Wrench Transportation Systems, Inc. v. Bradley

Opinions of the United
2006 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
12-21-2006
Wrench Transp Ser v. Bradley
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 05-3498
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No: 05-3498
WRENCH TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMS, INC., and JAMES
MALONE, JR.
Appellants
v.
FRANK BRADLEY; JOHN F. KENNEDY;
MARYANNE LEWICKI; LEAH ANN MACMAHON
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of New Jersey
( 95-cv-06203)
District Court: Hon. Jose L. Linares
Argued March 28, 2006
Before: McKEE and VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judges,
and POLLAK, District Judge *
(Opinion filed: December 21, 2006)
Constantine Bardis, (Argued)
1800 Main Street
South Belmar, New Jersey 07719
Counsel for the Appellants
*
Honorable Louis H. Pollak, Senior District Judge for the United States District Court of
the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
Brian G. Flanagan, (Argued)
Office of the Attorney General, New Jersey
25 Market Street
Richard J. Hughes Justice Complex
Trenton, New Jersey 08625
Counsel for the Appellees
Robert P. Shane
Office of the Attorney General, New Jersey
25 Market Street
Richard J. Hughes Justice Complex
Trenton, New Jersey 08625
Counsel for the Appellees
OPINION
McKEE, Circuit Judge.
James Malone and Wrench Transportation Systems, Inc., (hereinafter collectively
referred to as “Malone”) appeal the District Court’s grant of summary judgment in favor
of New Jersey Deputy Attorneys General John Kennedy and Leah Ann McMahon. For
the reasons that follow, we will reverse in part and affirm in part and remand for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I. Discussion.
Because we write primarily for the parties, it is not necessary to reiterate the facts
or background of this case except insofar as may be helpful to our discussion. Malone
argues that the District Court erred in concluding that Kennedy and McMahon were
entitled to absolute immunity, and that the Magistrate Judge erred in issuing a protective
2
order rather than requiring them to answer certain interrogatories during discovery.
Malone’s argument is partially premised upon the contention that “the initial seizure . . .
was based upon a Complaint signed by someone who had no knowledge of its contents
[and] the Complaint was based upon an affidavit, affirmed by someone who had no idea
[about] what he was affirming. . .. []” Appellants’ Br. at 26. Malone argues that the
seizure itself was improper because of this alleged infirmity in the Complaint. He clearly
makes this argument to strengthen his reliance on Schrob v. Catterson, 948 F.2d 1402
(3d Cir. 1991), where the initial seizure was not properly authorized by the court.
However, as will become clear from our discussion of Schrob below, we believe that
absolute immunity extends to Defendants’ actions in obtaining the writ of forfeiture and
seizing Malone’s trucks. Kennedy and McMahon were therefore entitled to judgment as a
matter of law insofar as Malone’s suit attempts to find them liable for their pre-seizure
conduct. Schrob, supra. Although the District Court correctly concluded that Defendants
are entitled to absolute immunity for seizing Malone’s property, we do not agree that their
post-seizure conduct is similarly protected.
Malone’s Complaint is drafted in rather broad language that includes the
Defendants’ actions before the property was seized as well as their conduct after it was
seized. Thus, in order to properly resolve this appeal, we must compartmentalize the
conduct that Malone is basing his suit upon. See Schrob, 948 F.2d at 1409.
Malone’s Complaint alleges:
3
Defendants had no intention of pursuing criminal or forfeiture
proceedings against Wrench Transportation Systems, Inc. or
James Malone. . .. Instead, Defendants intended to use the
forefeiture proceedings to coerce Malone into cooperating
with the investigation and providing information against
[others who] were the target of the investigation.
Complaint at ¶ 35. However, Malone’s argument on appeal focuses upon the
Defendants’ refusal to return the seized property once he demonstrated his innocence, the
Defendants’ attempt to use the property to coerce James Malone into testifying against
others, and conditioning return of the property upon Malone’s execution of a release.
