Moore v. Vangelo

Opinions of the United
2007 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
2-13-2007
Moore v. Vangelo
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 05-4309
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
Case No: 05-4309
DEVIN LAROY MOORE,
Appellant
v.
SERGEANT MICHAEL JOHN VANGELO; Individually and in His
Official Capacity as a Member of the Easton Police
Department; SERGEANT MICHAEL D. WESTON, Individually
and in His Official Capacity as a Member of the Easton
Police Department; CHIEF LAWRENCE R. PALMER, Individually
and in His Official Capacity as a Member of the Easton
Police Department; OFFICER JOHN DOE, Individually and in
His Official Capacity as a Member of the Easton Police
Department; MAYOR THOMAS GOLDSMITH, Individually and in
His Official Capacity as Mayor of the City of Easton;
CITY OF EASTON
___________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
District Court No.: 03-cv-04718
District Judge: The Honorable Gene E.K. Pratter
___________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
February 12, 2007
Before: SMITH and FISHER, Circuit Judges,
and DIAMOND, District Judge*
(Filed February 13, 2007)
*
The Honorable Gustave Diamond, Senior District Judge for the Western District of
Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
___________________
OPINION
___________________
SMITH, Circuit Judge.
In the early morning of March 2, 2002, appellant Devin Laroy Moore was walking
on South Third Street in Easton, Pennsylvania with Isaac Holmes and four female friends.
The group had just left a bar. Before they reached the lot where the women had parked
their vehicle, Saddiquie Williams assaulted Holmes, apparently in retribution for an
earlier attack by Holmes’ brother on Williams. While the two were fighting, Moore saw a
police cruiser approach and inserted himself between the two combatants, hoping to break
them apart. The tumult escalated and careened across the street.
Officer Michael Vangelo and his K-9 partner Bere were the first to arrive at the
scene of the altercation. Vangelo gave verbal orders to stop fighting, but his words
apparently fell on deaf ears, as Moore reported that he heard no warning. Unable to cope
with the three perceived combatants alone, Vangelo released Bere, commanding him to
bite and hold Moore. Bere bit Moore on the right forearm and held him until he was
ordered off by Vangelo. Moore was then immediately grabbed and swept to the ground
where Officer Michael Weston handcuffed him. Moore suffered a bite wound.
Following Moore’s booking at the police station, an officer took him to Easton
Hospital where he was given a shot and his wound was cleaned and bandaged. A few
days later, he had an x-ray at St. Luke’s Hospital, but he neither sought nor received
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further treatment. He sued the defendants, Officers Vangelo and Weston, Police Chief
Lawrence Palmer, Mayor Thomas F. Goldsmith, and the City of Easton for violations of
his civil rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and Vangelo for assault and battery. The District
Court granted summary judgment to the defendants on September 6, 2005. Moore filed a
timely appeal.1 We will affirm the judgment of the District Court.
I.
We have plenary review over a grant of summary judgment. Gilles v. Davis, 427
F.3d 197, 203 (3d Cir. 2005). The District Court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of
the appellees will be affirmed if the record demonstrates that “there is no genuine issue as
to any material fact and that they are entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Id.
(quoting Camiolo v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 334 F.3d 345, 354 (3d Cir. 2003)). An
issue is material if there is sufficient evidence favoring the nonmoving party for a jury to
return a verdict for that party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249 (1986).
In support of their motion for summary judgment, the defendants argued that
Moore’s claims must fail because he had not made out a violation of his constitutional
rights. The District Court agreed and so do we.
II.
1
The District Court had jurisdiction over the 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims under 28 U.S.C.
§§ 1331 and 1343(3). The Court had supplemental jurisdiction over the assault and
battery claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1367. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
3
The threshold inquiry in an excessive force case is whether “the officers’ actions
are ‘objectively reasonable’ in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them,
without regard to their underlying intent or motivations.’” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S.
