Troy Price, Jr. v. Mos Shipping Co., Ltd.

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 17-2101
TROY D. PRICE, JR.,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
and
ATLANTIC RO-RO CARRIERS, INC.; BALTIC MERCUR JOINT STOCK
COMPANY,
Defendants and 3rd-Party Plaintiffs,
v.
MOS SHIPPING CO., LTD.,
Defendant - Appellee,
RUKERT TERMINALS CORPORATION,
Third Party Defendant.
No. 17-2167
MOS SHIPPING CO., LTD.,
Defendant and 3rd-Party Plaintiff - Appellant,
and
ATLANTIC RO-RO CARRIERS, INC.; BALTIC MERCUR JOINT STOCK
COMPANY,
Defendants and 3rd-Party Plaintiffs,
v.
TROY D. PRICE, JR.,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
RUKERT TERMINALS CORPORATION,
Third Party Defendant - Appellee.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore.
Catherine C. Blake, District Judge. (1:11-cv-01735-CCB)
Submitted: May 18, 2018 Decided: July 5, 2018
Before WYNN and FLOYD, Circuit Judges, and HAMILTON, Senior Circuit Judge.
No. 17-2101 affirmed; No. 17-2167 dismissed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Gerald F. Gay, Bernard J. Sevel, ARNOLD, SEVEL AND GAY, P.A., Towson, Maryland,
for Appellant/Cross-Appellee. Kirk M. Lyons, LYONS & FLOOD, LLP, New York, New
York, for Appellee/Cross-Appellant. James W. Bartlett, III, Imran O. Shaukat, SEMMES,
BOWEN & SEMMES, Baltimore, Maryland, for Cross-Appellee Rukert Terminals
Corporation.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
2
PER CURIAM:
Troy D. Price, Jr., appeals the district court’s order entering judgment in favor of
Mos Shipping Co., Ltd. (“Mos”), following a jury trial, and the district court’s order
denying Price’s Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(a) motion for a new trial. Mos cross-appeals,
challenging the district court’s orders denying its pretrial motion for summary judgment
and granting the pretrial motion in limine and motions for summary judgment filed by
third-party defendant Rukert Terminals Corporation. For the reasons that follow, we affirm
the district court’s judgment.
In Price’s appeal, Price first argues that the district court abused its discretion in
denying his Rule 59(a) motion. “We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s denial
of a motion for new trial, and will not reverse such a decision save in the most exceptional
circumstances.” Bunn v. Oldendorff Carriers GmbH & Co. KG, 723 F.3d 454, 468 (4th
Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). “We commit this decision to the district
court because the district judge is in a position to see and hear the witnesses” and “may
weigh evidence and assess credibility in ruling on a motion for a new trial.” Bristol Steel
& Iron Works v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 41 F.3d 182, 186 (4th Cir. 1994) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Because Price did not make a Fed. R. Civ. P. 50 motion for judgment as
a matter of law at the conclusion of the evidence, our review of the court’s order denying
his Rule 59(a) motion “is exceedingly confined.” Minter v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 762
F.3d 339, 348 (4th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). We may consider only
“whether there was any evidence to support the jury’s verdict, irrespective of its
sufficiency, or whether plain error was committed which, if not noticed, would result in a
3
manifest miscarriage of justice.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). “What is at issue
is whether there was an absolute absence of evidence to support the jury’s verdict.” Bristol
Steel, 41 F.3d at 187 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Price, a former longshore worker, alleged that, due to Mos’ negligence, he was
severely and permanently injured while unloading freight in the hold of Mos’ ship, the M/V
VALGA, when a forklift being operated by another longshore worker fell through an
unprotected hatch in the deck above Price and struck him. The parties do not dispute that
Price’s claim arises under 33 U.S.C. § 905(b) (2012) of the Longshore and Harbor
Workers’ Compensation Act (LHWCA), 33 U.S.C. §§ 901-950 (2012). As relevant to that
provision, a vessel owner owes three general duties to longshore workers: (1) the “turnover
duty”; (2) the “active control duty”; and (3) the “duty to intervene.” Bunn, 723 F.3d at
460-61 (internal quotation marks omitted); see Howlett v. Birkdale Shipping Co., S.A., 512
U.S. 92, 97 (1994) (construing Scindia Steam Navigation Co., Ltd. v. De Los Santos
(‘Scindia’), 451 U.S. 156 (1981)). Only the active control duty and duty to intervene are
relevant here.