Malone states: “[t]he constitutional violation . . . that is alleged . . . [is intentionally]
refus[ing] to remit the Wrench vehicles notwithstanding their knowledge of Malone's
innocense and their improper conditioning of the return of the Wrench vehicles on
Malone's provision of false testimony and a release.” Appellants’ Br. at 21. That
assertion is consistent with allegations of post-seizure conduct in the Complaint.1
It is clear from the District Court’s opinion and the Defendants brief that the
dispute over absolute immunity before us turns on the allegations of misconduct
regarding the seized property after the seizure, not actions McMahon and Kennedy took
to seize the property. Accordingly, we must assume the Defendants deliberately delayed
1
See Complaint at ¶ 36 (“After the December 30, 1993 interview, Defendants had no
basis to believe and did not believe that criminal proceedings could successfully be undertaken
against Wrench Transportation Systems, Inc. or James Malone in connection with the alleged
waste oil scheme and had no intention of undertaking such proceedings.”); and Complaint at ¶ 38
(“Defendants’ intentional use of the continued forfeiture of Wrench's vehicles to coerce Malone
into cooperating with their criminal investigation of third parties deprived Wrench . . . and
Malone of property without due process of law, in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment . . .".).
4
returning Malone’s property after concluding that he was not involved in the illegal
conduct they were investigating, that they conditioned returning the property upon
Malone executing a release, and that they also attempted to use their continued possession
of the property to coerce James Malone into testifying against others. 2 We must decide if
any of these actions are covered by the doctrine of absolute immunity as opposed to
qualified immunity.3
A. Absolute and Qualified Immunity.
The Supreme Court first addressed prosecutorial immunity from suit under § 1983
in Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409 (1976). The plaintiff there was a convicted
murderer who sued the prosecutor and others under § 1983 arguing that the prosecutor
had used fabricated testimony and withheld exculpatory evidence to obtain the conviction.
The Court held “that in initiating a prosecution and in presenting the State's case, the
prosecutor is immune from a civil suit for damages under § 1983.” Id. at 431.
We discussed Imbler in Schrob. Schrob owned an interest in a business and
brought a civil rights action against drug enforcement officials and a federal prosecutor
(Catterson) to recover for constitutional violations that allegedly arose from the civil
2
In reviewing the District Court’s grant of summary judgment to Defendants, we must
assume that all of Malone’s allegations are true and afford Malone the benefit of all reasonable
inferences based upon those allegations. We then determine if Defendants are entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. See Serbin v. Bora Corp., Ltd., 96 F.3d 66, 68 n.1 (3d Cir. 1996).
3
To the extent that Malone is arguing that Kennedy and McMahon are not entitled to
either absolute or qualified immunity, Appellants’ argument is meritless, and can be rejected
without discussion. See Schrob, infra.
5
forfeiture of Schrob’s property.4 Catterson had knowingly made false statements when he
appeared before a Magistrate Judge to request a warrant to seize property that Schrob had
an interest in.5 After obtaining a forfeiture warrant and seizing the property, Schrob met
with Catterson and “demonstrated the legitimacy of his investment in [the seized
property].” 948 F.2d at 1406. Thereafter, Schrob sued Catterson alleging “that the return
of [his property] was unduly delayed because Catterson demanded . . . a release from
personal liability for his actions related to the seizure.” Id. at 1406. The District Court
denied Catterson’s motion to dismiss on grounds of absolute immunity and Catterson
appealed.
On appeal, we began by compartmentalizing our inquiry and focusing on each of
the allegations of misconduct. We looked at the drafting and filing of the in rem
complaint, actions taken to prepare and apply for the seizure warrant, participation in the
ex parte hearing to obtain the warrant, and “actions surrounding the seizure, retention and
release of the [seized] property.” Id. at 1409.
We held that absolute immunity extended to Catterson’s actions in creating and
4
In Schrob, the plaintiff sued under Bivens v. Six Unknown Agents of the Fed. Bureau of
Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971). Here, Malone sued under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. However, there is
no distinction for purposes of our analysis. See Schrob, 948 F.2d at 1409 (“courts have
generally relied upon the principles developed in the case law applying section 1983 to establish
the outer limits of a Bivens claim against federal officials. It would be untenable to draw a
distinction for purposes of immunity law . . .”).
5
In rem forfeiture is based on the fiction that the property itself is guilty of a crime.
Schrob, 948 F.2d at 1411. In Schrob, we refused to distinguish between the prosecutor's more
traditional role and his analogous role in the civil in rem proceeding at issue.
