United States v. Eugene Parker

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________
No. 14-2657
___________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
EUGENE PARKER,
Appellant
____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Crim. No. 2:05-cr-00702-001)
District Judge: Honorable R. Barclay Surrick
____________________________________
Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
on June 26, 2015
Before: CHAGARES, KRAUSE and BARRY, Circuit Judges.
(Opinion filed: August 4, 2015)
OPINION*
KRAUSE, Circuit Judge.
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
Eugene Parker appeals the order of the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Pennsylvania denying his motion to vacate his sentence under 28 U.S.C. §
2255. Because Parker was not prejudiced by the alleged ineffective assistance of his trial
counsel under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), we will affirm.
I. Background
Parker was arrested in August 2005 at approximately 5:30 a.m. while standing
alone on a street corner in West Philadelphia, carrying three packets of cocaine, five
packets of crack cocaine, two packets of heroin, a loaded semi-automatic firearm, and
$1,170 in cash. At trial, the Government relied on the testimony of the two arresting
officers to establish the details of the arrest and the items confiscated from Parker, and
expert testimony from Philadelphia Police Detective Charles Meissler, who testified that
simultaneous possession of cocaine, crack cocaine, and heroin was consistent with drug
distribution rather than personal use.
A jury convicted Parker of three counts of possession of narcotics with intent to
distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), possession of a firearm in furtherance of
a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1), and possession of a
firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Parker was sentenced
to 360 months’ imprisonment, six years of supervised release, and a special assessment of
$500.
does not constitute binding precedent.
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After we granted Parker’s motion to voluntarily dismiss his direct appeal, he filed
a pro se § 2255 motion to vacate his sentence, alleging that his trial counsel provided
ineffective assistance because he failed to object to Detective Meissler’s testimony as
inadmissible ultimate opinion evidence under Federal Rule of Evidence 704(b). The
District Court initially denied the motion as time-barred. On appeal, the Government
conceded that Parker’s § 2255 motion was not time-barred, and we vacated the order of
the District Court dismissing Parker’s appeal. United States v. Parker, 416 F. App’x 132
(3d Cir. 2011). On remand, Parker filed a counseled § 2255 motion, again alleging
ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to object on Rule 704(b) grounds. The
District Court denied Parker’s motion. Parker appeals, arguing that his trial counsel was
deficient for not objecting on Rule 704(b) grounds and that his counsel’s deficiency
prejudiced his defense.
II. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review
The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. We have jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253. “In a federal habeas corpus proceeding, we
exercise plenary review of the district court’s legal conclusions and apply a clearly
erroneous standard to the court's factual findings.” United States v. Lilly, 536 F.3d 190,
195 (3d Cir. 2008) (quoting Lambert v. Blackwell, 134 F.3d 506, 512 (3d Cir. 1997)).
“We review the District Court’s decision de novo because both the performance and
prejudice prongs of ineffective assistance of counsel claims present mixed questions of
law and fact.” United States v. Cross, 308 F.3d 308, 314 (3d Cir. 2002).
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III. Discussion
To prove ineffective assistance of counsel in violation of the Sixth Amendment, a
criminal defendant must show both (1) that counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2)
that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. We
need only negate one prong to reject a Strickland claim, and “[i]f it is easier to dispose of
an ineffectiveness claim on the ground of lack of sufficient prejudice . . . that course
should be followed.” Id. at 697; see also United States v. Booth, 432 F.3d 542, 546 (3d
Cir. 2005) (endorsing “the practical suggestion in Strickland to consider the prejudice
prong before examining the performance of counsel prong”). We therefore confine our
analysis to determining whether counsel’s alleged deficiency prejudiced Parker’s defense.
To establish prejudice, a defendant must show that “there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. This requires a defendant to
demonstrate a “substantial, not just conceivable, likelihood of a different result.” Cullen
v. Pinholster, 131 S. Ct. 1388, 1403 (2011) (quoting Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86,
112 (2011)) (internal quotation marks omitted). To make this determination, we must
consider the totality of the evidence at trial: The greater the support for a verdict in the
record, the less likely it is that the verdict was affected by errors of counsel. Strickland,
466 U.S. at 696.
The District Court, in denying relief, held that Parker was unable to show “even
the slightest probability that the outcome of the proceeding would have been different”
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because of the ample circumstantial evidence supporting conviction. (App. 12.)1 We
agree. Even discounting Detective Meissler’s testimony discussing the implications of
Parker’s possession of three seemingly incompatible drugs, the circumstantial evidence
here was overwhelming. Parker was arrested at 5:30 a.m. on a Sunday morning, standing
alone on a street corner, carrying ten individual packets of three distinct illicit narcotics
(three packets of cocaine, five packets of crack cocaine, and two packets of heroin), with
no drug paraphernalia for their use. He was also carrying a semi-automatic gun (loaded
with eight rounds of ammunition) and $1,170 in cash.
