Collins v. Prudential Investment & Retirement Services

Opinions of the United
2005 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
1-4-2005
Collins v. Prudential Inv & Ret
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 03-2356
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No: 03-2356
LEONA COLLINS,
Appellant
v.
PRUDENTIAL INVESTMENT AND
RETIREMENT SERVICES; PRUDENTIAL
INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
(Civil No. 01-cv-01765)
District Judge: Hon. A. Richard Caputo
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
November 19, 2004
Before: SCIRICA, Chief Judge, McKEE and
CHERTOFF, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: January 4, 2005)
OPINION
McKEE, Circuit Judge.
Leona Collins appeals the district court’s grant of judgment as a matter of law in
favor of her former employer, Prudential Investment and Retirement Services, on the suit
she filed under the Americans with Disabilities Act. Collins claims that she presented
1
sufficient evidence to allow a reasonable jury to conclude that Prudential failed to
reasonably accommodate her disability. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Since we write only for the parties who are aware of the circumstances underlying
this suit, we will not set forth the factual or procedural background except insofar as may
be helpful to our discussion. Briefly stated, Prudential claims that Collins had not
mastered the financial transactions component of her job by the time of her first 90 day
interview although she was able to perform assigned non-financial tasks adequately.
Thereafter, Prudential focused her training on the financial aspects of her job. However,
according to Prudential, Collins was still unable to perform the financial aspects of her
job satisfactorily. On February 2, 2000, after approximately 13 months (11 months
beyond the normal 60-day training period for Collins’ position), Prudential terminated her
employment.
According to Prudential, on January 21, 2000, when Collins knew that she would
be terminated in less than two weeks, the Pennsylvania State Office of Vocational
Rehabilitation (“OVR”) informed Prudential that it was providing services to Collins in
order to assess her cognitive status and identify any accommodation that could improve
her job performance.
In late April 2000, more than two months after her employment with Prudential
had been terminated, Collins was evaluated and diagnosed with Attention Deficit
2
Hyperactivity Disorder (“ADHD”). It is undisputed that Collins had not been tested, or
evaluated by a health care provider for any attention impairment prior to being
terminated by Prudential.
II. DISTRICT COURT PROCEEDINGS
Collins filed a complaint against Prudential alleging that her termination violated
the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 621 et seq., and
the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101 et seq. Her ADEA
claim alleged that Prudential accommodated a younger employee with an attention deficit
disorder. She claimed Prudential gave the younger employee an additional 90 days of
training, yet refused to extend a similar accommodation to her. Her ADA claim alleged
that she was disabled and that Prudential failed to provide a reasonable accommodation.
She included parallel age and disability claims under the Pennsylvania Human Relation
Act (“PHRA”), 43 PA. CONS. STAT. ANN. §§ 951 et seq.
Prudential eventually moved for summary judgment. The district court
denied that motion with respect to the ADEA claim and the ADA failure to accommodate
claim, and those claims proceeded to trial before a jury. At the conclusion of Collins’
case-in-chief at the ensuing jury trial, the district court granted Prudential’s motion for
judgment as a matter of law on both the ADA claim and the parallel PHRA claim. The
court concluded that Collins was not a qualified individual with a disability. The ADEA
and PHRA age claims were submitted to the jury which returned a verdict in favor of
3
Prudential. This appeal followed. The only issue raised is whether the district court erred
in granting judgment as a matter of law in favor of Prudential on Collins’ ADA claim.1
III. DISCUSSION
A. Basic statutory framework.
The ADA prohibits employers from discriminating “against a qualified individual
with a disability because of the disability of such individual in regard to . . . terms and
conditions of employment.” 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a). A “qualified individual with a
disability” is defined as a person “with a disability who, with or without reasonable
accommodation, can perform the essential functions of the employment position that
such individual holds or desires.” 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8). “Disability” is defined as:
“(A) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major
life activities of [an] individual; (B) a record of such impairment; or (C) being regarded
as having such an impairment.” 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2).
In order to establish a prima facie case of discrimination under the ADA, an
employee must show: “(1) he is a disabled person within the meaning of the ADA; (2)
he is otherwise qualified to perform the essential functions of the job, with or without
1
We exercise plenary review over the district court’s grant of a judgment as a
matter of law. Rego v. ARC Water Treatment Co. of Pa., 181 F.3d 396, 400 (3d Cir.
