Edward Salerno v. Corzine

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
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No. 13-4292
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EDWARD SALERNO; TERRY TRAYLOR,
Appellants
v.
JOHN S. CORZINE, N.J. Governor, in his official and individual capacity; RICHARD
CODY, N.J. Former Acting Governor, in his official and individual capacities; JAMES
E. MCGREEVEY, N.J. Former Governor, in his official and individual capacities; N.J.
DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES; N.J. DIVISION OF MENTAL HEALTH;
MS. LORNA HINES-CUNNINGHAM, Assistant Division Director of Department of
Human Services, in her official and individual capacities; MS. JOAN RICHARDSON
BOWSER, Esquire, First Assistant Public Defender, in her official and individual
capacities; MR. PATRICK REILLY, Deputy Public Defender, in his official and
individual capacities; OFFICE OF THE PUBLIC DEFENDER, TRENTON, N.J.; N.J.
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, TRENTON, N.J.; DEVON BROWN, Department
of Corrections Former Commissioner, in his official and individual capacities; JOHN
MAIN, Annex, in his official and individual capacities; GRACE ROGERS, N.J. Special
Treatment Unit-Annex Administrator, in her official and individual capacities; PAUL
LAGANA, N.J. Special Unit-Annex, in his official and individual capacities; MERRILL
MAIN, Director, N.J. Special Treatment Unit-Annex, in his official and individual
capacities; MS. TINA SPAGNUOLO, Unit Director, N.J. Special Treatment Unit-Annex,
in her official and individual capacities; DR. GREGORY GAMBONE, Psych., in his
official and individual capacities; JENNA CACCESE, Former Program Coordinator, in
her official and individual capacities; MARIELENA MOTTA, Program Coordinator, in
her official and individual capacities; RUTH ROTH, Recreation Supervisor, in her
official and individual capacities; LOU NORTON, Vocational Rehabilitation Counselor,
in his official and individual capacities; DR. CAROL LESTER, Psych., in her official
and individual capacities; DR. PHILLIP LEAVITT, Psych., in his official and individual
capacities; DR. KIREEV, Psych., in her official and individual capacities; TOM
CALABRESE, Psych., in his official and individual capacities; DR. EPPELLITTO,
Psych., S.T.U. Kearny, N.J., in his official and individual capacities; MR. DEVON
BULLARD, Social Worker, in his official and individual capacities; MS. REEVES,
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Social Worker, in her official and individual capacities; MR. RODRIGUEZ, Social
Worker, in his official and individual capacities; MS. THOMPSON, Social Worker, in
her official and individual capacities; MR. J. MILES, BMPT, in his official and
individual capacities; DR. APOLITO, N.J. Special Treatment Unit Annex Psych., in
his/her personal and individual capacities; TESS KEARNEY; and JACQUELYN
OTTINO
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On Appeal From the United States District Court
for the District of New Jersey
(Civ. Action No. 2:06-CV-3547)
District Judge: Hon. Faith S. Hochberg
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Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
June 26, 2014
Before: McKEE, Chief Judge, and FUENTES and GREENAWAY, JR., Circuit Judges.
(Opinion Filed: August 18, 2014 )
OPINION OF THE COURT
FUENTES, Circuit Judge:
Edward Salerno and Terry Traylor are civilly committed at New Jersey’s Special
Treatment Unit (STU) under the New Jersey Sexually Violent Predators Act (SVPA).
They brought a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 suit against various state officials responsible for their
commitment and treatment, alleging that Defendants violated their First Amendment
right against compelled speech and retaliated against them for exercising this right. The
District Court granted summary judgment for Defendants. We affirm the District Court.
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I.
The SVPA provides for the civil commitment of “sexually violent predators” who are
deemed “likely to engage in acts of sexual violence if not confined in a secure facility for
control, care and treatment.” N.J. Stat. Ann. § 30:4-27.26. Under the SVPA, New Jersey
courts may order the civil commitment of an individual upon finding that he or she
“needs continued involuntary commitment as a sexually violent predator.” N.J. Stat. Ann.
§ 30:4-27.32.
Residents in the STU are entitled to an annual review hearing before a court to
determine whether they need continued confinement. See N.J. Stat. Ann. § 30:4-27.35. If
the STU believes that a resident is unlikely to commit sexually violent crimes, the STU
may recommend that the state authorize the resident to petition the courts for a discharge.
See N.J. Stat. Ann. § 30:4-27.36. Nothing, however, prevents residents from petitioning
for release without such authorization. See id. While an STU psychiatrist involved in the
resident’s treatment must testify at the discharge hearing, the ultimate decision on the
resident’s discharge belongs to the court. N.J. Stat. Ann. § 30:4-27.30, .35 to .36.
The cornerstone of the STU’s treatment model is sex offender specific treatment,
which requires that residents disclose and discuss their sexual history and prior sex
offenses in increasing levels of detail as they progress through five treatment phases. For
example, in Phase Two, residents must complete a “written, moderately detailed,
rendition of the events surrounding at leas[t] one sexual offense,” App. 118, and in Phase
Three, residents must “document[] and orally present[] a sexual offense history,” App.
