United States v. Kong

Opinions of the United
2005 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
12-21-2005
USA v. Kong
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 04-2433
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
Case No: 04-2433
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
SAM KONG,
a/k/a
Sam Yee Kong,
a/k/a
Siu Yee Kong
Sam Kong,
Appellant
On Appeal From the United States District Court
For the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Criminal Action No.03-241-01)
District Judge: The Honorable J. Curtis Joyner
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
December 15, 2005
Before: SLOVITER, SMITH and VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judges
(Filed: December 21, 2005)
OPINION OF THE COURT
SMITH, Circuit Judge.
Sam Kong, the owner and President of Sam Kong Fashions, Inc., a garment sewing
business in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was indicted and charged with two counts of
willfully making and subscribing to false corporate income tax returns in violation of 26
U.S.C. § 7206(1). On October 30, 2003, a jury found him guilty on both counts. The
District Court sentenced Kong to thirty months imprisonment for each count and one year
of supervised release, imposed a fine of $5000, and ordered him to pay $426,851 in
outstanding taxes. Kong appeals his conviction and sentence. He contends that the
District Court improperly conducted voir dire and wrongly instructed the jury regarding a
defense which he had not raised. For the reasons set forth below, we will affirm Kong’s
conviction. Consistent with this Court’s decision in United States v. Davis, 407 F.3d 162
(3d Cir. 2005) (en banc), however, we will remand this case to the District Court for
resentencing.
I.
Kong is a native of China and has a limited command of the English language. In
order to ferret out any biases of the prospective jurors at his trial–and at the request of
defense counsel–the District Court asked the venire persons whether any of them “would
require everybody that comes to this country to learn the English language?” Twelve
individuals raised their hands in response to the question. The Court then explained to the
first prospective juror who raised his hand:
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There is no requirement under law that requires everyone that
comes to this country to learn English. There are generations
of people that have come here long before either one of us
that never learned the language. That does not make them not
good citizens. They just have an inability to learn the
language. Would you deny an of–all of you, any of you, deny
a person their rights as a citizen because they don’t speak
English? That’s the question here.
Subsequently, the Court questioned each of the prospective jurors individually. When the
third prospective juror, Juror No. 217, indicated that she did not believe she could be
impartial in a case involving a non-English speaking defendant, the District Judge called
her to sidebar. At sidebar, the juror suggested that a citizen should speak English, for
example, in order to vote, to which the Judge responded that her view “totally shock[ed]”
him. He did not make this statement in front of the other prospective jurors. The Judge
dismissed Juror 217 for cause, but requested that she return to the courtroom after lunch.
He instructed her not to discuss the sidebar with the other prospective jurors. The Court
continued voir dire after the lunch break, and all of the other prospective jurors except
one–Juror No. 152–indicated that Kong’s inability to speak English would not affect their
impartiality. Juror No. 152 was dismissed from the panel for cause.
The gist of Kong’s appeal with respect to the voir dire issue is that the District
Court Judge interjected his own views while questioning the prospective jurors, and
thereby, influenced their answers. Kong contends that the District Judge subsequently
failed to adequately determine the impartiality of the venire persons. Because defense
counsel did not object to the composition of the jury or the Court’s line of questioning at
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the time of trial, we review the District Court’s voir dire procedure for plain error. Fed.
R. Crim. P. 52(b); see United States v. Salamone, 800 F.2d 1216, 1222 (3d Cir. 1986).
The burden of establishing entitlement to relief for plain error is on the party claiming
such error. See United States v. Dominguez Benitez, 542 U.S. 74, 81 (2004).
Kong has failed to establish that the District Court plainly erred in conducting voir
dire. First, the District Court’s statements to Juror No. 217 are irrelevant to Kong’s
appeal. These statements were made at sidebar and the Court instructed Juror No. 217
not to discuss that sidebar with the other prospective jurors. Second, with respect to those
statements made to the entire panel, Kong fails to meet his burden of proving that the
statements were prejudicial. Despite Kong’s claim that the District Court’s comments
were “strong-handed,” those comments appeared to be designed to clarify any
misapprehension of the law and the Court’s questions were gauged to assess the panel
members’ ability to be fair and impartial. The District Court has wide latitude in
conducting voir dire and is ultimately in the best position to evaluate the credibility and
demeanor of prospective jurors. Kirk v. Raymark Industries, Inc., 61 F.3d 147, 153 (3d
Cir. 1995). In this case, there is no evidence in the record to suggest that the Court was
incorrect in its assessment of the prospective jurors’ impartiality. Nor, for that matter, is
there any evidence in the record that any of twelve individuals who raised their hands
were actually selected to be members of the jury that presided at Kong’s trial. Therefore,
even assuming that the District Court erred in the manner in which he explained the legal
rights of non-English speaking citizens, Kong has failed to show how these statements
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affected his “substantial rights.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b). Thus, Kong has not established
that the District Court committed plain error in conducting voir dire.
II.
Kong also argues that the District Court erred in instructing the jury on the defense
of reliance on advice of accountants. For purposes of reviewing jury instructions, we
must determine whether the District Court abused its discretion in giving an instruction,
and “‘whether, viewed in light of the evidence, the charge as a whole fully and adequately
submits the issues in the case to the jury.’” United States v. Thayer, 201 F.3d 214, 221
(3d Cir. 1999) (quoting United States v. Zehrbach, 47 F.3d 1252, 1264 (3d Cir. 1995)).
In this case, Kong’s defense to the criminal charges was that the false statements in
his tax returns were made in good faith. The Government charged Kong with
underreporting his business’s sales and gross receipts and understating the amount of
wages he paid to employees. Kong admitted that he deposited checks for services
provided by the business into his personal checking account and paid employees in cash
and personal checks, but claimed that because of his misunderstanding of the American
tax system, he did not realize that he needed to give his accountants information related to
the money in his personal account. Kong’s testimony at trial regarding the information he
provided his accountants was evasive. On the one hand, he testified that his accountants
requested information regarding business income and that he knew what business income
was. On the other hand, Kong testified that he gave his accountants that information
which they specifically requested, stating, “I give him what he asked.”
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The District Court properly instructed the jury regarding the good faith defense.
At the request of the Government, however, the Court also instructed the jury regarding a
defendant’s reliance on accountants’ advice. Kong contends that because he did not claim
to rely on the advice of his accountants, the District Court abused its discretion.
Kong claimed he did not understand the American tax system and repeatedly
stated that he gave his accountants any document for which they asked. Implicit in his
testimony is the suggestion that he was relying on his accountants to tell him specifically
which documents they needed to calculate his tax liability and file his return, and because
they did not request his personal bank statements, he had no reason to believe that he
needed to provide these documents. In that respect, the jury could infer from his
testimony that had his accountants provided Kong with more specific direction, he would
not have violated the tax laws. In light of Kong’s statements at trial, the District Court’s
construction of his testimony as an assertion that he relied on the advice of his
accountants was not unreasonable, and the instruction with respect to that defense does
not constitute an abuse of discretion.
III.
Kong was sentenced on May 12, 2004 under the mandatory sentencing guidelines
regime. The Government stipulates that pursuant to Davis, Kong is entitled to
resentencing. The case therefore shall be remanded for this purpose alone.
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