1999). Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a), we view the evidence in the light most favorable to
the non-moving party giving the non-moving party the benefit of all reasonable
inferences that can be drawn in its favor. Wittekamp v. Gulf & Western, Inc., 991 F.2d
1137, 1141 (3d Cir. 1993).
4
reasonable accommodations by the employer; and (3) he has suffered an otherwise
adverse employment decision as a result of discrimination.” Taylor v. Phoenixville
School District, 184 F.3d 296, 306 (3d Cir. 1999) (citation omitted).
“The ADA specifies that an employer discriminates against a qualified individual
with a disability when the employer does ‘not mak[e] reasonable accommodations to the
known physical or mental limitations of the individual unless the [employer] can
demonstrate that the accommodation would impose an undue hardship on the operation
of the business of the [employer].’” Id. (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 12112(b)(5)(A)).
B. The Standard Adopted by the District Court
Collins claims that her impairment, ADHD/ADD, substantially limits her major
life activities of thinking, learning, concentrating or remembering.2 She argues that the
district court applied an incorrect standard is assessing the substantial limiting effect of
her impairment.3 The district court looked to “whether [Collins’] physical or mental
condition precluded or severely restricted or limited [her] in thinking, concentrating,
learning and remembering.” Collins contends that this “preclusion” standard created an
impossibly high burden. She argues:
2
In Taylor v. Phoenixville School District, we held that thinking is a major life
activity. 184 F.3d at 307. In Gagliardo v. Connaught Laboratories, Inc., 311 F.3d 545,
569 (3d Cir. 2002), we held that general cognitive functions, such as concentrating and
remembering, are major life activities.
3
Collins was not diagnosed with ADHD/ADD until two months after she was
terminated by Prudential for poor job performance. Nevertheless, we will address the
merits of her appeal.
5
If you use the district court’s standard of “preclusion” to
obtain disability status, than (sic) no employee could ever
have a disability claim against an employer because he would
not be able perform (sic) the essential functions of the
position. Being precluded from thinking, learning,
concentrating, or remembering, would not allow an employee
to work, let alone function in society.
Collins believes that she merely had to produce sufficient evidence to allow a reasonable
jury to find that she was “substantially limited” in her cognitive functions. She does not
explain what means by “substantially limited” in her cognitive functions, and she also
ignores the Supreme Court’s explanation of that phrase.
In Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams, 534 U.S. 184 (2002),
the Court explained:
that to be substantially limited in performing manual tasks,4
an individual must have an impairment that prevents or
severely restricts the individual from doing activities that are
of central importance to most people’s daily lives.
Id. at 198 (emphasis added). An impairment that “prevents or severely restricts”
activities precludes one from satisfactorily completing them, and we therefore fail to see
any material distinction between the district court’s alleged “preclusion” test, and the
Supreme Court’s analysis in Williams.
4
Admittedly, in Williams the person asserting the disability had a manual
impairment, i.e., carpal tunnel syndrome, and not a mental one, i.e., ADHD/ADD, as
Collins claims to have. However, since the ADA defines “disability” as a “physical or
mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of [an]
individual,” we see no reason why the definition of substantially limited in Williams
would not apply to mental impairments.
6
C. The District Court’s Review of the Evidence.
In deciding a motion for judgment as a matter of law, courts must review the
record and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party without
weighing the evidence or making credibility determinations. Reeves v. Sanderson
Plumbing Products, Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 150 (2002). Collins argues that the district court
improperly weighed the evidence when it found that her
employment record, her academic record, her record of
activities and her family experience clearly does not rise to
the level of being precluded or severely limited or restricted
in those major life activities of thinking, remembering,
concentrating and learning.
Collins submits that the district court should have “acknowledged that [she] presented
evidence that ‘she felt restricted in these areas,’ and allowed the jury to decide whether
her employment and academic record prove that she is not substantially limited in her
cognitive functions.”
However, Collins’ own conclusory testimony on direct examination constitutes
the only evidence of limitations she produced. She testified:
I have problems learning and remembering and
concentrating. It takes me longer to do everything. If I go in
the shower in the morning sometimes I’m in there for a half
hour. It takes me longer. If I stop to think about something
while I’m showering I’ll have to go back and wash an arm
again because I don’t remember – remember if I did that or
not.
If I’m busy with household tasks, I’ll be working in one
room and I’ll need something from the second room. I’ll go
into the second room and then I’ll start doing things there and
7
forget to go back to the first room even though I was really
close to finishing that task.
And you know there’s times that people describe that
particular scenario as like being blonde or a senior moment,
but I don’t have moments, I have it all day long everyday.