Under the active control duty, a vessel owner is liable if it either “actively involves
itself in the cargo operations and negligently injures a longshoreman” or “fails to exercise
due care to avoid exposing longshoremen to harm from hazards that they may encounter
in areas, or from equipment, under the active control of the vessel during the stevedoring
operation.” Scindia, 451 U.S. at 167; see Gravatt v. City of New York, 226 F.3d 108, 121
(2d Cir. 2000); England v. Reinauer Transp. Cos., LP, 194 F.3d 265, 270 (1st Cir. 1999).
As we have observed, the mere “presence of an officer of the ship’s crew [does not]
4
constitute ‘active involvement’ in discharge operations within the meaning of Scindia.”
Bonds v. Mortensen & Lange, 717 F.2d 123, 127 n.4 (4th Cir. 1983). Instead, the active
control duty “recognizes that although a vessel owner no longer retains the primary
responsibility for safety in a work area turned over to an independent contractor, no such
cession results as relates to areas or equipment over which the vessel’s crew retains
operational control.” Manuel v. Cameron Offshore Boats, Inc., 103 F.3d 31, 34 (5th Cir.
1997).
With respect to the duty to intervene, “absent contract provision, positive law, or
custom to the contrary,” a vessel owner generally “owes no duty to the longshoremen to
inspect or supervise the cargo operations,” Scindia, 451 U.S. at 172, and may rely on the
judgement of the stevedore to avoid exposing longshore workers to unreasonable risks of
harm, id. at 172, 175. However, the vessel owner cannot reasonably assume that the
stevedore will remedy a problem, and thus incurs a duty “to intervene and stop unloading
operations,” when the vessel owner knows that “the stevedore’s judgment in carrying out
his tasks is ‘obviously improvident’” under the circumstances. Bonds, 717 F.2d at 127(quoting Scindia, 451 U.S. at 175-76). The vessel owner violates the duty to intervene if
he “fails to intervene in the stevedore’s operations when he has actual knowledge” that
both: (1) a hazardous condition exists; and (2) “the stevedore, in the exercise of obviously
improvident judgment means to work on in the face of it and therefore cannot be relied on
to remedy it.” Manson Gulf, LLC v. Modern Am. Recycling Serv., Inc., 878 F.3d 130, 134
(5th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted); see In re Buchanan Marine, L.P., 874
F.3d 356, 365 (2d Cir. 2017), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 1442 (2018). “If the shipowner may
5
reasonably believe, despite its own knowledge of the danger, that the stevedore will act to
avoid the dangerous conditions, the owner cannot be said to have been negligent,” as “the
decision whether a condition imposes an unreasonable risk of harm to longshoremen is a
matter of judgment committed to the stevedore in the first instance.” Hodges v. Evisea
Mar. Co., S.A., 801 F.2d 678, 687 (4th Cir. 1986) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Our review of the record leads us to conclude that the district court committed no
abuse of discretion in denying Rule 59(a) relief.1 The undisputed evidence established that
Mos, through VALGA crewmember Alexander Nosov, maintained active control over the
cargo elevator that was lowered to produce the hatch opening through which the errant
forklift fell. However, it also is undisputed that the accident did not take place in the
context of matters over which Nosov clearly exercised control—the movement of the
elevator and the condition of its platform—but instead during stevedoring operations on
the deck after the cargo was unloaded from the elevator. The trial record contained at least
some evidence to support a finding that Nosov had no involvement or control over this
portion of the stevedoring operation. His presence as an observer of those operations is
insufficient to trigger the active control duty. See Bonds, 717 F.2d at 127 n.4.
