Bassem Kandil v. Gary Yurkovic

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
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No. 12-3099
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BASSEM KANDIL; SAMEH A. ABOELATA;
HALLA KANDIL, his wife; FLORA KANDIL, his wife
v.
GARY YURKOVIC, Police Officer; ANTHONY MARK ABODE, Police Officer;
WILLIAM OELS, III, Police Officer; WILLIAM OELS, JR.; EDWARD T.
BOBADILLA, Police Officer; CHIEF OF POLICE; CITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK;
NEW BRUNSWICK POLICE DEPARTMENT; MIDDLESEX COUNTY
PROSECUTORS OFFICE; MIDDLESEX COUNTY CORRECTIONAL FACILITY
BASSEM KANDIL; FLORA KANDIL, his wife,
Appellants
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On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of New Jersey
(D.C. No. 06-cv-04701)
District Judge: Honorable Dennis M. Cavanaugh
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Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
June 13, 2013
Before: SCIRICA, HARDIMAN and ALDISERT, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: June 14, 2013)
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OPINION OF THE COURT
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HARDIMAN, Circuit Judge.
This case comes to us for the second time. At issue is whether a release-dismissal
agreement signed by Appellant Bassem Kandil is enforceable. In 2011, we vacated a
summary judgment against Kandil and remanded the matter for the District Court to
decide whether Kandil’s agreement was enforceable as a matter of public policy. Kandil
v. Yurkovic, 448 F. App’x 228, 229 (3d Cir. 2011). After additional discovery, the
District Court again granted summary judgment against Kandil. For the reasons that
follow, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment as to Kandil’s federal claim, but will
vacate as to his state law claims.
I
Because we write for the parties, who are well acquainted with the case, we recite
only the facts and procedural history essential to its disposition. A more detailed
statement of the facts and procedural history is available in our prior opinion. See Kandil,
448 F. App’x at 230–31.
In the early morning hours of October 1, 2004, Kandil was arrested for disorderly
conduct. According to one of the arresting officers, Gary Yurkovic, Kandil instigated a
belligerent confrontation with the police and then resisted arrest, which required the
police to subdue him. Kandil was later indicted for aggravated assault, resisting arrest,
and disarming a police officer. Although an internal police investigation accepted
Yurkovic’s version of events and cleared the arresting officers of wrongdoing, several
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witnesses claimed that Kandil was arrested after he and his friends began talking to a
woman named Pamela who was in a sexual relationship with Yurkovic, and that Yurkovic
and the other officers beat up Kandil without provocation.
About a year later, Kandil and Middlesex County Assistant Prosecutor Marcia
Silva reached an agreement whereby the criminal charges against Kandil would be
suspended and later dismissed in exchange for a release of all his civil claims. Despite
this agreement, Kandil sued under both 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and state law, arguing that his
agreement was unenforceable as a matter of public policy. The District Court disagreed,
and entered summary judgment against Kandil, holding that the release barred his claims.
II1
We review the District Court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the
same standard as the District Court.2 Slagle v. Cnty. of Clarion, 435 F.3d 262, 263 (3d
Cir. 2006). Summary judgment is proper ―if the movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.‖
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In reviewing the District Court’s opinion, we are not limited to its
1
The District Court had jurisdiction over the federal claims under 28 U.S.C.
§§ 1331 and 1343 and supplemental jurisdiction over the state law claims under 28
U.S.C. § 1367(a). We have appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
2
After the District Court granted summary judgment against him, Kandil moved
for reconsideration, which was denied. Kandil’s notice of appeal mentions only the
denial of the motion for reconsideration. However, ―an appeal from a denial of a Motion
for Reconsideration brings up the underlying judgment for review.‖ McAlister v. Sentry
Ins. Co., 958 F.2d 550, 552–53 (3d Cir. 1992).