And I have problems with establishing priorities. Priorities
are all one level with me. There’s no compartments to put
them in. It’s all like everything is high, put-out-the-fire
priority. That’s what causes me to jump from one thing to the
other. I want to get to everything at the same time.
I have problems, too, with time, with my scheduling of my
time. There’s a girlfriend of mine who frequently, when she
invites us over, tells me a half hour before the rest of the
company so that I get there on time and get the food while it’s
hot.
When asked how this affects her life, she responded: “Well, if affects everything in my
life. It affects my daily living and it affects whatever I do outside the house.”
Although we are not unsympathetic to Ms. Collins, this testimony does not
establish that she is substantially limited in thinking, learning, concentrating or
remembering. We do not intend to be uncharitable in noting that Collins describes
difficulties that many people who are not suffering from ADHD/ADD must regularly
cope with.
At most, the impact on thinking, learning, concentrating and remembering can be
accurately characterized as moderate. However, “[h]ealth conditions that cause
moderate limitations on major life activities do not constitute disabilities under the ADA.
To hold otherwise could expand the ADA to recognize almost every working American
as disabled to some degree.” Orr v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 297 F.3d 720, 724 (8th Cir.
8
2002), cert. denied, U.S. , 124 S. Ct. 2346 (2004).
Furthermore, we do not believe that the district court improperly weighed the
evidence when it relied on Collins’ cross-examination testimony about her past work
history, academic achievements and other activities in concluding that she was not
substantially limited in the major life activities of thinking, learning, remembering or
concentrating. She testified that she had been gainfully employed since her teen years
and throughout her adult life. She testified that, when she was in high school, she worked
as a part-time supermarket cashier and calculated transactions in her head to make change
for customers. After she graduated from high school, she worked for Prudential for seven
years doing data processing.
She also owned and operated a bar and restaurant for about six years with other
members of her family. She then worked as a bookkeeper and tax preparer for a local
accountant, while managing a household and raising two young children. After seven
years as a bookkeeper, she attended junior college full time for a year and earned a
technician’s certificate in accounting. She then became an office administrator and
service manager for Terminix. There, she took night courses at the junior college and
earned an associate degree in accounting. She graduated cum laude, and worked as an
office manager for another company, and then worked as an accountant for yet another
company. After that, she worked for Prudential on assignment from a temporary
employment agency in 1998, before being hired by Prudential as a regular employee in
9
1999.
She testified that she performed well in all of these jobs and did not need any
accommodations from any employer or from the junior college. Moreover, while keeping
house, raising children, working and going to junior college, she was active in civic and
community organizations. She was a member of the “Teddy Bear Patrol,” the Girl Scouts
(serving 19 years as a troop leader), the Pennsylvania State Advisory Council to federally
funded reading and math programs (serving as a Council member and as a parent
volunteer in the programs), and the Strategic Planning Commission for her local school
district.
This is, to say the least, inconsistent with the limitations in the major life activities
of thinking, learning, remembering and concentrating, that she now claims the evidence
established. Rather than establish substantial limitations, her testimony clearly shows
that her claimed life-long ADHD/ADD affliction did not effect her ability to successfully
engage in a wide variety of professional and community activities. The evidence was,
therefore, insufficient to allow a reasonable jury to find the substantial limitations she
claims.
D. ADHD/ADD is a disability under the ADA.
Collins argues that our decision in Gagliardo v. Connaught Laboratories, Inc.,
311 F.3d 565 (3d Cir. 2002) demonstrates that ADHD/ADD is a disability under the
10
ADA.5 Even if so, that conclusion is neither remarkable nor conclusive here.
She next claims that Gagliardo endorsed the EEOC regulations defining
“substantially limited.” The EEOC’s regulations, define “substantially limited” as:
“Significantly restricted as to the condition, manner or duration under which an
individual can perform a particular major life activity as compared to the condition,
manner or duration under which the average person in the general population can
perform that same major life activity.” 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j). The regulations list
several factors that should be considered in evaluating whether someone is “substantially
limited.” These include: “(I) The nature and severity of the impairment; (ii) The duration
or expected duration of the impairment; (iii) The permanent or long term impact, or the
expected permanent or long term impact of or resulting from the impairment.” Id. §
1630.2(j)(2).
