V-Tech Services, Inc. v. Street

Opinions of the United
2007 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
2-6-2007
V-Tech Ser Inc v. Street
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 05-5136
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 05-5136
V-TECH SERVICES, INC.,
Appellant
v.
THOMAS MILTON STREET, SR.; NOTLIM INCORPORATED;
JOHN H. VELARDI, SR.; PHILADELPHIA AIRPORT SERVICES; ENRON
BUILDING SERVICES, INC.; AFFILIATED BUILDING SERVICES, LLC;
GENERAL ASPHALT PAVING COMPANY; U.S. FACILITIES, INC;
BARBARA BROWN; AMERICAN ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANUP CORP., INC.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
D.C. Civil No. 04-cv-04457
District Judge: The Honorable Edmund V. Ludwig
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
January 29, 2007
Before: BARRY, ROTH, Circuit Judges, and DEBEVOISE,* District Judge
(Opinion Filed: February 6, 2007)
OPINION
BARRY, Circuit Judge
*
The Honorable Dickinson R. Debevoise, Senior District Judge, United States District
Court for the District of New Jersey, sitting by designation.
V-Tech Services, Inc. (“V-Tech”) appeals from an order of the United States
District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania dismissing its complaint for failure
to state a claim upon which relief may be granted and declining to exercise jurisdiction
over its supplemental state law claims. V-Tech alleges a scheme by defendants to defraud
the government by misrepresenting the use of disadvantaged businesses to perform
subcontracts at the Philadelphia International Airport. It asserts that the scheme included
representations to V-Tech that it would obtain such subcontracts, even though the
defendants intended to keep the subcontracts for themselves. In its complaint, V-Tech
argued that the defendants’ conduct violated RICO and supported actions under state law
for common law fraud, promissory estoppel, breach of contract, and unjust enrichment.
The critical issue on appeal is whether the alleged racketeering acts proximately
caused the claimed injuries so as to satisfy RICO standing requirements. See 18 U.S.C. §
1964(c). Because we conclude that they did not, we will affirm the order of the District
Court.
I.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Our review is plenary, Lum v.
Bank of America, 361 F.3d 217, 223 (3d Cir. 2004), and we treat the allegations of V-
Tech’s complaint as true. Anderson v. Ayling, 396 F.3d 265, 267 (3d Cir. 2005).
On June 16, 2001, Philadelphia Airport Services (“PAS”), a joint venture between
Affiliated Building Services, LLC, General Asphalt Paving Company, and U.S. Facilities,
Inc., was awarded a contract to perform services at the Philadelphia Airport that required
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specific percentages of subcontracts to be held by “disadvantaged business entities”
(“DBEs”). The City of Philadelphia’s Minority Business Enterprise Council (“MBEC”),
together with the Department of Aviation, certifies minority-owned businesses and
women-owned businesses as DBEs.
V-Tech, a minority-owned business, sought to obtain a landscaping subcontract
from PAS. Although PAS represented to V-Tech that it would list the company in its
initial bid for the airport contract, PAS listed a woman-owned business, American
Environmental Cleanup Corp., Inc., instead. A non-DBE named All Seasons
Landscaping, however, actually performed the work.
From 2001 to 2003, V-Tech continued to petition PAS for the landscaping
subcontract. While PAS repeatedly discussed details with V-Tech and mailed
specifications to it in May 2003, PAS never agreed to hire the company.
In its original bid to obtain the airport contract, PAS stated that a minority-owned
business, Lowe Engineering, would perform a baggage-maintenance subcontract. Lowe
Engineering was not qualified to do the work, and, in September 2002, PAS officially
awarded the subcontract to another minority-owned business, Notlim, Inc. At all times,
however, PAS performed the job itself.
V-Tech also campaigned to win the baggage-maintenance subcontract from PAS.
In December 2003, PAS informed V-Tech that it could be awarded the subcontract if it
had the approval of MBEC and the owner of Notlim, Inc., Thomas Milton Street, and if it
obtained a union contract. V-Tech received MBEC approval in April 2004. It also paid
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for and received approval from Street, but it never obtained a union contract.
