United States v. Rod Perez

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
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No. 12-3964
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
ROD PEREZ,
Appellant
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APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
(D.C. Crim. No. 2-11-cr-00862-001)
District Judge: Honorable Katharine S. Hayden
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Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
July 11, 2013
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Before: GREENAWAY, JR., SLOVITER and BARRY, Circuit Judges
(Opinion Filed: July 19, 2013)
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OPINION
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BARRY, Circuit Judge
Appellant Rod Perez was found guilty at trial of eight drug-related offenses and
was sentenced to 120 months‟ imprisonment. He appeals the decision of the District
Court denying his request to give the jury a supplemental instruction in response to two
of its questions. We will affirm.
I.1
On December 16, 2011, Perez was charged in an eight-count indictment, which
included conspiracy counts involving the importation and distribution of heroin and
cocaine, and counts of aiding and abetting the distribution and importation of those
narcotics. During trial, among other instructions, the District Court charged the jury on
accomplice liability in accordance with the Third Circuit‟s Model Jury Instruction § 7.02.
See Supp. App. 155.
While the jury was deliberating, it sent a note asking two questions about the
accomplice liability instruction. Specifically, it asked: “Is providing an instruction
sufficient to show „some act‟ for the purposes of the 3rd and 4th elements of aiding and
abetting? Same question . . . but a suggestion rather than an instruction.” App. 501. In
broad summary, the third and fourth elements require the jury to find that a defendant
knowingly did some act for the purpose of aiding or encouraging the commission of the
specific offense charged, with the intent that that offense be committed, and that his act
aid or encourage the commission of the offense.
During a discussion with the District Court about the jury‟s questions, the parties
agreed that an instruction by the defendant would be sufficient to constitute an act for
purposes of aiding and abetting liability, but disagreed as to whether a suggestion would
be enough. The government argued that “a suggestion may be enough depending upon
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The District Court exercised jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. This Court
exercises jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
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the circumstances surrounding that suggestion.” App. 506. On the other hand, Perez
asserted that “a suggestion could not be sufficient because it is just inconsistent with what
the jury would have to find beyond a reasonable doubt, to find that the instruction was
with a specific intent to commit an offense.” Id.Although the District Court considered providing affirmative answers to the jury‟s
questions, it ultimately declined to do so out of concern for unduly influencing the jury.
The Court acknowledged that our caselaw had “given jurors and judges and lawyers
every possible thing in the world to fill in for some act,” and concluded that “getting too
particularized [in answering these questions, would risk] driving a verdict in a way that is
not [its] job to do.” Id. at 520-21. Instead, the Court responded in the following manner:
You have asked 2 questions that focus on the 3rd and 4th requirements
which the government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt in order to
find Mr. Perez guilty of aiding and abetting the crimes enumerated in
Counts 3 and 4 and 7 and 8.
It is for you to decide if the government has proven beyond a
reasonable doubt that the defendant did some act and if that act was done
knowingly and for the purpose of assisting the commission of the offenses
charged in each of Counts 3 and 4 and 7 and 8 and with the intent that the
charged offenses committed and that the act did in some way assist in the
commission of the offenses charged in Counts 3 and 4 and 7 and 8. The act
need not itself be against the law.
Id. at 522-23. Perez objected to the Court‟s response and asked the Court to instruct the
jury that “a suggestion in and of itself would not be sufficient.” Id. at 523.
Perez argues to us that the District Court abused its discretion in failing to give the
jury appropriate guidance as to whether a suggestion could satisfy the “some act”
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element. We review for abuse of discretion a district court‟s refusal to give a
supplemental jury instruction and will reverse only if the decision was “„arbitrary,
fanciful or clearly unreasonable.‟” United States v. Jackson, 443 F.3d 293, 297 (3d Cir.
2006) (quoting Stich v. United States, 730 F.2d 115, 118 (3d Cir. 1984)).
There is no merit to Perez‟s argument that the District Court‟s response failed to
give the jury appropriate guidance. Given the lack of context for the word “suggestion”
in the jury‟s note and the potential impact of a supplemental instruction excluding
“suggestion” from qualifying as “some act,” the Court‟s measured response was neither
arbitrary nor clearly unreasonable. See App. 521 (“[W]ho knows how [the jury is]
defining a suggestion. Who knows what particular thing they believe that Mr. Perez did
fits in. And I think by getting too particularized on this, we‟re making a decision for them
and it is not our job it is their job.”). Instead of risking unduly influencing the jury, the
Court sufficiently answered the jury‟s question in referring to its previous instructions,
and this decision was well within its discretion.
II.
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of sentence.
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