386, 397 (1989); see Brower v. County of Inyo, 489 U.S. 593, 599 (1989). In Graham v.
Connor, the Supreme Court explained that the proper application of the reasonableness
test “requires careful attention to the facts and circumstances of each particular case,
including the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat
to the safety of the officers or others, and whether he is actively resisting arrest or
attempting to evade arrest by flight.” 490 U.S. at 396. This Court later added that:
Other relevant factors include the possibility that the persons subject to the
police action are themselves violent or dangerous, the duration of the
action, whether the action takes place in the context of effecting an arrest,
the possibility that the suspect may be armed, and the number of persons
with whom the police officers must contend at one time.
Sharrar v. Felsing, 128 F.3d 810, 822 (3d Cir. 1997).
In evaluating the grant of summary judgment, we “view the facts in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party and draw all inferences in that party’s favor.” Farrell v.
Planters Lifesavers Co., 206 F.3d 271, 278 (3d Cir. 2000). Accordingly, we assume that,
as Moore claimed, he interceded only to bring the fight to a stop and that he never heard
Vangelo give a warning. However, Moore’s perspective on the situation has no bearing
on the reasonableness of the police officer’s actions.
Moore testified that he was “in the middle” of Holmes and Williams, and that “at
one point I was pushing them and pushing them.” He stated that while “I was grabbing
4
him [Holmes] and pushing him, he was punching and kicking and trying to pretty much
do whatever he could do.” Moore further noted that “[e]verybody was yelling. It was 2
something in the morning and they were fighting so there was a whole bunch going on.”
Given the scene as Moore described it, Vangelo’s use of Bere to curb the pandemonium
was reasonable.
Use of a police dog to bite and hold a suspect is not per se unreasonable. See
Mendoza v. Block, 27 F.3d 1357, 1362 (9th Cir. 1994) (holding that “the deputies’ use of
the police dog is subject to excessive force analysis”); Chew v. Gates, 27 F.3d 1432, 1447
(9th Cir. 1994) (stating that, even though the case must go to the jury to determine if the
use of a dog was reasonable, “[n]o decision of which we are aware intimated that a policy
of using dogs to apprehend concealed suspects, even by biting and seizing them, was
unlawful”); see also Jarrett v. Town of Yarmouth, 331 F.3d 140, 150 (1st Cir. 2003) (“We
are aware of no post-Chew decisions suggesting that bite-and-hold policies are
unconstitutional per se.”). Although it is true that “injuries are not unusual[,] police dogs
can–and often do–cause serious harm,” Vera Cruz v. City of Escondido, 139 F.3d 659,
661 (9th Cir. 1997), the use of K-9 force to apprehend suspects where the Graham factors
weigh in favor of the police is reasonable.2
2
Moore asserts that the failure of an officer to issue a verbal warning before releasing a
police dog to bite and hold a suspect is sufficient to establish an excessive force claim.
This Court has no binding precedent that constrains us to apply a warning requirement,
and we decline to hold that the deployment of a dog without a verbal warning is per se
objectively unreasonable. Supreme Court precedent regarding the use of deadly force
does not even impose such a stringent requirement. See Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1
5
Vangelo was confronted with a dangerous situation where the safety of officers
and others was at risk. The melee going on before him was an ongoing assault. Three
people were involved in the fight and Vangelo was, at least temporarily, alone. Keeping
in mind that “police officers are often forced to make split-second judgments–in
circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving–about the amount of force
that is necessary in a particular situation,” we conclude that the force used by Vangelo
was objectively reasonable.3 Graham, 490 U.S. at 397.
Moore contends that Weston used excessive force in handcuffing him.4 He stated
in his deposition that after he was bitten, Weston grabbed him and attempted to put
(1985) (“[I]f the suspect threatens the officer with a weapon or there is probable cause to
believe that he has committed a crime involving the infliction or threatened infliction of
serious physical harm, deadly force may be used if necessary to prevent escape, and if,
where feasible, some warning has been given.” Id. at 11-12 (emphasis added). But see
Kuha v. City of Minnetonka, 365 F.3d 590, 599 (8th Cir. 2003); Vathekan v. Prince
George’s County, 154 F.3d 173, 179 (4th Cir. 1998).
