Colvin v. Van Wormer Resorts, Inc.

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
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No. 10-2344
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MARY P. COLVIN and JOHN COLVIN
v.
VAN WORMER RESORTS, INC. and HOTEL PUNTA
COLORADA, S.A. a/k/a PUNTA COLORADA,
Appellants
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Appeal from United States District Court for the District of New Jersey
(Civil Action No. 07-4826)
District Court Judge: Hon. William J. Martini
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Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
February 10, 2011
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Before: JORDAN, GREENAWAY, JR., GARTH, Circuit Judges.
(Opinion Filed: March 11, 2011)
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OPINION
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GARTH, Circuit Judge:
Van Wormer Resorts, Inc. and Hotel Punta Colorada, S.A. (“Punta Colorada”)
(together, “VWR”) appeal from the District Court‟s denial of their motions to dismiss for
lack of personal jurisdiction, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2), and
the ensuing grant of default judgment against them. VWR argues that the District Court
could not constitutionally exercise personal jurisdiction over it in the State of New Jersey.
For the reasons that follow, we will affirm.
I.
We write exclusively for the parties, who are familiar with the factual context and
legal history of this case. Therefore, we set forth only those facts necessary to our
analysis.
VWR was sued in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey
by appellees Mary Colvin and John Colvin, residents of New Jersey, for personal injury
claims. Punta Colorada is a resort located in Mexico, which is owned and operated by
the Van Wormer family. Van Wormer Resorts, Inc. is a California corporation with its
principal place of business located in California.
In February 2005, the Colvins called the booking agent for Punta Colorada to book
a fishing-camp vacation for October 2005. The Colvins had taken the same trip in 2003
and 2004 (and would repeat the trip in 2006 and 2007). The Colvins first learned of the
trip through advertisements appearing in the Saltwater Sportsman, a nationally
distributed magazine to which the Colvins subscribed.
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On February 4, 2005, the booking agent for Punta Colorada faxed to the Colvins‟
home a written summary of their reservation, printed on Punta Colorada letterhead, for
their trip in October 2005, which included two fishing trips to Mexico‟s Sea of Cortez.
To secure the reservation, Mr. Colvin mailed Punta Colorada a check drawn from the
Colvins‟ bank account at a New Jersey branch of Wachovia Bank. Punta Colorada
confirmed the reservation via a separate faxed statement to the Colvins‟ home fax
number on September 26, 2005.
On October 3, 2005, VWR sent the Colvins a letter notifying them that “[a]s of
October 3, 2005, the Van Wormer family is opening their own office[,] handling
reservations, payments, and all other matters related to the Van Wormer family resorts,”
including Punta Colorada.
During their October 2005 vacation to Punta Colorada, the Colvins were joined by
at least four other New Jersey residents. On October 8, Mrs. Colvin was boarding one of
Punta Colorada‟s boats for the first scheduled fishing trip. As she attempted to board the
boat from the dock, she alleges that her right leg slipped through a break in one of the
dock‟s wooden planks and plunged through the dock, causing her body to contort as nails
punctured her leg. Certain of the other New Jersey vacationers allegedly witnessed Mrs.
Colvin‟s fall.
Mrs. Colvin was initially treated at a Mexican clinic; she then procured further
treatment in New Jersey. She claims injuries to her knees and back, requiring multiple
surgeries and continued treatment. Mrs. Colvin wrote to VWR in California to further
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report on the accident, and in response, a VWR representative faxed the Colvins a copy
of Punta Colorada‟s insurance certificate.
In November 2007, VWR mailed the Colvins a postcard advertising rates and
activities at Van Wormer family resorts, including Punta Colorada, for November 2007 to
March 2008.
On October 5, 2007, the Colvins filed a complaint against VWR seeking damages
for negligence which caused Mrs. Colvin‟s injuries, and for Mr. Colvin‟s loss of
consortium. VWR moved to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(2).1 In a letter opinion dated December 12, 2008, the District Court denied VWR‟s
motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. After determining that it had diversity
jurisdiction to hear the case, the District Court concluded that it could exercise specific
personal jurisdiction over VWR because (1) VWR had “specifically targeted New Jersey
residents by advertising in the niche publication, the Saltwater Sportsman,” whose
“circulation targeted fisherman in . . . coastal states such as New Jersey,” and (2) VWR‟s
advertisements attracted at least four to six other New Jersey residents, who also had
contracted with VWR to attend the fishing camp. Colvin v. Van Wormer Resorts, Inc.,
No. 07-CV-04826, 2008 WL 5245987, at *3 (D.N.J. Dec. 12, 2008). Finally, the Court
held that exercising personal jurisdiction over VWR would not offend “traditional
notions of fair play and substantial justice” because (1) the Colvins, their doctors, and
witnesses all reside in New Jersey, and (2) requiring VWR to travel and litigate in New
1
Rule 12(b)(2) permits a party to file at the pleadings stage a motion asserting, as a
defense to a claim for relief, the court‟s lack of personal jurisdiction over that party.