We assume that Collins is arguing that she presented sufficient evidence to
support a finding that she was substantially limited in the major life activities of thinking,
learning, concentrating and remembering under the EEOC’s regulations. However, in
Gagliardo, we merely mentioned the EEOC regulations. Moreover, the Supreme Court
5
To the extent that Collins is claiming that there is such a thing as a disability per
se, Collins is mistaken. It is clear that “[m]erely having an impairment does not make one
disabled for purposes of the ADA.” Williams, 534 U.S. at 195. “[W]hether a person has
a disability under the ADA is an individualized inquiry.” Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc.,
527 U.S. 471, 483 (1999). An ADA plaintiff “need[s] to demonstrate that the
impairment limits a major life activity.” Williams, 534 U.S. at 195.
11
has questioned whether any deference is owed to the EEOC’s regulations in this regard.
In Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc., 527 U.S. 471, 479 (1999), the Court noted that “[n]o
agency has been given authority to issue regulations implementing the generally
applicable provisions of the ADA,” and, “[m]ost notably, no agency has been delegated
authority to interpret the term ‘disability.’” In Williams, 534 U.S. at 194, the Court
referred to Sutton and noted that “[t]he persuasive authority of the EEOC regulations is
less clear.”
In any event, we do not believe that Gagliardo supports Collins’ claim that she is
disabled under the ADA. There, in affirming the district court’s denial of the employer’s
motion for judgment as a matter of law, we explained:
First, Gagliardo’s physician . . . testified that there was no
cure for MS and that MS produced Gagliardo’s fatigue.6 [He]
also expressed his opinion as an expert that Gagliardo was
substantially limited in her ability to, among other things,
learn, work, and think. Second, Gagliardo testified she
experienced muscle spasms and fatigue. Third, four of
Gagliardo’s coworkers testified as to her fatigue and muscle
spasms. Fourth, Gagliardo produced evidence that her
supervisor recognized her memory problems, having
provided Gagliardo with video and audio tapes to assist
Gagliardo in overcoming her memory problems. Lastly,
Gagliardo’s son and her husband similarly testified that she
was often fatigued and had trouble concentrating and
focusing.
311 F.3d at 569-70.
6
Gagliardo’s “fatigue affected her ability to think, focus and remember.” 311 F.3d
at 567.
12
However, Collins’ evidence does not establish the kind of limitations evident in
Gagliardo. Moreover, her cross-examination testimony about her work, academic, and
community involvement contradicts her claim that her ADHD/ADD substantially limits
her abilities to think, learn, remember and concentrate.7
Dr. Harvey, the psychologist, did diagnose her with ADHD/ADD. However, his
testimony about Collins’ limitations was simply a recitation of the things Collins told him
when he first interviewed her. He testified:
A: Yes, the concerns she raised on the history form that she
completed and during the initial interview had to do with her
concerns about her rate of work and productivity. She states
that it always took her longer to do tasks and that she
typically needed to budget extra time.
She felt – she described that she would get overwhelmed
with a deadline. She talked about difficulties focusing. She
stated that she needed to go over her work several times to
make sure it was correct. She described times when it felt
like her brain kind of froze up or shut off even on a task that
she knew well, she just couldn’t remember how to do it. She
also described organizational difficulties.
Dr. Harvey did not treat Collins and his contact with her was extremely limited as she
was treated by Dr. Christine Terry. We are therefore not convinced that Gagliardo
supports Collins’ ADA claim.
7
Collins claims that she has had ADHD/ADD since childhood. Assuming that is
true, it would seem that the problems she had at Prudential would have plagued her for
her entire life and would have prevented her from achieving the things she did before she
was hired by Prudential. She is not like the plaintiff in Gagliardo, who had a good work
history until she developed MS later in life.
13
E. Mitigating measures.
In Sutton v. United Airlines, Inc., 527 U.S. 471 (1999), the Supreme Court held
that an alleged disability under 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(A) must be evaluated in light of
any mitigating measures.8 The Court wrote:
A person whose physical or mental impairment is corrected
by medication or other measures does not have an impairment
that presently “substantially limits” a major life activity. To
be sure, a person whose physical or mental impairment is
corrected by mitigating measures still has an impairment, but
if the impairment is corrected it does not “substantially
limi[t]” a major life activity.
527 U.S. at 483.
The district court ruled in the alternative that any ADHD/ADD impairment
Collins may have is corrected with medication; thus, she is not disabled. Collins testified
that her impairment is corrected when she timely takes her medication – Adderol and
Ambien. She admitted that Adderol, which she takes for her ADHD/ADD, helps her
“focus better,” but that it wears off after four hours. She also testified that she takes
Ambien because she has trouble sleeping. She is careful not to take the Adderol too late
in the day because it will keep her awake. In her brief, Collins claims that she has to take
Ambien to counteract Adderol and, therefore “the medications actually make Collins
8
In Sutton, twin sisters, who sought to be airline pilots, were myopic, a sight
impairment that is correctable with appropriate lenses. Because the impairment was
corrected by either eyeglasses or contact lenses, the Court held that the sisters, who wore
glasses, were not disabled under the ADA.
