United States v. William Wilkerson

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
_____________
No. 11-1088
_____________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
WILLIAM WILKERSON, a/k/a Tony Patterson
William Wilkerson,
Appellant
______
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Criminal No. 10-cr-00153-1)
District Judge: Honorable R. Barclay Surrick
______
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
December 6, 2011
Before: HARDIMAN, BARRY, and VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: December 07, 2011)
______
OPINION OF THE COURT
______
VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judge.
Appellant William Wilkerson pled guilty to possession of a firearm following a
felony conviction, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), and was sentenced to 54 months
of incarceration. Wilkerson appeals this sentence on two grounds. First, he asserts that
the District Court violated Rule 32(i)(1)(A) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
by failing to verify that Wilkerson had read the presentence report (―PSR‖). This error
warrants a remand for resentencing, Wilkerson argues, because it denied him an effective
opportunity to dispute a prior conviction that the District Court relied upon in imposing
sentence. Second, Wilkerson asserts—and the Government agrees—that an alcohol-
related provision in the written terms for supervised release is not reasonably related to
his offense or personal history. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm the sentence
of incarceration and remand for the limited purpose of striking the alcohol-related
provision.
I.
Because we write solely for the parties, we recount the facts and proceedings only
to the extent required for resolution of this appeal. On July 5, 2009, Wilkerson was
arrested after Philadelphia police received a radio call that a man attending a block party
had a firearm. When Officers Keith White and Matthew Blaszczyk arrived on the scene,
they overheard Wilkerson tell a woman that he intended to shoot an unspecified
individual. When the officers confronted Wilkerson, a foot chase ensued, and ended with
Wilkerson apparently pulling a revolver from his pocket and attempting to fire it at
Officer White. Since there were no bullets remaining in the gun, no shot was ultimately
fired.
On March 16, 2010, a grand jury issued a one-count indictment charging
Wilkerson with possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, to which Wilkerson pled
2
guilty on September 24, 2010. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has also charged
Wilkerson for his actions, including a felony charge of aggravated assault.1
After Wilkerson entered his guilty plea, the U.S. Probation Office prepared a
PSR in which it determined that the total offense level was twenty-one—twenty points
for the base offense, a three-point reduction for acceptance of responsibility, and a four-
point enhancement for possessing the firearm in connection with another felony offense.
Wilkerson was also determined to have a Category III criminal history, based on his five
criminal history points. Three of Wilkerson‘s criminal history points were for a prior
robbery conviction and two were for the fact that the instant offense occurred while
Wilkerson was on probation. Based on Wilkerson‘s total offense level and criminal
history, the recommended incarceration range under the Guidelines was 46 to 57 months.
In addition to the prior robbery conviction, the PSR listed two prior convictions
from North Carolina, one for possession of drug paraphernalia and one for carrying a
concealed weapon. The convictions, which arose from two different arrests when
Wilkerson was seventeen years old, are listed in the PSR as having been consolidated
with each resulting in a guilty plea. While the PSR provides details regarding the drug
paraphernalia charge, it notes that ―[a]ccording to the U.S. Probation Office in the
Eastern District of North Carolina, the details of the [concealed weapon] offense are
unavailable.‖ PSR ¶ 30.
1
Wilkerson is currently awaiting trial on the state charges.
3
After a draft copy of the PSR was sent to the parties, Wilkerson‘s attorney sent a
letter to the probation officer objecting to the four-point enhancement on the grounds that
Wilkerson did not attempt to fire his gun during the arrest. Wilkerson‘s attorney also
noted that, due to Wilkerson being transferred to an out-of-state facility, he had ―not been
able to go over the draft of the presentence report with [Wilkerson],‖ and did not know
―if [Wilkerson] will have further objections to the report.‖ A. 38.
At the sentencing hearing, the District Court did not ask Wilkerson whether he had
personally read the PSR. The closest the District Court came to doing so was asking if
Wilkerson‘s attorney ―ha[d] an objection to that report?‖2 A. 52. Wilkerson‘s attorney
responded by reiterating his objection to the four-point enhancement.3
Later, during Wilkerson‘s allocution, the District Court asked him the following
question: ―Why would you have a gun? You were convicted of carrying a concealed
weapon when you were 17. You were involved in robberies that put you in jail for a total
2
The District Court‘s full inquiry was as follows: ―You have received the Pre-sentence
Investigation Report. I believe, Mr. Wilson, you have an objection to that report?‖ A.
52.