6
filing the in rem complaint because that was part of his “prosecutorial function.” Id. at
1409. We concluded that Catterson’s actions “in appearing before a judge and presenting
evidence in support of a search warrant application clearly involve the prosecutor’s role
as advocate for the State, rather than his role as administrator or investigative officer.” Id.
at 1419 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Our analysis was guided by the
importance of ensuring that a prosecutor’s discretion remain unfettered by concerns of
personal liability so that he/she would exercise his/her best judgment in “deciding which
suit to bring and in conducting them in court.” Id. at 1410 (quoting Imbler, 424 U.S. at
424-25).
However, we held that Catterson’s management of the seized property was only
covered by qualified immunity because those actions were “not directly related to the
judicial process. Instead, he was acting in an administrative role.” Id. at 1419. We
reasoned that “[q]ualified immunity will provide sufficient protection to the prosecutor’s
management of the property.” Id.
Our analysis in Schrob focused on the fact that Imbler “recognized that the
prosecutor's role as an advocate may take the prosecutor beyond the confines of the
courtroom.” 948 F.2d at 1414. Accordingly, the line between absolute and qualified
immunity could not depend on the forum in which the challenged conduct occurred.
Rather, we distinguished between “purely investigative matters,” and those that more
closely resembled the traditional prosecutorial role. Id. We concluded that Catterson’s
7
actions in seeking the warrant were tantamount to preparing to present a case as a
prosecutor and that Catterson was entitled to absolute immunity for actions taken in that
capacity. They were “encompassed within the prosecutor's advocacy function.” Id. at
1416.
Given that analytical framework, we readily disposed of allegations of liability
based upon Catterson's participation in the seizure hearing. Even though Schrob had
alleged that Catterson only obtained the warrant by resorting to “a bald faced lie,” we
held that Catterson was absolutely immune from suit based upon his conduct in court
even if he had intentionally misled the court in seizing Schrob’s property.
We then addressed Schrob’s final set of allegations. They included claims that
Catterson was liable for the delay in returning the seized property, and demanding a
release. Id. at 1417. We rejected Catterson's claim of absolute immunity for these actions
because they did not bear a sufficient nexus to the underlying goal of freeing the
“‘judicial process’ from the harassment and intimidation associated with litigation, . . .".
Id. at 1418 (emphasis added). The delay in returning the property, and demands for a
release/indemnification were “not directly related to the judicial process." Id. at 1419.
Although “the decision to release the property . . . involve[d] prosecutorial discretion[,]”
that discretion was not sufficiently related to the judicial process to warrant the protection
of absolute, as opposed to qualified, immunity. “[W]hen a prosecutor acts outside of the
judicial process he acts outside the protection of absolute immunity . . .”. Id. at 1420
8
(internal quotation marks omitted).
Although Schrob at first appears to be “on all fours” with the Defendants’ post-
seizure conduct here, there are some important distinctions. In Schrob, the initial seizure
was invalid, and that influenced our analysis. We noted, “the seizure of Schrob’s
property . . . was not authorized from the outset, . . . Accordingly, the . . . property should
have been immediately released.” Id. at 1420. Nevertheless, Schrob is quite helpful to
the present inquiry. Moreover, we recently amplified our analysis in Schrob in Yarris v.
County of Delaware, 465 F.3d 129, 137 (3d Cir. 2006).
The plaintiff in Yarris had been convicted of rape/murder and sentenced to death,
but was eventually exonerated by DNA testing. He thereafter sued the prosecutor alleging
that his conviction resulted from the prosecutor withholding evidence and manufacturing
testimony that had been introduced at trial. The prosecutor argued that he was absolutely
immune from liability and moved to dismiss. Although we agreed that conduct related to
the actual prosecution of Yarris was protected by absolute immunity, we held that the
prosecutor was only entitled to qualified immunity for conduct that was primarily
investigative or administrative in nature. “‘A prosecutor's administrative duties and those
investigatory functions that do not relate to an advocate's preparation for the initiation of
a prosecution or for judicial proceedings[]’” are entitled only to qualified immunity.
Yarris, 465 F.3d at 135 (quoting Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, 509 U.S. 259, 273 (1993)).