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Jersey, as opposed to California or Mexico, would not be significantly burdensome. Id.
at *4-5.
In order to preserve its rights to continue to challenge the determination of
personal jurisdiction, VWR informed the District Court that it would not participate in
further proceedings. The Colvins thereupon moved for default. The District Court
entered default judgment against VWR, and, in an April 9, 2010 opinion and judgment,
awarded the Colvins damages in the amount of $172,336. VWR timely noticed its appeal
to this Court.
II.
The District Court had subject matter jurisdiction over this case, pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 1332, because the parties are diverse and the amount-in-controversy threshold is
satisfied. We have jurisdiction, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, because this is an appeal
from a final judgment.
This Court reviews the District Court‟s ruling that it possesses personal
jurisdiction de novo, but reviews the facts that it accepts in support of its determination of
personal jurisdiction for clear error. Telecordia Tech Inc. v. Telkom SA Ltd., 458 F.3d
172, 176 (3d Cir. 2006). The burden of demonstrating facts that establish personal
jurisdiction falls on the plaintiffs. Metcalfe v. Renaissance Marine, Inc., 566 F.3d 324,
330 (3d Cir. 2009). Because this is an appeal from an order on a Rule 12(b)(2) motion to
dismiss, this Court accepts all of Plaintiffs‟ allegations as true and construes disputed
facts in their favor. Pinker v. Roche Holdings Ltd., 292 F.3d 361, 368 (3d Cir. 2002).
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Federal courts situated in New Jersey may exercise personal jurisdiction to the
extent permitted under New Jersey state law. Miller Yacht Sales, Inc. v. Smith, 384 F.3d
93, 96 (3d Cir. 2004). New Jersey‟s analog to a long-arm statute, N.J. Court Rule 4:4-4,
“provides for jurisdiction coextensive with the due process requirements of the United
States Constitution.” Id. Thus, “parties who have constitutionally sufficient „minimum
contacts‟ with New Jersey are subject to suit there” in both Federal and state court. Id.In this case, the only question is whether the District Court properly found that
VWR is subject to specific jurisdiction in New Jersey on the Colvins‟ claims.2 To
determine whether specific jurisdiction exists, this Court engages in a three-pronged
inquiry. First, VWR must have “purposefully directed its activities” at New Jersey.
O’Connor v. Sandy Lane Hotel Co., Ltd., 496 F.3d 312, 317 (3d Cir. 2007) (citing Burger
King Corp v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 472 (1985)). Second, the litigation must “arise
out of or relate to” at least one of those activities. O’Connor, 496 F.3d at 317 (citing
Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414 (1984)). Third, if
the first two requirements are met, we “consider whether the exercise of jurisdiction
otherwise comport[s] with fair play and substantial justice.” O’Connor, 496 F.3d at 317
(citing Burger King, 471 U.S. at 476) (internal quotation marks omitted).
The District Court concluded that there was personal jurisdiction because of
VWR‟s ads in the Saltwater Sportsman and its contacts with other New Jersey residents.
2
Although this Court ordinarily “assess[es] specific jurisdiction on a claim-by-
claim basis,” it need not parse the Colvins‟ two claims because Mr. Colvin‟s loss of
consortium claim is “purely derivative” of, and factually overlaps with, Mrs. Colvin‟s
negligence claim. O’Connor v. Sandy Lane Hotel Co., Ltd., 496 F.3d 312, 317 n.3 (3d
Cir. 2007).
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We cannot agree that these factors establish personal jurisdiction. Nevertheless, there are
sufficient minimum contacts, pursuant to this Court‟s analysis in O’Connor v. Sandy
Lane Hotel Co., Ltd., 496 F.3d 312 (3d Cir. 2007), which governs our disposition in this
case. Therefore, we will affirm the District Court‟s orders and judgment.
A.
The first prong of our inquiry requires us to examine whether VWR purposefully
directed its activities at New Jersey. The Colvins argue, and the District Court found,
that the advertisements in Saltwater Sportsman specifically targeted New Jersey
residents, thus constituting a purposeful contact that supports personal jurisdiction in this
case. In light of our precedent, we cannot agree that VWR‟s advertisements in the
Saltwater Sportsman deliberately targeted New Jersey residents, and thus constituted a
purposeful contact in this case. See Mesalic v. Fiberfloat Corp., 897 F.2d 696, 700 n.10
(3d Cir. 1990) (finding that a boating company‟s advertisements in Boating magazine, a
magazine with national distribution that included New Jersey, were an insufficient basis
to establish minimum contacts in New Jersey). Moreover, VWR‟s success in attracting a
a handful of other New Jersey residents is insufficient on this record to establish specific
jurisdiction. O’Connor, 496 F.3d at 318.