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proffered rationale, but rather ―[w]e may affirm the District Court on any grounds
supported by the record.‖ Nicini v. Morra, 212 F.3d 798, 805 (3d Cir. 2000).
III
For a release-dismissal agreement to be enforceable under federal law, it must,
among other things, be in the public interest. See Town of Newtown v. Rumery, 480 U.S.
386, 398 (1987); Cain v. Darby Borough, 7 F.3d 377, 381 (3d Cir. 1993) (en banc). More
specifically, two requirements must be met. First, there must be an ―objective‖ showing
that the prosecutor proffered a legitimate public interest reason for entering into the
agreement that was supported by the facts known to the prosecutor when the agreement
was reached. Though labeled ―objective,‖ this inquiry does not require an independent
evaluation of whether Kandil’s claims are marginal or frivolous, as such an evaluation
would entail the same costs and proceedings which release-dismissal agreements seek to
avoid. Rather, our inquiry is limited to whether the prosecutors’ conclusion regarding the
claims was reasonable in light of the evidence. See Livingstone v. N. Belle Vernon
Borough, 91 F.3d 515, 530 (3d Cir. 1996) (objective inquiry is whether ―the facts known
to [the prosecutor] could have supported the conclusion that the [plaintiffs’] civil rights
claims were marginal or frivolous‖ (emphasis added)); see also Cain, 7 F.3d at 383(―[T]here must first be a case-specific showing that the released civil rights claims
appeared to be marginal or frivolous at the time the agreement was made.‖ (emphasis
added)). Second, there must be a ―subjective‖ showing that the proffered reason was the
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prosecutor’s actual reason for entering into the agreement. See Livingstone, 91 F.3d at527 (citing Cain, 7 F.3d at 381).
In this case, the prosecutors’ proffered reason for entering into the release-
dismissal agreement was that Kandil’s civil claims appeared marginal or frivolous.3
There is a legitimate public ―interest in preventing the public fisc from being wasted by
defending frivolous lawsuits.‖ Cain, 7 F.3d at 381; see also Rumery, 480 U.S. at 395–96.
Thus, the questions presented in this appeal are ―whether [Kandil’s] civil rights claims
were regarded—and, if so, whether they were properly regarded—by the prosecuting
attorney as marginal or frivolous.‖ Livingstone, 91 F.3d at 530.
A
Kandil’s release-dismissal agreement satisfies the objective prong of the public
interest test because ―the facts known to the prosecutor when the agreement was reached
. . . sufficed to support the prosecutor’s proffered public interest reason for concluding the
agreement.‖ Id. at 527.
Here, Kandil has presented some evidence that the police arrested him for an
improper reason and used excessive force in doing so. Witnesses testified that Kandil
was acting peacefully on the night in question, and did not consume any alcohol. On the
other hand, there is significant countervailing evidence that Kandil was acting in an
3
Defendants also suggested two other reasons the prosecutors might have entered
into the release-dismissal agreement. We rejected both of those reasons in the previous
appeal and will not revisit them here. See Kandil, 448 F. App’x at 234.
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intoxicated and belligerent manner on the night in question and that the police did not use
excessive force to subdue him.
First, the police department’s internal investigation concluded that the officers
acted reasonably and without excessive force. The investigation report noted that police
reports filed at the time of the incident by Officers Yurkovic, William Oels, and Anthony
Abode were consistent with their later interview testimony. The internal investigators
also interviewed four employees of the hospital where Kandil was taken after his arrest.
These employees unanimously described Kandil as ―combative and aggressive.‖ App.
1179. One nurse also described Kandil as ―intoxicated.‖
Another contemporaneous police investigation casts further doubt on Kandil’s
version of events. Immediately after the incident, Kandil alleged that the police were
motivated to arrest him for racial reasons. In response to this allegation, a police
investigator interviewed Kandil at the hospital approximately eight hours after his arrest.