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120. Residents who fail “to participate in treatment in a meaningful manner” by
“refus[ing] to discuss significant topics” are placed on “Treatment Probation” and
removed to Phase Two. App. 143. Residents who do not improve their participation
during Treatment Probation are then placed on “Treatment Refusal” status and assigned
to Phase One, “Orientation.” App. 144.
Refusing treatment has two consequences for residents. The first is the loss of
“privileges.” App. 126. To encourage participation in treatment, the STU devised a
system of “rights” and “privileges.” All residents are entitled to “rights,” which include a
radio, linens, clothing, soap, toothbrush and toothpaste, stamps, and writing supplies.
However, only residents actively participating in treatment are entitled to “privileges,”
which include institutional jobs, deodorant, video games, stereo systems, and word
processors. Once a resident is placed on Treatment Refusal status, these privileges are
taken away.
The second consequence of remaining silent and refusing treatment is the possibility
of prolonged detention. The statistics confirm that refusing treatment is closely correlated
with prolonged detention. From 1999 to April 2012, 648 individuals were civilly
committed in the STU. Of these, sixty-five have been classified as treatment refusers at
some point. Significantly, only four treatment refusers have ever been released from the
STU—two by death and two due to poor health. By contrast, approximately ninety of the
remaining residents have been released. Twenty-nine of these residents were
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conditionally released with a recommendation from the STU while another forty-seven
were discharged by a court order without an STU recommendation.
Salerno and Traylor have been civilly committed in the STU since completing their
criminal sentences—Salerno in 2001 and Traylor in 2002. Both have been classified as
treatment refusers for several years because they decline to discuss their sexual history
and past sex offenses. As a consequence of refusing treatment, they have been relegated
to Phase One of the treatment plan and denied video game systems, CD players, cassette
players, and DVD players. Because Salerno attends a Treatment Orientation group, he is
permitted to perform two hours of paid institutional work each week. Traylor refuses to
attend this group and is denied an institutional job.
II.
Salerno and Traylor filed separate pro se complaints against various state officials
under § 1983. Both alleged violations of the First Amendment and sought damages and
injunctive relief. The District Court dismissed their claims on qualified immunity
grounds. Salerno and Traylor appealed, and we consolidated their appeals. In Salerno v.
Corzine, 449 F. App’x 118, 123 (3d Cir. 2011), we affirmed the dismissal of Salerno and
Traylor’s damages claims, but held that the District Court improperly dismissed their
claims for injunctive relief. Id. We therefore remanded those claims. Id.
Following remand, the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. Salerno and
Traylor argued that the STU’s requirement that they disclose and discuss their sexual
history and prior sex offenses violated their First Amendment right not to speak. They
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claimed that, as a result of exercising their right not to speak, they have been denied
certain privileges and prevented from advancing through treatment, such that they are
effectively detained indefinitely. Salerno and Traylor asserted that these deprivations of
liberty violated their First Amendment right against compelled speech and were in
retaliation for their exercise of this right.
The District Court granted the Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. With
respect to Salerno and Traylor’s compelled speech claim, the District Court determined
that “[t]he loss of such privileges as an institutional job, a DVD player, and a CD player,
for non-participation does not implicate a constitutional deprivation of liberty so severe
as to violate Plaintiffs’ First Amendment right against compelled speech.” Salerno v.
Corzine, Nos. 06-3547, 07-2751, 2013 WL 5505741, at *11 (D.N.J. Oct. 1, 2013).
Additionally, the District Court concluded that Salerno and Traylor’s indefinite detention
did not amount to compelled speech. In pertinent part, the District Court explained that
the “duration of [Salerno and Traylor’s] detention is . . . determined by the New Jersey
courts,” not by Defendants, and it “is not determined by whether they exercise their First
Amendment right against compelled speech, but instead by whether they continue to
present a risk of sexually reoffending.” Id. at *12. With respect to Salerno and Traylor’s
retaliation claim, the District Court held that Defendants did not retaliate against Salerno
and Traylor because the revoked privileges were insufficient to “deter a person of
ordinary firmness from exercising his constitutional rights.” Id. (quoting Rauser v. Horn,
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241 F.3d 330, 333 (3d Cir. 2001)). Salerno and Traylor appealed from the District
Court’s judgment.1
We have carefully reviewed the record and both parties’ arguments. We affirm the
judgment of the District Court, substantially for the thorough and persuasive reasons
expressed in Judge Hochberg’s written opinion.
1
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review over a grant
of summary judgment. Halsey v. Pfeiffer, 750 F.3d 273, 287 (3d Cir. 2014). Summary
judgment may only be granted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to
any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ.
P. 56(a). In reviewing a grant of summary judgment, we “must evaluate the evidence in
the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and draw all reasonable inferences in that
party’s favor.” EBC, Inc. v. Clark Bldg. Sys., Inc., 618 F.3d 253, 262 (3d Cir. 2010).
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