We again explained that absolute immunity “extends to acts that are ‘intimately
9
associated with the judicial phase of the criminal process, such as initiating a prosecution
and . . . presenting the State’s case.’” Id. (quoting Imbler, 424 U.S. at 430-1).
Thus, our inquiry here must focus on “the nature of the function performed, . . .”.
Kalina v. Fletcher, 522 U.S. 118 (1997). Our discussion in Yarris exemplifies this focus.
There, we relied upon the distinction between nondisclosure of evidence on the one hand,
and destruction of evidence on the other. That distinction was not based upon the more
egregious nature of the latter. Rather, it was rooted in the relationship of each act to the
judicial process as well as the nature of the prosecutorial function. Nondisclosure was
covered by absolute immunity and destruction of evidence by qualified immunity because
“[u]nlike decisions on whether to withhold evidence from the defense, decisions to
destroy evidence are not related to a prosecutor's prosecutorial function.” Yarris, 465 F.3d
at 136.
[O]nce the decision is made not to furnish evidence to the
defense, no additional protectible prosecutorial discretion is
involved in deciding to dispose of it, and . . ., while deciding
not to furnish the prosecution’s evidence to the defense may
be an act of advocacy, throwing the evidence away is not such
an act.
Id. at 136-7 (quoting Wilkinson v. Ellis, 484 F. Supp. 1072, 1083 (E.D. Pa., 1980)).
We also held that absolute immunity did not extend to the prosecutor's response to
Yarris’s request for DNA testing. The prosecutor did not establish that “his response to
Yarris’s DNA test requests was part of [his] advocacy for the state in post-conviction
proceedings in which [he was] personally involved.” Id. at 138. Absent that relation to
10
post-conviction proceedings, those actions lacked a sufficient nexus to the judicial
process to entitle the prosecutor to absolute immunity. Instead, the actions were properly
classified as administrative or investigative; they were not prosecutorial.
Accordingly, “[a]bsolute immunity applies to the adversarial acts of prosecutors
during post-conviction proceedings . . . where the prosecutor is personally involved . . .
and continues his role as an advocate,” but “where the role as advocate has not yet begun
. . . or where it has concluded, absolute immunity does not apply.” Id. at 137 (citations
and internal quotation marks omitted).
In Yarris, we did not resolve the prosecutor’s liability for allegedly manufacturing
a false confession because, absent additional fact finding, we could not determine
whether he was acting as the state's advocate in preparing for trial when the confession
was allegedly obtained. Id. at 139 (the “key question is whether the ADAs were
functioning as the state's advocates when they engaged in the conduct that gave rise to the
evidence-fabrication allegations.”).
Given this analytical framework, it becomes clear that a prosecutor’s role of
appearing before a judge and presenting evidence in support of a warrant implicates the
prosecuting attorney’s role as an advocate for the state rather than “his role as ‘an
administrator or investigative officer.’” Burns v. Reed, 500 U.S. 478, 491 (1991).
We realize, of course, that almost any action a prosecutor takes within the scope of
his/her employment is arguably undertaken pursuant to his/her role as an advocate for the
11
state. “Almost any action by a prosecutor, including his or her direct participation in
purely investigative activity, could be said to be in some way related to the ultimate
decision whether to prosecute, but [the Supreme Court has] never indicated that absolute
immunity is that expansive. Rather, as in Imbler, we inquire into whether the
prosecutor's actions are closely associated with the judicial process.” Burns, 500 U.S. at
495 (internal quotation marks omitted).
As the Court explained in Buckley, “[t]here is a difference between the advocate's
role in evaluating evidence and interviewing witnesses as he prepares for trial, on the one
hand, and the detective's role in searching for the clues and corroboration that might give
him probable cause to recommend that a suspect be arrested, on the other hand.” 509
U.S. at 273. There, the Court was speaking of the distinction between investigation and
prosecution, but the line the Court drew is quite helpful here.
Malone’s suit rests upon allegations of conduct regarding a release that are most
accurately classified as purely investigative in nature. That conduct was not tied to
prosecuting a case against James Malone or Wrench, nor can it be maintained that the
defendants had probable cause to prosecute them given the allegations in the complaint.