14
more impaired than the general population.” Finally, Collins testified that the Adderol
doesn’t cure her impairment.
Although we need not reach it, we believe that the district court’s alternative
holding is correct. The test for determining the effect of mitigating measures is not
whether the mitigating measures constitute a cure.
F. Evidentiary issue.
Collins argues that the district court erred in sustaining Prudential’s objections to
two questions by which Collins’ counsel sought to elicit expert testimony from Dr.
Harvey.9 However, in a letter sent prior to trial, Collin’s counsel explicitly disclaimed
any intent to call Dr. Harvey as an expert witness. Counsel claimed, however, that Dr.
Harvey should be considered Collins’ “treating physician”10 and permitted certain
latitude in his testimony as a treating physician. Prudential responded by filing a motion
in limine seeking to preclude Dr. Harvey from testifying at all because Collins failed to
comply with Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(a)(2). The district court held that Dr. Harvey was not an
expert witness. His testimony was allowed as a treating physician and he was allowed to
testify about his diagnosis and treatment only.
9
We review the district court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence under an
abuse of discretion standard. Rinehimer v. Cemcolift, Inc., 292 F.3d 375, 382-83 (3d Cir.
2002). When a ruling on the admission of evidence implicates the interpretation of a
legal standard, such as the Federal Rules of Evidence, the review is plenary. Id.
10
Collins’ counsel insists that Dr. Harvey was Collins’ treating physician even
though Dr. Harvey is not a physician, but a psychologist, and testified that Dr. Terry
treated Collins, and he did not.
15
At trial, Collins’ counsel asked Dr. Harvey the following two questions:
Q: How does your diagnosis of [ADD] affect Leona Collins
life?
Q: What did you notice in connection with Leona Collins and
the fact that you had diagnosed her with [ADD]?
Prudential objected on the grounds that the questions went beyond diagnosis and
treatment and required an expert opinion. The district court sustained Prudential’s
objections.
Collins concedes that these questions required Dr. Harvey to give opinion
testimony, but argues that Harvey’s opinion testimony was admissible under Fed.R.Evid.
701(b).11 In support of that argument, she relies on our decision in Lauria v. National
Railroad Passenger Corp., 145 F.3d 593 (3d Cir. 1998), where we said:
We have noted . . .that the modern trend favors the admission
of opinion testimony, provided that it is well founded on
personal knowledge and susceptible to specific cross-
examination. Therefore, an opinion is “helpful” to the trier of
fact within the meaning of Rule 701(b) if it aids or clarifies
an issue that the jury would not otherwise be as competent to
understand. As long as the circumstances can be presented
with greater clarity by stating an opinion, then that opinion is
helpful to the trier of fact.
Id. at 600-01 (citations and most internal quotations omitted).
11
Which provides: “If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness’
testimony in the form of an opinion or inferences is limited to those opinions or
inferences which are . . . . (b) helpful to a clear understanding of the witness’ testimony or
the determination of a fact in issue . . . .”
16
However, we decided Lauria before the 2000 amendment to Rule 701. That
amendment added a new requirement for admissibility, subsection (c). Rule 701(c)
provides that if a witness is not testifying an as expert, his/her opinion testimony can not
be “based on scientific, technical, or other specialized forms of knowledge within the
scope of Rule 702,” i.e., the rule governing admissibility of expert testimony. The
Advisory Committee notes to Fed.R.Evid. 701 provide:
Rule 701 has been amended to eliminate the risk that the
reliability requirements set forth in Rule 702 will be evaded
through the simple expedient of proffering an expert in lay
witness clothing. Under the amendment, a witness’ testimony
must be scrutinized under the rules regulating expert opinion
to the extent that the witness is providing testimony based on
scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within
the scope of Rule 702.
Fed.R.Evid. 701, 2000 Advisory Committee Note.
Here, the district court had already ruled that Dr. Harvey was not an expert
witness and that he could testify only as to diagnosis and treatment. Collins does not
challenge that ruling. The questions at issue would have elicited an expert opinion in
violation of Rule 701(c). Therefore, the district court correctly sustained Prudential’s
objections.