3
To resolve defense counsel‘s objection, Officers White and Blaszczyk, as well as
Wilkerson himself, took the stand to testify about the events on the night of the arrest.
After hearing this testimony, and argument from counsel, the District Court concluded
that the Government had met its burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence
that Wilkerson had attempted to shoot Officer White, and accordingly, that the four-point
enhancement was justified.
4
of ten years and there was a weapon involved in at least one of those. Why in God‘s
name would you go out on 4th of July—with a gun?‖4 A. 112.
After Wilkerson finished his allocution, the District Court discussed the two key
factors that justified the sentence. One factor was the serious nature of the offense.
Having heard testimony from two police officers about Wilkerson‘s attempt to fire the
gun at Officer White, the District Court described the facts and circumstances of the
offense as ―very, very serious.‖ A. 116. A second factor was Wilkerson‘s personal
history. As the District Court made clear, the ―most concerning aspect‖ of Wilkerson‘s
history was his 53 acts of misconduct while imprisoned on a prior robbery conviction—
an ―unusual situation‖ that resulted in Wilkerson serving out the full ten years of a five-
to-ten year sentence. Id. The District Court also referenced Wilkerson‘s prior robbery
offense, which involved a weapon, as well as his ―prior conviction for carrying a
concealed weapon.‖ Id.After the District Court referenced the concealed weapon conviction, Wilkerson
interjected: ―Not to interrupt, sir, but the prior offense for carrying a concealed weapon . .
. I was never convicted for that, anything of that nature. I was never arrested. It must be
4
Wilkerson responded to the District Court by stating, first, that he had lied in his earlier
testimony when he had admitted an intent to shoot somebody that night. Wilkerson
stated that the reason he lied is because he thought the Government ―wanted to hear
something bad about me.‖ A. 113. Wilkerson then insisted that the real reason he had a
gun that night was because he wanted to ensure that no one got hurt. Specifically,
Wilkerson described seeing a young man place the gun in an alleyway. To protect others
who may have been injured by the gun, Wilkerson picked it up and placed it in his
pocket.
5
an error on here. I was -- I was arrested for a controlled substance, yes, in North
Carolina, but not for a weapon.‖ Id. After the District Court briefly noted that
Wilkerson‘s testimony was at odds with the PSR, the probation officer described the
basis for including the conviction. The officer stated that she had ―requested a collateral
response from the District of North Carolina‖ and was informed ―that [Wilkerson] was
arrested on April 16th of 1996 for carrying a concealed weapon in the Cumberland
District Court of Fayetteville, North Carolina. On May 7th of 1996, he pled guilty and
this was consolidated for judgment with the drug conviction.‖ A. 117.
After hearing the probation officer‘s explanation, Wilkerson asked the court
whether the concealed weapon conviction was ―supposed to be for the same time of . . .
being arrested for the controlled substance?‖ Id. The District Court briefly explained to
Wilkerson that ―[i]t was consolidated with [the drug offense] for disposition.‖ Id.Neither Wilkerson nor his attorney pressed the issue further, and the District Court
proceeded to impose a sentence of 54 months.
Following the hearing, the District Court issued a written sentence which
contained a term not disclosed during the sentencing hearing. The term provided that,
upon release from incarceration, Wilkerson must refrain from alcohol consumption,
submit to testing to ensure compliance, and participate in an alcohol treatment program
for the duration of his supervised release. While Wilkerson had informed the probation
officer that he often drank on a daily basis, he did not disclose any problems related to
6
alcohol use, and the probation officer had not recommended any alcohol-related
conditions as part of Wilkerson‘s supervised release.
II.5
Where, as here, the defendant has not raised an issue below, we review for plain
error under Rule 52(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. United States v.
Stevens, 223 F.3d 239, 242 (3d Cir. 2000). Under the plain error standard of review, the
error must be ―obvious‖ and must have ―affect[ed] substantial rights.‖ United States v.
Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734 (1993). An error affects substantial rights if the defendant can
prove that it ―affected the outcome of the district court proceedings.‖ Id. When the
alleged error, as here, involves a violation of Rule 32(i)(1)(A), we have previously
indicated that the defendant will meet his burden if he can show a ―reasonable likelihood
that the sentence would have been different‖ in the absence of the error. Stevens, 223
F.3d at 244. If a defendant is able to make this showing, this Court ―has authority to
order correction, but is not required to do so.‖ Olano, 507 U.S. at 734. A court of
appeals ―should exercise its discretion to order such a correction only if the error
‗seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.‘‖
Stevens, 223 F.3d at 242 (quoting Olano, 507 U.S. at 732).