“A prosecutor neither is, nor should consider himself to be, an advocate before he has
probable cause to have anyone arrested.” Buckley, 509 U.S. at 274. In attempting to use
Malone’s property to force James Malone to testify against others, Kennedy and
McMahon were functioning as investigators outside of the judicial process, not as
12
prosecutors inside of it. Id. Accordingly, they are entitled to no greater protection than we
would afford police officers engaged in similar conduct. The Defendants’ “immediate
purpose was to conduct a more thorough investigation of the crime--not to return an
indictment against a suspect whom there was already probable cause to arrest.” Id. at 275.
By analogy, we note that the prosecutor’s role as legal counsel to the police is
entitled only to qualified immunity even though it, like the role of advocate, could expose
the prosecutor to burdensome litigation as a result of his/her official actions while
representing the government. The doctrine of qualified immunity is not intended to shield
one functioning as a prosecutor from all exposure to liability arising from “official”
actions. As we have explained, although its application is to the person of the defendant,
the doctrine’s underlying concern is with the judicial process itself. Forrester v. White,
484 U.S. 219, 224 (1991) (per curiam). That is why any discussion of the applicability of
absolute immunity must focus on the “nature” and “function” of the act, not the “act
itself.” Schrob, 948 F.2d at 1408.
This focus was evident in Schrob where we observed that, given the improprieties
in the original seizure, the judicial process “[did] not serve as an adequate check on a
prosecutor’s actions . . ..” 948 F.2d at 1420. The discussion in Imbler, recognized that:
[v]arious post-trial procedures are available to
determine whether an accused has received a fair trial. These .
. . include the remedial powers of the trial judge, appellate
review, and the state and federal post-conviction collateral
remedies. In all of these the attention of the reviewing judge
or tribunal is focused primarily on whether there was a fair
13
trial under law.
424 U.S. at 427. The availability of possible remedies was important because it addressed
the concern that the prosecutor’s “focus should not be blurred by even the subconscious
knowledge that a post-trial decision in favor of the accused might result in the
prosecutor's being called upon to respond in damages for his error or mistaken judgment.”
Imbler, 424 U.S. at 427.
Malone alleges that he and his attorney met with Kennedy and McMahon around
December 30, 1993, to discuss Malone’s involvement in the scheme to sell waste oil as
virgin fuel oil. Kennedy sent a letter establishing the date and time of the meeting as well
as the terms on which it would take place. The letter stated: “if I am not satisfied from
Mr. Malone’s statement that he and Wrench are innocent of any criminal involvement,
then I will not recommend dismissal of the forfeiture complaint.” App. at 904.
There is a distinct difference between conversations that occur in preparation for a
judicial proceeding and negotiations that occur concerning the return of seized vehicles
once prosecutors conclude that they have seized property from someone who was not
involved in criminal conduct. In May of 1995, McMahon offered to return Malone’s
remaining tanker if Malone would release the state of New Jersey and its employees from
all claims of liability. App. at 536. That negotiation was not part of the judicial process.
Rather, it was administrative in nature. In delaying return of the truck until Malone
executed a release, Kennedy and McMahon were clearly acting outside the parameters of
14
the judicial process, and outside of their role as prosecutors. See Imbler, 424 U.S. at 419
(quoting Scheur v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 238-39 (1974)).
They were acting more in the capacity of investigators or in the administrative
capacity of custodian of property in retaining Malone’s trucks and using them to get
James Malone to testify against others. We recognize that those actions were taken in
connection with their role as prosecutors. Nevertheless, those actions do not bear a
sufficient nexus to the underlying goal of freeing the “‘judicial process’ from the
harassment and intimidation associated with litigation, . . .” Schrob, 948 F.3d at 1418,
that lies at the heart of the protections afforded under the doctrine of absolute immunity.
The discretion involved is not so related to the judicial process that it is entitled to the
protection afforded by that doctrine. See Id. at 1420.
Thus, the District Court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of McMahon
and Kennedy based upon the conclusion that they were absolutely immune from the
allegations that they delayed return of Malone’s property and conditioned it upon
execution of a release. We do, however, agree that McMahon and Kennedy are entitled
to summary judgment insofar as Malone attempts to rest liability on their alleged attempts
to force James Malone to provide false testimony.