In that interview, Kandil stated that he had consumed one gin and tonic that night, which
conflicted with his witnesses’ later statements that he had nothing to drink at all. In
addition, the investigator ―detected a very strong [odor] of alcohol emitting from [Kandil]
as he spoke‖ and noted that Kandil ―at times was [in very] close proximity to [the
investigator] and at times . . . would even touch [the investigator’s] left arm.‖ App. 439.
Kandil’s evidence itself bears internal indicia of unreliability. All but one of
Kandil’s witnesses were friends who were with him on the night in question. The one
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independent witness was a woman named Lindsay, who was with Pamela that night and
who was acquainted with Mohammed Farzaie, a member of Kandil’s group. However,
Lindsay’s testimony presents only a weak case of police misconduct. Her testimony was
presented in the form of a phone call with Farzaie, in which Farzaie repeatedly made
leading statements and asked her leading questions. Lindsay admitted that she did not
know Yurkovic’s motivation for arresting Kandil, but only speculated that Yurkovic did
so because ―maybe [Pamela] told them that she felt threatened‖ or ―maybe [Pamela] told
them [Kandil’s group was] harassing me.‖ App. 674. In addition, Lindsay did not
observe the actual scuffle between Yurkovic and Kandil, as she was ―on the phone with
[her] boyfriend‖ and ―[g]etting in the car getting ready to go home‖ when it took place.
App. 679.
In sum, when all the evidence is considered, it ―could have supported the
conclusion that [Kandil’s] civil rights claims were marginal or frivolous.‖ Livingstone,
91 F.3d at 530.
B
Having concluded that the prosecutors could have reasonably deemed Kandil’s
claims marginal, we must turn to whether they actually considered them as such. After
our first remand, Prosecutor Silva was deposed. In her deposition, she stated that she
considered the merits of Kandil’s claim and discussed the issue of Pamela’s relationship
with Yurkovic with her boss. She also testified that Kandil’s witness statements did not
7
influence her decision to enter into the agreement and that she ―had no doubt reading the
discovery, knowing that the case had been indicted by a Grand Jury, speaking to the
officers and reviewing the discovery he provided, there was probable cause for arrest that
night.‖ App. 624.
Kandil has presented no evidence indicating that Silva testified falsely or that she
was trying to hide evidence of police misconduct. In fact, Silva also testified that, ―I
walked into Judge DeVesa’s on October 18th, I was trying that case, all the counts in the
case.‖ App. 629. Had she concluded that there was evidence of police misconduct to
hide, she would have likely proposed the release-dismissal agreement earlier, rather than
waiting for a settlement conference with a judge.
In addition, the criminal complaint against Kandil was filed two months before his
notice of tort claim, and eleven months prior to the time he presented his evidence of
police misconduct to the prosecutor. Insofar as the public interest requirement is intended
to ―curb the temptation to trump up charges in reaction to a defendant’s civil rights
claim,‖ Cain, 7 F.3d at 380 (internal quotation marks omitted), that concern is not
implicated here where the criminal charges were filed long before the prosecutors were
aware of any civil claims. Therefore, we agree with the District Court that the subjective
prong of the public interest test is satisfied and that Kandil’s release-dismissal agreement
is enforceable to bar his § 1983 claims against Defendants.
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IV
Although we will affirm the District Court’s judgment on Kandil’s § 1983 claims,
we will vacate the judgment insofar as it found Kandil’s state law claims to be barred by
his release-dismissal agreement.
Although the enforceability of release-dismissal agreements waiving § 1983 claims
is a question of federal common law, the enforceability of such agreements releasing state
law claims depends on state law. Livingstone, 91 F.3d at 539. Here, the District Court
did not analyze under state law whether Kandil’s state law claims were barred by his
release-dismissal agreement. Therefore, we will vacate the District Court’s disposition of
the state law claims and remand. Of course, we leave to the District Court’s discretion
whether to decline supplemental jurisdiction over the state law claims pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3).
V
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court in
part, vacate in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
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