III.
We begin our analysis by addressing Wilkerson‘s argument that we should remand
for resentencing because of the District Court‘s failure to verify that he had read the PSR.
5
The District Court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have jurisdiction under
both 18 U.S.C. § 3742 and 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
7
While we agree that the District Court erred by failing to determine that Wilkerson read
the PSR, we will affirm the sentence of incarceration because Wilkerson has not met his
burden of proving that substantial rights were affected.
We start by addressing whether a clear error occurred. Rule 32(i)(1)(A) provides
that a sentencing court ―must verify that the defendant and the defendant‘s attorney have
read and discussed the presentence report and any addendum to the report.‖ Fed R. Crim.
Proc. 32(i)(1)(A). While we have held that this rule does not create an ―absolute
requirement that the court personally ask the defendant‖ whether he read the PSR, we
have made clear that a sentencing court must ―somehow determine that the defendant has
had this opportunity.‖ United States v. Mays, 798 F.2d 78, 80 (3d Cir. 1986). A
sentencing court fails to discharge this obligation if it merely asks the defendant‘s
attorney if the attorney has any objections to the PSR. Stevens, 223 F.3d at 242. Since
that is precisely what the District Court did here, the District Court committed an error,
and the error was ―plain‖6—as the Government itself acknowledges.7
We next turn to the issue of prejudice. Wilkerson makes two arguments to support
his assertion that the District Court‘s error prejudiced his rights. Wilkerson argues that
6
In Stevens, the court asked: ―Are there any requests for additions or corrections to the
presentence?‖ 223 F.3d at 242. Here, the District Court asked Wilkerson‘s attorney
whether ―[y]ou‘ve any objections to that report?‖ A. 52.
7
The Government concedes that the District Court committed an error. In its brief, the
Government writes: ―[T]he district court erred in not adequately verifying that the
defendant had read and discussed the PSR, and given the settled law on this issue, the
error was plain.‖ Gov‘t Br. at 21.
8
we should presume prejudice just as we do for violations of the right to allocution,
because there was an opportunity for the violation to affect the outcome. In the
alternative, Wilkerson argues that the record is sufficient to demonstrate a reasonable
likelihood that the sentence would have been different had the error not occurred. We
address each argument in turn.
Wilkerson‘s argument that prejudice should be presumed is at odds with this
Court‘s decision in Stevens where we joined the Fourth, Sixth, Seventh, Ninth, and Tenth
Circuits in holding that ―noncompliance with [Rule 32(i)(1)(A)]8 does not require vacatur
and resentencing without at least some showing of prejudice by the defendant.‖ Stevens,
223 F.3d at 246. Although Wilkerson proposes limiting the presumption to violations
where there was an opportunity for the error to affect the outcome, this would still not
harmonize with Stevens. As Stevens indicates, a showing of prejudice requires a
―reasonable likelihood that the sentence would have been different.‖ Id. at 244. Since a
―reasonable likelihood‖ of prejudice implies a degree of persuasion distinct from, and
greater than, a mere showing of ―opportunity,‖ Stevens would appear to preclude the
presumption that Wilkerson advocates.
Further, the case upon which Wilkerson bases his argument for a presumption,
United States v. Adams, 252 F.3d 276 (2001), is inapposite to the right at stake in Rule
32(i)(1)(A). In Adams, we held that prejudice should be presumed when a district court
8
At the time of Stevens, the PSR verification requirement was codified as Rule
32(c)(3)(A).
9
violates a defendant‘s right to allocution and an opportunity exists for the violation to
have affected the outcome. 252 F.3d at 287. As we have noted elsewhere, the right to
allocution is ―indisputably more valued and ‗deeply rooted‘9 than the verification
requirement of Rule 32.‖ Stevens, 223 F.3d at 246. The importance of the right arises
from the fact that ―[t]he most persuasive counsel may not be able to speak for a defendant
as the defendant might, with halting eloquence, speak for himself.‖ Adams, 252 F.3d at
280 (quoting Green v. United States, 365 U.S. 301, 304 (1961) (plurality opinion)).