G. Prudential’s Knowledge of Collins’ Disability.
Prudential argues that even if we find that Collins was a qualified individual with
a disability, she is not entitled to relief because it was unaware of that disability.
Prudential argues that Collins did not even know she may be disabled until she was
17
diagnosed with ADHD/ADD, and that was not until after she was fired. That argument
has considerable force. See Hedberg v. Indiana Bell Tel. Co., 47 F.3d 928, 932 (7th Cir.
1995).
As recited earlier, “an employer discriminates against a qualified individual with a
disability when the employer does ‘not mak[e] reasonable accommodations to the known
physical or mental limitations of the individual. . . .’” Taylor, 184 F.3d at 311 (citing 42
U.S.C. § 1211(b)(5)(A)) (emphasis added). Thus, with certain exceptions not relevant
here, there can be no discrimination under the ADA unless the employer knows that an
employee is disabled. Of course, Collins argues that Prudential knew that she may have
a disability because she told her supervisor, Zaleskas, that she was seeking assistance
from the OVR.12 According to Collins, Zaleskas responded: “[O]h, what does that mean,
we have to give you adaptations or accommodation.” Further, Collins claims in her
brief that both Zaleskas and HR manager, Colarusso, knew that OVR was a government
agency that helped disabled workers. Finally, Collins points out that Nancy Murray, the
OVR representative, wrote a letter that informed Prudential that Collins was seeking
accommodations because of her “cognitive status.”
However, Collins is being less than forthright in pressing this point. Both
Zaleskas and Colarusso testified without contradiction that they did not know what OVR
12
Prudential’s decisions concerning Collins, i.e., placement in performance
counseling, job monitoring and refusal to transfer, were made before Collins told her
supervisor that she had contacted the OVR.
18
was or what it did. Moreover, Murray’s letter is not as helpful as Collins claims. It was
dated January 18, 2000 and Prudential received it approximately two weeks before
Collins was fired. It reads in relevant part:
[Leona Collins] has requested and applied for vocational
rehabilitation services in order to identify her current
cognitive status and to determine whether or not there were
any job accommodations that could improve and enhance her
employability with Prudential Investments.
Even if we interpret the letter as Collins suggests, it adds little to her claim.
Prudential received Murray’s letter on January 21, 2000, when Collins was in stage
three of performance counseling and 12 days from termination. That same day, Prudential
managers participated in a conference call with an OVR representative who said only that
Collins was being tested by OVR to see if she could improve her job performance.
Prudential claims that prior to its decision to fire Collins for poor performance, no one
from OVR ever mentioned that Collins had a disability or ADHD/ADD, and Collins does
not dispute that claim.
Accordingly, on this record, we do not agree that OVR’s statements that it was
going to assess Collins’ cognitive abilities are enough to inform Prudential that Collins
may have a disability or may need an accommodation. See Kaltenberger v. Ohio College
of Physicians, 162 F.3d 432 (6th Cir. 1988).13
13
Ohio College of Physicians, and the cases it relies upon arose under Title III of
the ADA (the public accommodations provision), and not under Title I (the employment
provision) as Collins’ case does. However, the cases are nevertheless relevant to our
19
Collins’ situation is quite unlike that of the plaintiff in Taylor v. Phoenixville
School District, where we discussed the type of notice required before an employer is
obligated to begin the interactive process with an employee to determine whether a
reasonable accommodation is necessary or possible. 184 F.3d at 313. There, Taylor
began suffering from bipolar disorder after performing extraordinarily well on her job for
20 years. As things progressed, her employer learned that she was hospitalized in a
psychiatric institution after becoming manic and psychotic at work. Clearly, those facts
would put an employer on notice that an employee might be suffering from a disability.
Collins’ case is not even remotely similar.
H. Major Life Activity of Working.
Collins did not claim that she was substantially limited in the major life activity of
working during the trial. However, she now suggests as much in her appeal. She now
claims that Calvin Anderson testified as her expert that she could not do corporate taxes
on a full-time, long-term basis and that corporate taxes are associated with a broad range
of jobs associated with her associate degree in accounting. She fails to mention that
Anderson was her economic expert, not a vocational or medical expert. Accordingly,
even if we were to entertain this argument for the first time on appeal, we would find it
has no merit. See Sutton, 527 U.S. at 492.
V. CONCLUSION
analysis.
20
For all of the above reasons, we will affirm the district court’s grant of judgment as
a matter of law to Prudential on Collins’ ADA failure to accommodate claim.
21