Moreover, even assuming, without deciding, that Nosov had some duty to use due
care to ensure that the longshore workers operating forklifts in the immediate vicinity of
1
In both of his arguments on appeal, Price relies in part on a footnote in the district
court’s pretrial order granting summary judgment to Atlantic Ro-Ro Carriers, Inc. We find
Price’s reliance on this footnote misplaced, in view of the disparate issues, record, and
standard of review at issue in resolving that pretrial motion.
6
the elevator did not fall through the unprotected opening, the record also contains evidence
to support a finding that the forklift operators were acting with reasonable care in light of
their speed and location and the condition of the deck surface, and thus that Nosov did not
act unreasonably in failing to remediate their operations. The record also provided support
for a finding that the stevedore’s actions in continuing operations was not “obviously
improvident,” and thus that Nosov was entitled to rely on the longshore workers’ judgment
as to whether cargo operations could be conducted safely. See Manson Gulf, 878 F.3d at
134; Hodges, 801 F.2d at 683-84; Bonds, 717 F.2d at 127. Price also identifies no
circumstances giving rise to a manifest miscarriage of justice. Thus, we conclude that the
district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Rule 59(a) relief.
Price also contends that the district court abused its discretion in admitting the
evidence of Mos’ expert witness, Walter Curran. 2 We review for abuse of discretion the
district court’s decision to admit expert testimony. Anderson v. Westinghouse Savannah
River Co., 406 F.3d 248, 260 (4th Cir. 2005); see Belk, Inc. v. Meyer Corp., U.S., 679 F.3d
146, 161 (4th Cir. 2012) (describing standard). Expert testimony is admissible if it
concerns “scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge” and “will help the trier of
fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.” See Fed. R. Evid. 702(a).
In evaluating the admissibility of expert testimony, courts must “act as gatekeepers to
2
Although Mos argues that Price failed to properly preserve his challenge to
Curran’s testimony, Mos is mistaken. The district court’s denial of Price’s motion in limine
sufficiently preserved his challenge to Curran’s testimony without the need for additional
objection at trial. United States v. Ruhe, 191 F.3d 376, 383 n.4 (4th Cir. 1999); see Fed.
R. Evid. 103(b).
7
ensure that expert testimony is relevant and reliable.” Bresler v. Wilmington Tr. Co., 855
F.3d 178, 195 (4th Cir.) (internal quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 470(2017); see Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 588 (1993).
Price effectively argues that Curran’s testimony was not reliable or relevant because
he was permitted to testify that Nosov had no duties under Scindia, and his testimony was
both inconsistent with evidence presented at trial and confusing to the jury. While a court
may abuse its discretion in admitting an expert opinion that conflicts directly with
uncontroverted evidence of record, Tyger Constr. Co. v. Pensacola Constr. Co., 29 F.3d
137, 143 (4th Cir. 1994), Curran’s testimony did not suffer from such a conflict. To the
extent Curran’s testimony conflicted with some of the disputed evidence of record,
“questions regarding the factual underpinnings of the expert witness’ opinion affect the
weight and credibility of the witness’ assessment, not its admissibility.” Bresler, 855 F.3d
at 195 (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted). The district court properly
allowed these disputes to be tested through “[v]igorous cross-examination, presentation of
contrary evidence, and careful instruction on the burden of proof.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at
596. And while “evidence that has a greater potential to mislead than to enlighten should
be excluded,” Westberry v. Gislaved Gummi AB, 178 F.3d 257, 261 (4th Cir. 1999), we
conclude that Curran’s testimony was not misleading or unduly confusing to the jury. We
therefore find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s admission of this evidence.
Because we affirm the district court’s judgment in Mos’ favor, we dismiss as moot
Mos’ cross-appeal of the court’s pretrial orders. We dispense with oral argument because
8
the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this court
and argument would not aid the decisional process.
No. 17-2101, AFFIRMED;
No. 17-2167, DISMISSED
9