Because of this, the Supreme Court has supported automatic resentencing when the right
to allocution is violated. Id. at 281 (discussing Hill v. United States, 368 U.S. 424, 429
n.6 (1962)). While the Supreme Court‘s subsequent jurisprudence on the plain error
standard has qualified this rule, our presumption of prejudice in Adams ―follow[ed]
logically from Supreme Court precedent.‖ Id. at 288. The same cannot be said for the
PSR verification requirement.10
9
Whereas there was ―little consensus‖ about the need for a PSR verification requirement
until it was incorporated into the Federal Rules in 1983, the right to allocution is ―ancient
in origin‖—dating as far back as the seventeenth century, when violations of the right
required reversal on appeal. Stevens, 223 F.3d at 246.
10
Wilkerson also points to two other decisions where this Court has extended the
presumption of prejudice. Appellant‘s Reply Br. at 2 (citing United States v. Syme, 276
F.3d 131, 153–54 (3d Cir. 2002); United States v. Knight, 266 F.3d 203, 208 (3d. Cir.
2001)). Neither of these decisions, however, support Wilkerson‘s argument. In Syme, we
applied the presumption to constructive amendments which, unlike violations of the
allocution right, violate the U.S. Constitution. Syme, 276 F.3d at 154 n.8. Accordingly,
we noted that our holding in Syme was ―narrower‖ than our holding in Adams, since ―the
right of allocution is not grounded in the Constitution.‖ Id. In Knight, we extended the
presumption of prejudice to situations where the District Court made a clear error
10
There is, moreover, a functional basis for granting a presumption of prejudice in
the context of an allocution error, but not a Rule 32(i)(1)(A) error. The impact of
allocution is inherently intangible and generally unknowable, making it all but impossible
for a defendant to reasonably prove that an allocution would have influenced the
outcome. See Adams, 252 F.3d at 287 & n.9 (discussing ―enormous difficulty‖ of
proving prejudice in allocution context). By contrast, the impact of a Rule 32(i)(1)(A)
violation, as here, is assessed based on the impact of specific, clearly defined factual
information in the PSR. While we recognize that proving the relative impact of factual
errors on the ultimate sentence is not always a straightforward or easy task, this difficulty
inheres more in the general nature of plain error review than in the nature of the right
itself. We decline, therefore, to extend the Adams presumption to the case at bar.
We turn then to Wilkerson‘s argument that a reasonable likelihood exists that the
sentence would have been different had Rule 32(i)(1)(A) not been violated. If he had
been given an opportunity to read the PSR, Wilkerson argues that it is ―likely‖ he would
have been able to make ―a more developed challenge‖ to the inclusion of the concealed
weapon offense. Appellant‘s Br. at 22. Wilkerson maintains that since this offense ―was
clearly important to the court,‖ id. at 23, the failure to provide him an effective
opportunity to dispute whether he was convicted—or whether the Government had met
regarding the applicable Guidelines sentence. Knight, 266 F.3d at 208. Needless to say,
a situation where the District Court applies the wrong Guidelines recommendation
creates a greater potential for prejudice than a failure to verify that a defendant read the
PSR.
11
its burden of proving he was convicted—resulted in a longer sentence than would have
otherwise been the case, especially since the District Court issued a sentence on the high
end of the Guideline range. We again disagree. As we discuss below, Wilkerson has
failed to demonstrate a reasonable likelihood that (1) a more developed challenge would
have resulted in an exclusion of the offense, and that (2) exclusion of the offense would
have reduced the sentence. Since both premises are necessary for a showing of prejudice
here, Wilkerson‘s argument falls short.
We start first with whether a ―more developed challenge‖ would have resulted in
an exclusion of the concealed weapon offense. As an initial matter, we disagree with
Wilkerson that the probation officer was ―unable to document the . . . conviction,‖ and
that the Government failed, as a result, to meet its burden of proving that it occurred.
Appellant‘s Br. at 23 (emphasis added). While the probation officer was unable to obtain
the underlying details of the offense, she was able to obtain detailed information about
the conviction itself, including the date of arrest, the date of the guilty plea, the court
where it was adjudicated, and the docket number. Further, far from being ―vague,
unsupported‖ information, Appellant‘s Reply Br. at 8, the record shows that the probation
officer obtained this information from the U.S. Probation Office in the Eastern District of
North Carolina. Although it is unclear why details for this offense were not available
when details for the drug paraphernalia offense were available, we cannot say, based on
this alone, that the information lacks ―sufficient indicia of reliability to support its
probable accuracy,‖ as is required when disputed information is considered for
12
sentencing purposes. United States v. Miele, 989 F.2d 659, 664 (3d Cir. 1993) (adopting
U.S.S.G. § 6A1.3(a)).