B. Allegations of Coerced False Testimony.
There is no evidence on this record that Kennedy or McMahon requested false
testimony from James Malone in exchange for the release of his vehicles. John Frieri,
15
Malone’s former counsel, stated in his affidavit that Investigator Bradley said, “Malone
would have to provide testimony against someone higher up in the investigation in
exchange for a dismissal.” However, Malone does not allege that either Kennedy or
McMahon were party to that conversation, or even aware of the request. Although the
District Court’s grant of summary judgment to them was based upon the court’s belief
that they were entitled to absolute immunity, summary judgment was nevertheless
appropriate because the record does not allow a reasonable fact finder to find Kennedy or
McMahon liable based upon the investigator’s attempt to coerce testimony from Malone.
See Narin v. Lower Merion Sch. Dist., 206 F.3d 323, 333 n. 8 (3d Cir. 2000) ("An
appellate court may affirm a decision on a ground other than that relied on by the district
court.").
C. The Interrogatories.
During discovery, Defendants objected to some of Malone’s interrogatories and
sought a protective order arguing that some of the information sought was privileged.
Magistrate Judge Hedges agreed and issued a protective order. Malone appealed that
order to the District Court, and that court reversed because Magistrate Judge Hedges had
not balanced Malone’s need for the information against the Defendants’ need for secrecy.
Thereafter, Magistrate Judge Linares conducted the balancing as ordered by the District
Court. He concluded that the Defendants’ need for secrecy outweighed Malone’s need
for the information and he therefore entered a protective order as requested by the
16
Defendants. Malone never appealed that order. Rather, Malone now attempts to
challenge that order as part of the appeal of the District Court’s grant of summary
judgment in favor of Kennedy and McMahon based upon the District Court’s conclusion
that they are entitled to absolute immunity.
The discovery dispute was originally referred to the Magistrate Judge pursuant to
the Federal Magistrate Judges Act, 28 U.S.C. § 636 (b)(a)(A). That section allows
Magistrate Judges to hear and determine nondispositive pretrial matters. The Magistrate
Judge’s rulings on those matters are determinative unless overruled by the District Court.
See United Steelworkers v. New Jersey Zinc Co., Inc., 828 F.2d 1001, 1005 (3d Cir.
1987). In United Steelworkers, we approvingly quoted the following statement from
Niehaus v. Kansas Bar Association, 793 F.2d 1159, 1164-65 (10th Cir. 1986). “‘[B]y
failing to file timely objections to the magistrate’s discovery order, appellants not only
stripped the district court of its function of effectively reviewing the magistrate’s order,
but also frustrated the policy behind the Magistrate’s Act. . ..” United Steelworkers, 828
F.2d at 1007.
In Continental Casualty Co. v. Dominick D’Andrea, Inc., 150 F.3d 245, 252 (3d
Cir. 1998), we stated, “[t]his Court has specifically held that a party failing to appeal to
the district court a magistrate judge’s order in a nondispositive matter may not raise an
objection to it on appeal to a circuit court[]” absent “exceptional circumstances.” We also
explained that the “exceptional circumstances” that would justify a departure from that
17
general rule must be narrowly interpreted. Thus, we would only address such issues
“when the public interest requires [it], . . . when manifest injustice would result . . .. or
when the alleged error [is] fundamental and result[s] in a highly prejudicial error . . ..” Id.
Malone claims that he will be severely prejudiced if we do not review the
protective order here because he can not establish liability without answers to those
interrogatories. Whether or not that is true, it is not sufficient to establish the “manifest
injustice” required to review an issue in the absence of a properly filed objection to a
Magistrate Judge’s ruling. “Mere prejudice is insufficient to retrieve an abandoned issue.”
Id.
III. Conclusion.
Accordingly, we will reverse the decision of the District Court granting absolute
immunity to Kennedy and McMahon, based upon their conduct in delaying the return of
Malone’s trucks and conditioning that return on the execution of a release. We will
affirm the District Court’s grant of summary judgment based upon allegations that
Kennedy and McMahon attempted to use the forfeiture to force James Malone to testify
against other individuals. We do not reach Malone’s claim that the Magistrate Judge
erred in entering a protective order allowing Defendants to refuse to answer certain
interrogatories.
18