We have previously held that such strong circumstantial evidence, without more,
can be enough to support a jury’s finding of possession of narcotics with the intent to
1
The District Court also concluded that Parker’s Strickland claim failed on the
performance prong. In concluding that counsel’s performance was not deficient, the
District Court found that Detective Meissler “never opined as to [Parker’s] mental state”
nor “stated that [Parker] had the intent to distribute drugs.” (App. 10.) Instead, Detective
Meissler “merely pointed out that certain characteristics of [Parker’s] behavior were
consistent with drug dealing[,]” thus placing his testimony “well within the range of
permissible testimony under Rule 704(b).” Id. This is a close question. Detective
Meissler’s testimony approaches the “fine line” we identified in United States v. Watson,
260 F.3d, 301, 308 (3d Cir. 2001) (alterations omitted) (quoting United States v. Mitchell,
996 F.2d 419, 422 (D.C. Cir. 1993)), which held that expert testimony is permissible if it
“merely supports an inference or conclusion that the defendant did or did not have the
requisite mens rea,” but leaves for the jury “the ultimate inference or conclusion[.]” Id. at
309 (quoting United States v. Bennett, 161 F.3d 171, 183 (3d Cir. 1998)) (internal
quotation marks and alteration omitted); see also United States v. Davis, 397 F.3d 173,
179 (3d Cir. 2005) (holding as permissible expert testimony “given in response to
hypothetical, rather than specific, questions regarding the intent of individual defendants
on trial”). Expert testimony is impermissible, however, if it “directly refer[s] to the
defendant’s intent[.]” Watson, 260 F.3d at 309. This last inferential step does not belong
to the expert, but must remain the province of “the trier of fact alone.” See Fed. R. Evid.
704(b). We need not resolve whether Detective Meissler’s testimony crossed this line
given our conclusion on Strickland’s prejudice prong.
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distribute. See Davis, 397 F.3d at 181 (concluding that expert’s testimony “that the
presence of a group of men in a car together, the number of firearms, and the lack of drug
paraphernalia was consistent with intent to distribute” supported conviction, even absent
any observation of defendants’ actual drug sales); see also United States v. Parish, 606
F.3d 480, 491 (8th Cir. 2010) (concluding that circumstantial evidence, including the lack
of drug-use paraphernalia, possession of a loaded gun, and the presence of an electronic
scale, supported the conclusion that the defendant intended to distribute and not use
narcotics, even discounting allegedly impermissible expert testimony); United States v.
Mercer, 541 F.3d 1070, 1076 (11th Cir. 2008) (concluding that circumstantial evidence,
including the quantity of the drug possessed, the lack of drug-use paraphernalia, a large
number of plastic jeweler’s bags, a drug ledger, and testimony about the defendant’s drug
purchase on the day of his arrest, provided ample evidence from which the jury could
infer intent to distribute).
Parker argues that the circumstantial evidence against him suffers because, at the
time of his arrest, he possessed less than one gram of drugs, worth only $70. As support,
Parker points to United States v. Boissoneault, 926 F.2d 230 (2d Cir. 1991), which held
that possession of over five grams of cocaine and $1,460 in cash was insufficient to
support a conviction for possession with intent to distribute. Id. at 233-34. But the
circumstantial evidence here is significantly stronger than the circumstantial evidence in
Boissoneault. The defendant there was arrested with a single drug and was unarmed;
Parker, however, was arrested with three different types of illicit narcotics and a loaded
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gun. As noted in Boissoneault, gun possession, in addition to possessing drugs and a
large amount of cash, “would have helped sustain an inference that [the defendant] was
engaged in the dangerous business of drug trafficking.” Id. at 234; see also Davis, 397
F.3d at 181.
IV. Conclusion
Because Parker is unable to show that there is a substantial likelihood that the
result of the proceeding would have been different but for his counsel’s failure to object
to Detective Meissler’s testimony, we will affirm.
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