Despite this, on January 7, 2004, PAS sent V-Tech a proposed baggage-
maintenance subcontract. V-Tech began preparations to proceed with the subcontract by,
among other things, hiring an employee to manage the subcontract, obtaining an external
audit, and creating financial statements. In July 2004, however, PAS told V-Tech that it
had decided not to subcontract with it.
On September 22, 2004, V-Tech filed suit, alleging that the defendants were
engaged in a pattern of racketeering activity under 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c) and that they had
conspired to do so, thereby violating 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d). According to V-Tech, PAS
committed predicate acts of mail and wire fraud by mailing its bid to the City of
Philadelphia misrepresenting its use of DBEs, mailing materials to the companies PAS
claimed to be its subcontractors but who were not actually performing the work, and
mailing and emailing proposed contracts and specifications to V-Tech.
III.
The federal civil RICO statute allows “[a]ny person injured in his business or
property by reason of a violation of section 1962 of this chapter [to] sue therefor in any
appropriate United States district court.” 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c). Section 1962, in turn,
provides in relevant part that:
(c) It shall be unlawful for any person employed by or associated
with any enterprise engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or
foreign commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the
conduct of such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering
activity or collection of unlawful debt. (d) It shall be unlawful for any
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person to conspire to violate any of the provisions of subsection (a), (b), or
(c) of this section.
18 U.S.C. § 1962(c)-(d). The term “racketeering activity” is defined in 18 U.S.C. §
1961(1) to include a list of state and federal crimes, among them the crimes of wire and
mail fraud alleged here.
The District Court dismissed the complaint finding that V-Tech lacked standing
under § 1964(c), which requires a plaintiff to show (1) that he was injured (2) by reason
of a violation of § 1962. See 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c).
In Holmes v. Sec. Investor Prot. Corp., 503 U.S. 258, 268 (1992), the Supreme
Court interpreted § 1964(c) to mean that a RICO plaintiff must demonstrate that a
defendant’s RICO violation was not only a “but for” cause of his injury, but also that it
was the proximate cause. Then, in Anza v. Ideal Steel Supply Corp., 126 S. Ct. 1991,
1999 (2006), the Court explained that proximate cause requires a direct relation between
the injury claimed and the injurious conduct alleged. Specifically, the Court stated that
“[w]hen a court evaluates a RICO claim for proximate causation, the central question it
must ask is whether the alleged violation led directly to the plaintiff’s injuries.” Id. at
1998.
Here, the answer is no. V-Tech’s RICO claims do not satisfy the requirement of
proximate causation because the direct victim of the defendants’ fraudulent conduct was
the federal, state, and local government entities that awarded and thereafter funded the
contract, not V-Tech. PAS represented to the government entities that it was using DBEs
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as subcontractors at the airport when in fact it was using its own affiliated companies in
order to keep the contract payments for itself and other defendants, thereby thwarting the
objective of those entities of supporting minority and women-owned businesses.
V-Tech has asserted its own losses: the profits the company would have earned if
it had obtained a subcontract and the more than $350,000 it spent in reliance on receiving
the baggage-maintenance subcontract. The cause of these losses, however, was not
directly related to the alleged RICO violations. Even if PAS had complied with the
requirements for hiring DBEs, it may well have not have awarded subcontracts to V-
Tech. V-Tech was not the only qualified DBE, and PAS could have subcontracted with
minority-owned or women-owned businesses other than V-Tech. Furthermore, the
airport contract did not require that all subcontracts be awarded to DBEs, but rather that
overall DBE levels be met. In addition, V-Tech had not obtained a union contract, one of
the prerequisites established by PAS for the baggage-maintenance subcontract.
IV.
The District Court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing V-Tech’s state law
claims. When a District Court dismisses before trial the claims over which it had original
jurisdiction, it “must decline to decide the pendent state claims unless considerations of
judicial economy, convenience, and fairness to the parties provide an affirmative
justification for doing so.” Borough of W. Mifflin v. Lancaster, 45 F.3d 780, 788 (3d Cir.
1995); see also 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c) (giving district courts discretion to decline to hear
state claims that they would have supplemental jurisdiction to entertain under § 1367(a)).
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V-Tech has not argued those considerations here.
We will affirm the order of the District Court.
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