United States v. Lloyd

Opinions of the United
2006 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
5-18-2006
USA v. Lloyd
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 05-1974
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 05-1974
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
ANTHONY MAURICE LLOYD,
Appellant
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Criminal No. 04-cr-00115)
District Judge: Honorable Donetta W. Ambrose
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
May 17, 2006
Before: RENDELL, VAN ANTWERPEN, and WEIS, Circuit Judges
(Filed May 18, 2006)
____
OPINION OF THE COURT
VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judge.
A jury in the Western District of Pennsylvania convicted Anthony Lloyd of
distributing less than five grams of crack in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and
841(b)(1)(C) and for carrying a firearm during and in relation to or possessing the firearm
in furtherance of the drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i).
Lloyd now appeals from that conviction, claiming his conviction was based on
insufficient evidence and the jury instructions given at his trial were incorrect.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and will affirm.
I.
Police officers arranged a controlled drug purchase between a confidential
informant (“CI”) and Lloyd. The police observed Lloyd exit his home, meet the CI, and
perform a hand-to-hand buy. As Lloyd walked away, the police arrested him. One of the
arresting officers felt a hard object underneath Lloyd’s coat, which object the officer
believed was a gun.
After Lloyd was handcuffed, one of the officers asked Lloyd whether he had
anything about which the officers should be aware. Lloyd responded that he had a gun,
and the police recovered a loaded gun from a shoulder holster in Lloyd’s coat. Lloyd did
not have a permit to carry this gun. The police also recovered one piece of crack cocaine
from Lloyd.
Lloyd was then indicted for distributing less than five grams of crack in violation
of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(C) (Count One) and for carrying a firearm
during and in relation to his drug trafficking crime and possessing the firearm in
furtherance of the drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i)
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(Count Two). A jury found Lloyd guilty on both counts of the indictment and he was
sentenced to 84 months’ incarceration.
II.
A.
A conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt
that a person committed a drug crime and either (1) used or carried a firearm during and
in relation to that crime; or (2) possessed a firearm in furtherance of that drug crime. 18
U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A).1 The District Court instructed the jury on both the “carry” and
“possession” prongs of § 924(c), and the jury returned guilty verdicts on both.
Lloyd argues the evidence adduced at trial was insufficient to support the
conclusion that he used or carried a firearm during and in relation to a drug crime or
possessed a firearm in furtherance of the crime because the gun’s presence was never
revealed to the CI during the drug transaction. We review the sufficiency of the evidence
in the light most favorable to the government following a jury verdict in its favor, United
States v. Antico, 275 F.3d 245, 260 (3d Cir. 2001). This is a “heavy burden” for Lloyd.
United States v. Gonzalez, 918 F.2d 1129, 1132 (3d Cir. 1990).
1
Congress added the “in furtherance of” language to § 924(c) in 1998 as a response
to the Supreme Court’s decision in Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137 (1995). Before
Bailey, the government could obtain a conviction under § 924(c) simply by proving the
defendant used or carried the firearm in connection with a crime. The Court in Bailey
vacated a § 924(c) conviction predicated on the presence of a gun locked in a trunk,
concluding that “use” required active employment of the firearm. Id. at 144. Congress then
responded by adding the “in furtherance of” prong to § 924(c).
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1.
For the sake of completeness, we will address both prongs of the statute and first
proceed to the “during and in relation to” component of the “carried during or in relation
to” prong of § 924(c).2 The Supreme Court has stated that a firearm carried during and in
relation to a drug trafficking crime “must have some purpose or effect with respect to the
drug-trafficking crime.” Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. 223, 238 (1993). Thus, the
carrying of a firearm is not “in relation to” a drug crime if the firearm’s presence is
“coincidental or entirely ‘unrelated’ to the crime,” rather, the firearm must at least
“facilitate, or have the potential of facilitating” the drug trafficking offense. Id.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the government, the evidence was sufficient
for the jury to conclude the gun’s presence was neither accidental nor unrelated to the
drug crime. The gun was located on Lloyd’s person, was loaded and easily accessible,
was physically close to the drugs Lloyd purchased from the CI, and it is unlikely that the
gun was present on Lloyd’s person by accident. See United States v. Diaz-Boyo, 432
F.3d 1264, 1270 (11th Cir. 2005) (defendant’s possession of gun “moments” after drug
delivery sufficient to satisfy relational requirement of § 924(c)); United States v.
Nicholson, 983 F.2d 983, 990 (10th Cir. 1990) (finding relational requirement met where
2
Lloyd’s placement of the firearm in a holster underneath his jacket was sufficient
evidence from which the jury could conclude he “carried” the firearm. See United States
v. Johnson, 108 F.3d 919, 921 (8th Cir. 1997) (firearm in pants pocket was “carried” within
meaning of § 924(c)).
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defendant carried gun and presence of gun could “ensure the success” of drug distribution
activities by protecting drugs and cash). Cases where a gun was not carried or used
“during or in relation to” a crime involve guns that are physically distant from the
defendant or where the guns have no connection to the underlying crime. United States v.
Shuler, 181 F.3d 1188, 1190 (10th Cir. 1999) (guns stolen during robbery of sporting
goods store were not themselves used or carried “during or in relation to” robbery
because stolen guns played no role in commission of robbery); United States v.
Richardson, 86 F.3d 1537 (10th Cir. 1996) (no conviction where no evidence that guns
were present during commission of underlying drug crime). By contrast, Lloyd’s loaded
gun was easily accessible during his drug transaction with the CI, and the jury could infer
the gun was present for a reason connected to that transaction. See Nicholson, 983 F.2d
at 990. Accordingly, the jury’s conclusion that Lloyd carried the gun during and in
relation to the drug crime was supported by sufficient evidence.3
2.