Nevertheless, under the standards set forth in O’Connor, VWR “purposefully
avail[ed] itself of the privilege of conducting activities” within New Jersey. O’Connor,
496 F.3d at 317 (citation omitted). Mail and telephone communications may count
towards minimum contacts. Grand Entm’t Grp., Ltd. v. Star Media Sales, Inc., 988 F.2d
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476, 482 (3d Cir. 1993). What is ultimately necessary, however, “is a deliberate targeting
of the forum.” O’Connor, 496 F.3d at 317.
In O’Connor, the Pennsylvania plaintiff, while on vacation at a Barbados hotel
that he had visited once prior, slipped and fell at the hotel‟s spa, then sued the hotel for
negligence. This Court held that the hotel had “deliberately reached” into Pennsylvania
because, after O‟Connor‟s earlier visit, the hotel “continued to cultivate the relationship
by mailing seasonal newsletters to [his] Pennsylvania home,” and after O‟Connor booked
his second trip, the hotel “mailed [him] a brochure and traded phone calls with [him] for
the purpose of forming an agreement to render spa services.” Id. at 318.
As in O’Connor, after the Colvins booked their 2005 trip, VWR engaged in
communications, including phone calls and fax transmissions, “for the purpose of
forming an agreement” to render services. Id. at 318. VWR enticed the Colvins to stay
at Punta Colorada and participate in the two fishing trips. Additionally, on October 3,
2005, VWR sent the Colvins a letter informing them about a change in operations for its
family resorts. There is no meaningful distinction between the factual scenario of
O’Connor and the factual scenario in this case. VWR, through its acts, “deliberately
reached into [New Jersey] to target two of its citizens.” Id.B.
As to the second prong in our analysis, the litigation (Colvin v. VWR) must “arise
out of or relate to” at least one of the purposeful contacts stated above. O’Connor
provided some insight into the scope of this requirement.
8
Our analysis begins with but-for causation, but does not end there. See id. at 322.
Specific jurisdiction “requires a closer and more direct causal connection than that
provided by the but-for test,” but “there is no „specific rule‟ susceptible to mechanical
application in every case.” Id. at 323. The inquiry is fact-sensitive, and should “hew
closely to the reciprocity principle upon which specific jurisdiction rests.” Id.In this case, but-for causation has been established. If not for the phone calls and
faxes between VWR and the Colvins, the Colvins would not have made the reservation
for the 2005 fishing trip on which Mrs. Colvin was injured. See O’Connor, 496 F.3d at
323. Through its faxes to the Colvins, VWR formed a contract for the fishing trip. See
id. Similar to the situation in O’Connor, VWR “acquired certain rights under that
contract, and with those rights came accompanying obligations,” including an implied
promise to exercise due care. Id. The Colvins‟ claims arise out of the purposeful
activities of VWR.
C.
Finally, we must determine whether the exercise of jurisdiction would otherwise
comport with “traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.” Id. at 324. “The
existence of minimum contacts makes jurisdiction presumptively constitutional, and the
defendant [VWR] must present a compelling case that the presence of some other
considerations would render jurisdiction unreasonable.” Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted). Factors that we consider include “the burden on the defendant, the forum
state‟s interest in adjudicating the dispute, and the plaintiff‟s interest in convenient and
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effective relief.” Id. (quoting Burger King v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 477 (1985))
(internal quotation mark omitted).
While some burden is imposed on VWR by being made to litigate in New Jersey,
VWR has failed to make a compelling case that litigation in New Jersey would be
unreasonable and unfair. The Colvins, their doctors, and several other witnesses all live
in New Jersey. New Jersey has an interest in providing effective means of redress when
foreign corporations “reach into the state” and transact business with its citizens. See id.
at 325; Dent v. Cunningham, 786 F.2d 173, 177 (3d Cir. 1986). “[W]hen minimum
contacts have been established, often the interests of the plaintiff and the forum in the
exercise of jurisdiction will justify even . . . serious burdens placed on the . . . defendant.”
O’Connor, 496 F.3d at 325 (citing Asahi Metal Indus. Co. v. Superior Court, 480 U.S.
102, 114 (1987)). Such is the case here. New Jersey is a reasonable forum in this case,
and due process demands no more.
IV.
In sum, the Colvins have alleged facts in their complaint which, taken as true,
establish personal jurisdiction over VWR in New Jersey. For the foregoing reasons, we
will affirm the orders and judgment of the District Court.
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