We are similarly unpersuaded that the PSR information became unreliable by the
mere fact that Wilkerson claims he was not convicted. For starters, we have previously
held that a defendant‘s bare allegation that information in the PSR is incorrect, without
more, is insufficient to require an evidentiary hearing to vet the information‘s accuracy.
United States v. Campbell, 295 F.3d 398, 407 (3d Cir. 2002). Thus, even if Wilkerson
had read the PSR and made a timely objection to the conviction‘s inclusion, the District
Court could still have considered it if Wilkerson‘s only evidence was his bare allegation.
The problem with relying on a defendant‘s bare allegation is particularly evident where,
as here, the defendant‘s credibility has been brought into question. Here, Wilkerson
himself admitted in his allocution that he had not been candid with the court during his
earlier testimony at the hearing. When coupled with his changing accounts of what
happened on the night of the offense, the District Court was justified in giving less weight
to Wilkerson‘s claim than to the detailed information obtained from the probation office
in North Carolina.
It is also worth noting that the transcript of the hearing suggests that Wilkerson
may have conceded the possibility (1) that he was convicted and/or (2) that he committed
the underlying conduct. Once it was explained to Wilkerson that his weapon charge had
been consolidated with his drug charge, Wilkerson simply asked whether he had been
arrested for both offenses at the same time. When the judge responded that the two
13
offenses had been consolidated for the purposes of disposition, Wilkerson did not
respond. This indicates that Wilkerson‘s earlier denial may have simply been an
assertion that he had not been carrying a concealed weapon at the time he was arrested
for the drug offense. While not definitive, this interpretation is consistent with the fact
that Wilkerson never contended at the hearing, nor in his briefs, that he did not actually
carry a concealed weapon; his contention rather is that he had not been ―arrested‖ or
―convicted‖ for doing so. Accordingly, since the primary relevance of the conviction to
the District Court‘s decision is the underlying conduct rather than the conviction itself,
Wilkerson‘s failure to claim innocence further weakens the possibility that a more
thorough vetting would have resulted in an exclusion of the offense.
Finally, even if we were to accept the unlikely proposition that a developed
challenge would have resulted in the weapon offense being excluded from the PSR, there
is no reasonable likelihood that this would have actually impacted the District Court‘s
sentence. The District Court did reference the concealed weapon offense as a factor in its
consideration. However, the District Court was clear that ―the most concerning aspect‖
of Wilkerson‘s criminal history was his ―unusual‖ disciplinary record in prison.
Specifically, the District Court noted Wilkerson‘s 53 acts of misconduct while in prison,
and the fact that this resulted in him serving the full ten years of a five-to-ten year
sentence.11 The District Court also emphasized the facts and circumstances of
The District Court also referenced Wilkerson‘s prior robbery offense, which as the
11
District Court noted, also involved a weapon.
14
Wilkerson‘s crime, which it described as ―very, very serious.‖ These facts and
circumstances included Wilkerson claiming he was going to shoot someone with the gun,
and Wilkerson attempting to fire the gun at Officer White during the arrest. The District
Court‘s clear concern with the serious nature of the crime and Wilkerson‘s 53 acts of
misconduct while in prison can readily explain why it chose to impose a sentence towards
the higher end of the Guidelines. Although it is conceivable that the sentence may have
been different had the District Court been convinced that the concealed weapon offense
did not occur, we do not find this possibility to be reasonably likely. Accordingly, we
will affirm.
IV.
We now address Wilkerson‘s argument concerning the alcohol-related provision
in the written sentence. Despite the fact that there was nothing in the PSR to indicate that
Wilkerson needed alcohol treatment, a special condition in the written sentence bars
Wilkerson from consuming alcohol during the supervisory release period and requires
him to submit to compliance testing and participate in alcohol treatment. Wilkerson
argues, and the Government concedes, that this is not reasonably related to either the
offense or Wilkerson‘s history, and is therefore contrary to our ruling in United States v.
Pruden, 398 F.3d 241, 248–49 (3d Cir. 2005). Since the Government agrees on this
point, we need not consider Wilkerson‘s other arguments on the matter, and will remand
for the limited purpose of striking the provision from the list of conditions for
Wilkerson‘s supervised release.
15
V.
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the appellant‘s conviction and the
District Court‘s sentence imposed on January 4, 2011 in all respects except that we will
remand for the limited purpose of striking the alcohol-related provisions from the
conditions of supervised release.
16