoxicated. Dombrosky denied that he
was intoxicated. Dombrosky and Stewart debated about the circumstances surrounding
1
Although he was acquitted of the Port Jervis charges, Dombrosky was terminated from
his job as a police officer in Westfall Township. Dombrosky brought suit against the
Westfall Township Police Department and other defendants seeking reinstatement and
back pay in a separate proceeding. An appeal of a District Court order in that case is also
pending before this Court. Dombrosky v. Banach, No. 12-3801 (3d Cir. Oct. 4, 2012).
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the accident and Dombrosky claimed that another individual, identified as “Chris,” had
been driving. Stewart then left Dombrosky’s residence and interviewed other witnesses.
The witnesses stated that Dombrosky had been intoxicated while at the party and that
Chris could not have been driving because he was still at the party when Dombrosky left.
Stewart issued three traffic citations and one non-traffic citation to Dombrosky.
Dombrosky was charged with violating (1) 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 3744, duty to give
information and render aid; (2) 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 3745, accidents involving
damage to unattended vehicle or property; (3) 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 3748, giving
false reports; and (4) 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 5505, public drunkenness. Stewart
requested that Police Commission Solicitor Thomas Mincer accompany him to the
hearing against Dombrosky, but the District Attorney’s Office denied the request.
Dombrosky was found not guilty of the public drunkenness charge, but was found guilty
of the three traffic offenses. He appealed the guilty verdicts to the Court of Common
Pleas of Pike County, Pennsylvania. The appeal was denied.
II. Procedural Background
On July 16, 2010, Dombrosky brought suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging that
Stewart’s selective enforcement of a facially neutral law violated Dombrosky’s rights
under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Dombrosky’s Second
Amended Complaint, filed April 18, 2012, also alleged a First Amendment retaliation
claim against Stewart.
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On August 27, 2012, the District Court granted summary judgment in favor of
Defendant Stewart on both the selective enforcement and First Amendment retaliation
claims.
III. Discussion2
“We review the District Court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the
same standard the District Court applied. Summary judgment is appropriate where there
is no genuine issue of material fact to be resolved and the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Alcoa, Inc. v. United States, 509 F.3d 173, 175 (3d Cir.
2002) (citations omitted).
A. The Equal Protection Claim
Discriminatory enforcement of a facially valid law is unconstitutional under the
Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution. Hill v. City of Scranton, 411 F.3d 118, 125
(3d Cir. 2005). To establish a selective enforcement claim, the plaintiff must demonstrate
(1) that he was treated differently from other similarly situated individuals; and (2) that
this selective treatment was based on an unjustifiable standard, such as race, religion,
some other arbitrary factor or to prevent the exercise of a fundamental right. Dique v.
N.J. State Police, 603 F.3d 181, 184 n.5 (3d Cir. 2010). “Persons are similarly situated
under the Equal Protection Clause when they are alike in ‘all relevant aspects.’” Startzell
v. City of Philadelphia, 533 F.3d 183, 203 (3d Cir. 2008) (quoting Nordlinger v. Hahn,
505 U.S. 1, 10 (1992)).
2
The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and this Court has
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
4
The District Court found that Dombrosky failed to establish that he was treated
differently from individuals who were like him in all relevant respects. Although he
claimed he was treated differently from “other similarly situated members of the
motoring public,” the District Court found no evidence to support this conclusion. On
appeal, Dombrosky argues that he was treated differently from “all persons who were
drunk in public outside the presence of a police officer” and “all persons who were drunk
when no member of the public was present.”
This argument is unavailing. Dombrosky has not provided evidence of others
treated differently who were similar to him in “all relevant respects.” See Startzell, 533
F.3d at 203. Therefore, Dombrosky has failed to provide evidence necessary to establish
the required elements of a selective enforcement claim.
The District Court did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of Stewart.
B. The First Amendment Retaliation Claim
To establish a First Amendment retaliation claim, the plaintiff must prove (1)
constitutionally protected conduct; (2) retaliatory action sufficient to deter a person of
ordinary firmness from exercising his constitutional rights; and (3) a causal link between
the constitutionally protected conduct and the retaliatory action. Thomas v. Independence
Twp., 463 F.3d 285, 296 (3d Cir. 2006). “[T]he key question in determining whether a
cognizable First Amendment claim has been stated is whether ‘the alleged retaliatory
conduct was sufficient to deter a person of ordinary firmness from exercising his First
Amendment rights.’” Id. (quoting McKee v. Hart, 436 F.3d 165, 170 (3d Cir.2006)); see
also Crawford–El v. Britton, 523 U.S. 574, 589 n.10 (1998). The alleged conduct must
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have more than a de minimis impact on plaintiff’s First Amendment rights. McKee, 436
F.3d at 170.
The District Court granted summary judgment in favor of Stewart on the claim
because the only retaliatory act alleged by Dombrosky, i.e., Stewart’s request (which was
denied) that Solicitor Mincer accompany him to a hearing against Dombrosky, would not
deter a person of ordinary firmness from exercising his rights under the First
Amendment. As the District Court found, this act would have a de minimis impact, if
any, on a person’s exercise of his or her constitutional rights.3
On appeal, Dombrosky urges us to treat various other actions by Stewart as
retaliatory conduct. Dombrosky did not argue before the District Court that these actions
constituted retaliatory acts although he had the opportunity to do so. It is well-settled that
“arguments that are asserted for the first time on appeal are deemed to be waived and
consequently are not susceptible to review . . . absent exceptional circumstances.” MD
Mall Assocs., LLC v. CSX Transp., Inc., 715 F.3d 479, 486 (3d Cir. 2013) (internal
citation and quotation marks omitted). Here, we find no exceptional circumstances that
would persuade us to consider Dombrosky’s arguments for the first time on appeal.
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s August 27, 2012,
order granting summary judgment in favor of Defendant Eric Stewart.
3
The District Court also found that the First Amendment retaliation claim was barred by
the statute of limitations. Because we agree with the District Court that the alleged
retaliatory action taken by Stewart had at most a de minimis impact on Dombrosky’s
exercise of his First Amendment rights, we need not reach the issue of whether the claim
was untimely.
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