3
Lloyd relies on United States v. Theodoropolous, 866 F.2d 587 (3d Cir. 1989), for
the proposition that a firearm that is merely carried in a pocket and never displayed during
a crime is not used “in relation to” the crime within the meaning of § 924(c). Id. at 597
(citing S. Rep. No. 225, 98th Cong., 2d Sess. 314 n.10 (1983)). Theodoropolous is
distinguishable from this case, however, because that aspect of Theodoropolous’s discussion
concerned the question whether three guns found in a trash can on a porch located outside
of a defendant’s apartment were “used” within the meaning of § 924(c). Moreover, “use”
is not at issue in this case because Lloyd was charged under the “carries” prong of § 924(c).
See United States v. Shuler, 181 F.3d 1188, 1190 n.3 (10th Cir. 1999) (“The Defendants
were charged with carrying the stolen firearms. Therefore, we are not concerned with the
‘use’ prong.”).
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The evidence was also sufficient to support a conviction under the possession “in
furtherance of” prong of § 924(c). We recently addressed the meaning of “in furtherance
of a crime” in United States v. Sparrow:
“Under § 924(c), “the ‘mere presence’ of a gun is not enough. What is instead
required is evidence more specific to the particular defendant, showing that his or
her possession actually furthered the drug trafficking offense . . . . Put another
way, the evidence must demonstrate that possession of the firearm advanced or
helped forward a drug trafficking crime.”
371 F.3d 851, 853 (3d Cir. 2004). In making this determination, several non-exclusive
factors are relevant, including “the type of drug activity that is being conducted,
accessibility of the firearm, the type of the weapon, whether the weapon is stolen, the
status of the possession (legitimate or illegal), whether the gun is loaded, proximity to
drugs or drug profits, and the time and circumstances under which the gun is found.” Id.
With these factors in mind and viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
the government, we are satisfied that the jury could conclude the gun was possessed “in
furtherance” of the drug crime. First, Lloyd’s firearm was located in a shoulder holster,
which – despite Lloyd’s argument to the contrary – was easily accessible to him at all
times. See id. at 854 (“[e]ven assuming the firearm was not easily accessible (as [Lloyd]
claims), it was strategically located. The gun was placed so it would be immediately
available for [Lloyd’s] protection”). Other courts of appeals have upheld
§ 924(c) convictions where the guns at issue were in locations less accessible than a
shoulder holster. See United States v. Castillo, 406 F.3d at 806, 817 (7th Cir. 2005)
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(basement storage area); United States v. Garner, 338 F.3d 78, 80-81 (1st Cir. 2003) (hole
in wall of basement of apartment building); United States v. Luciano, 329 F.3d 1, 6 (1st
Cir. 2003) (crawlspace in ceiling of apartment).
The other factors identified in Sparrow are also present. The gun was located in
close proximity to the drugs Lloyd carried on his person, the gun was loaded, Lloyd did
not have a valid permit for the gun, and the gun was present immediately after the drug
transaction took place. Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the
government, the jury had sufficient evidence from which to conclude the gun was carried
“in furtherance of” the crime.
B.
Lloyd argues the jury instructions (1) should have conditioned his guilt on a
finding that he intended to use the gun in the event of a contingency and (2) should have
stated that if the evidence were not sufficient to meet the “during and in relation to” prong
of § 924(c), the evidence necessarily did not meet the more demanding evidentiary
standard of the “possession in furtherance of” prong of the statute. We exercise plenary
review over the legal correctness of jury instructions, Antico, 275 F.3d at 255, while we
review a refusal to give a particular instruction as well as the instructions’ wording for
abuse of discretion. United States v. Coyle, 63 F.3d 1239, 1245 (3d Cir. 1995). Jury
instructions do not constitute reversible error so long as “taken as a whole and viewed in
the light of the evidence, [the instructions] fairly and adequately submit the issues in the
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case to the [jurors without confusing or misleading them].” United States v. Simon, 995
F.2d 1236, 1243 n.9 (3d Cir. 1993) (citations omitted).
1.
We are satisfied that the “during or in relation to” instruction, App. 261-64, was
correct. The instruction was consistent with the language of United States v. Williams,
344 F.3d 365, 371-72 (3d Cir. 2003), in which this Court upheld a § 924(c) conviction
where “the jury could have concluded that the presence of the gun was not the result of
accident or coincidence, and that it had the ‘potential of facilitating’ the bank robbery.”
The jury instructions in this case do not state or imply that the mere presence of a gun
without the gun also having the potential to facilitate the drug offense is sufficient to
convict under the “carry” prong of § 924(c). Thus, we discern no error in the instruction.
2.
Citing cases from other circuits, Lloyd argues the District Court should have
granted his request to inform the jury that the “possession in furtherance of” prong of
§ 924 has a more stringent evidentiary standard than does the “during and in relation to”
prong of the statute, and that if the evidence failed to establish the “carried during and in
relation to” prong of § 924(c), the evidence necessarily failed to make out the “possession
in furtherance of” prong of the statute.4
While we have not yet taken a position on the question whether the two prongs of
4
The government failed to address this argument in its brief.
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§ 924(c) have differing evidentiary burdens, see United States v. Loney, 219 F.3d 281,
287 (3d Cir. 2000), we find that the District Court properly outlined the issue of
“possession in furtherance of” to the jury and did not abuse its discretion in declining to
give Lloyd’s requested instruction. The jury instructions properly tracked the language of
§ 924(c) and listed the factors we identified in Sparrow, 371 F.3d at 853, as probative of
whether a firearm is possessed “in furtherance of” a drug trafficking crime. Accordingly,
we discern no abuse of discretion in the District Court’s refusal to issue Lloyd’s requested
instruction nor legal error in the instructions as given.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm Lloyd’s conviction and sentence.
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