3
Moore also claims that the District Court erroneously rejected his argument that
Weston violated his rights by not intervening to stop Vangelo’s excessive use of force.
Because Vangelo’s use of force was not excessive, this claim necessarily fails.
4
Moore also argues that the District Court erred in failing to address Moore’s “Fourth
Amendment unlawful search and seizure claim” when it granted summary judgment for
Weston. The Court did, in fact, address that claim when it engaged in the excessive force
analysis with respect to Weston. As the Supreme Court stated in Graham, “all claims that
law enforcement officers have used excessive force–deadly or not–in the course of an
arrest, investigatory stop, or other ‘seizure’ of a free citizen should be analyzed under the
Fourth Amendment and its ‘reasonableness’ standard.” Id. at 395. The District Court
properly examined the evidence as to Moore’s handcuffing and determined that “[t]he
facts as alleged by Mr. Moore demonstrate a reasonable use of force by Officer Weston
under the circumstances at the time.” Thus, we find no merit to Moore’s contention that
the District Court failed to address his Fourth Amendment claim.
6
handcuffs on him, but then “he tripped me. I don’t know – he didn’t kick me or punch me
or anything like that. It was more like a trip.” He noted that his legs were swept out from
under him and he “went straight down to the ground,” but explained that he received no
injury as a result of this maneuver by Weston.
The Graham factors also apply to Weston’s actions, and the District Court
properly considered the facts Moore alleged in concluding that Weston’s use of force was
reasonable. Weston was responding to a radio transmission by Vangelo that indicated that
he required immediate help. Upon his arrival, Bere was holding Moore, and Vangelo and
another responding officer were attempting to subdue Williams while Holmes stood close
by. By Moore’s own admission, Weston was unable to put the handcuffs on him while
Moore remained upright, and thus, it was both reasonable and necessary to take Moore to
the ground in order to secure him.
All of the actions taken by the officers were objectively reasonable under the test
outlined in Graham and its progeny. Consequently, these actions did not constitute
excessive force, and there was no violation of Moore’s Fourth Amendment rights.
III.
Moore also appeals the dismissal of his municipal liability claim. See Monell v.
Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658 (1978). In order for municipal
liability to exist, “there ... must be a violation of the plaintiff’s constitutional rights.”
Brown v. Comm., Dep’t of Health Emergency Med. Servs. Training Inst., 318 F.3d 473,
7
482 (3d Cir. 2003). Accordingly, as we have found no violation of Moore’s rights, we
find no basis for municipal liability. The District Court properly granted summary
judgment in favor of the City, Chief Thomas, and Mayor Goldsmith.
IV.
Moore challenges the District Court’s grant of summary judgment as to his state
law assault and battery claim, but supports his challenge only by noting that the Court
may not assume facts based on contradictory evidence in granting summary judgment.
See Mest v. Cabot Corp., 449 F.3d 502, 514 (3d Cir. 2006). The District Court properly
construed the facts in the light most favorable to Moore, and made no assumptions based
on contradictory evidence. Indeed, Moore does not dispute that he was physically
involved in the altercation. He only suggests that his motives for taking part in it were
altruistic. In Pennsylvania, “[t]he reasonableness of the force used in making the arrest
determines whether the police officer’s conduct constitutes an assault and battery.” Renk
v. City of Pittsburgh, 641 A.2d 289, 293 (Pa. 1994). For the reasons previously discussed,
Vangelo’s actions were reasonable and therefore his conduct did not constitute an assault
and battery. The District Court properly granted summary judgment on this claim.
V.
Moore’s challenge to the District Court’s grant of summary judgment will be
denied. The District Court applied the appropriate standard and we will affirm.
8