United States v. Ralph Jackson

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 12-6756
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
RALPH LEON JACKSON,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western
District of Virginia, at Harrisonburg. Samuel G. Wilson,
District Judge. (5:10-cr-00026-SGW-RSB-1; 5:12-cv-80410-SGW-
RSB)
Argued: December 10, 2013 Decided: February 7, 2014
Before TRAXLER, Chief Judge, and WILKINSON and DAVIS, Circuit
Judges.
Vacated and remanded by unpublished per curiam opinion. Judge
Wilkinson wrote a dissenting opinion.
ARGUED: Robert Leonard Littlehale, III, PAUL, WEISS, RIFKIND,
WHARTON & GARRISON LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellant.
Anthony Paul Giorno, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY,
Roanoke, Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Molissa Farber,
PAUL, WEISS, RIFKIND, WHARTON & GARRISON LLP, Washington, D.C.,
for Appellant. Timothy J. Heaphy, United States Attorney,
Jordan McKay, Special Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE
OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Roanoke, Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
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PER CURIAM:
Ralph Leon Jackson, a federal prisoner, appeals the
district court’s order summarily denying relief on his pro se 28
U.S.C. § 2255 motion in district court, in which he asserted,
inter alia, that his legal counsel provided ineffective
assistance by failing to advise him properly with regard to his
guilty plea. For the following reasons, we vacate the district
court’s order and remand for further proceedings.
I.
In November 2010, a federal grand jury returned a five-
count superseding indictment charging Jackson with assaulting
Christina Shay Floyd with intent to commit murder, in violation
of 18 U.S.C. §§ 7(3), 113(a)(1) (“Count One); assaulting Floyd
with a dangerous weapon with intent to do bodily harm, and
without just cause or excuse, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 7(3),
113(a)(3) (“Count Two”); willfully, deliberately, maliciously,
and with premeditation and malice aforethought, killing Timothy
Phillip Davis by shooting him with a firearm, in violation of 18
U.S.C. §§ 7(3), 1111(a) (“Count Four”); and two counts of using,
carrying, and discharging a firearm, during and in relation to
crimes of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)
(“Count Three” and “Count Five”). Count Five specifically
alleged that, in committing that § 924(c) violation, Jackson did
unlawfully kill Davis through the use of a firearm, and that the
3
killing constituted murder under § 1111(a), in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 924(j).
All of the charges stemmed from Jackson’s senseless
shooting of Davis and Floyd, whom he did not know, while they
were parked at a look-out point on the Blue Ridge Parkway in
Virginia on April 5, 2010. The statement of facts submitted in
conjunction with Jackson’s plea agreement sets forth a detailed
description of the events that occurred that day. By way of
summary, Davis and Floyd were sitting together on a wooden
guardrail that separated the overlook’s parking lot from the
National Forest. Jackson drove his vehicle into the parking
area and, approximately fifteen minutes later, fired a shotgun
and mortally wounded Davis. According to Floyd, Jackson then
got out of the vehicle and fired a second shot that hit her.
Jackson then engaged in a physical struggle with Floyd, dropping
his gun at some point. Floyd managed to get away from Jackson,
and ended up approximately six feet below the guardrail.
Jackson then proceeded to throw rocks down at Floyd, causing her
to suffer two skull fractures and a broken finger. At some
point, Jackson returned to retrieve his gun and Floyd took that
opportunity to climb back up the hill to the Parkway. A passing
motorist and his wife took the blood-drenched Floyd into their
vehicle and brought her to safety. Jackson fled the scene.
Shortly thereafter, responding emergency personnel located Davis
4
several hundred feet below the guardrail. He was airlifted to
the hospital, but died several days later.
Upon his arrest, Jackson admitted purchasing the shotgun
approximately one week before the shooting, and admitted
shooting Davis and Floyd. In his defense, Jackson claimed that
he believed that Davis and Floyd were his son-in-law and
daughter, and that he thought Davis was “f------ with [his]
daughter.” J.A. 64. Jackson claimed that he shot at Davis
after Davis looked at him a few times and that he only realized
that Floyd and Davis were not his daughter and son-in-law when
he exited his vehicle. He stated “that he tried to grab . . .
Floyd, but that she ran[,] and that there was a struggle, but
she got away.” J.A. 64. He stated that he fired the shotgun
twice. He denied throwing rocks at Floyd and denied touching
Davis after he shot him.
At his legal counsel’s request, Jackson was evaluated by a
psychiatrist, Dr. Bruce J. Cohen. According to Dr. Cohen’s
report, Jackson thought Davis and Floyd were his son-in-law and
daughter, and that his son-in-law “sneer[ed] at him while also
pulling his daughter’s top down and groping her.” J.A. 224.
Jackson then “stuck his rifle out the window and fired at the
individual whom he perceived to be his son-in-law in order to
‘burn him’ with birdshot, but not to kill him.” J.A. 224. Dr.
5
Cohen goes on to relate the story, as told to him by Jackson, as
follows:
After the man fell, the woman yelled at him and upon
hearing her voice, he realized that she was not, in
fact, his daughter. She was headed toward the cliff
and he jumped out of his car and ran toward her to
stop her from going over it. She fought him and asked
him what he was doing. “I said, ‘I don’t know, I’m
crazy,’ because I realized what I’d done.” They
struggled and she scratched him and ultimately pulled
his shirt off and then started down the cliff. [He]
threw rocks down at her, “Not to hurt her, but to
direct her away from the cliff’s edge.” A vehicle
then pulled up and she got in and he fired a round “up
in the air, over the car,” because he thought it was a
park warden in the car and that they are instructed
not to get into armed confrontations and that this
would make him drive away. He denied ever having
directly shot at the woman, and he stated that he only
recalled having fired two shots, the first one being
at the man, and the second one being over the car.
J.A. 224.
Based largely on the reports of Jackson and his family
members, Dr. Cohen expressed the following opinion regarding
Jackson’s mental state at the time of the shooting:
Mr. Jackson clearly has a history [of] chronic poly-
substance dependence, which had escalated
significantly in the weeks leading up to the present
offense. His judgment and thinking were impaired,
along with a decrease in work attendance and
motivation, likely attributable to this increasing
substance usage. He apparently has no prior history
of violent or aggressive behaviors and he has had a
stable employment and social history. While we do not
find evidence of an underlying psychiatric illness
such as depression, bipolar disorder, or
schizophrenia, or a medical illness leading to changes
in mental status, he does appear to have been impaired
at the time of the offense, likely due to a
combination of intoxication and emotional distress.
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J.A. 128.
In return for the government declining to seek the death
penalty and dismissing Count Two, Jackson agreed to plead guilty
to Counts One, Three, Four and Five, and accept a sentence of
life imprisonment. The court accepted the guilty plea and
sentenced Jackson to life imprisonment plus 420 months
(consisting of 240 months on Count One and life on Count Four
(concurrent), and 120 months on Count Three and 300 months on
Count 5 (consecutive)). No appeal was filed.
II.
Jackson filed this pro se motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255,
seeking to vacate his guilty plea and proceed to trial on the
original charges. In his accompanying pleadings, Jackson
reiterated that he believed Davis and Floyd were his son-in-law
and daughter, that he “snapped” when Davis “exposed [Floyd’s]
breasts . . . in an indecent manner, and turned and sneered at”
him, and that he “took a shot at [the man he believed was his
son-in-law] to scare him,” but not “to kill him, or even hit
him.” J.A. 110. According to Jackson, he “does not [otherwise]
have a clear recall of the actual event.” J.A. 111.
Read quite liberally, the thrust of Jackson’s motion is
that his legal counsel was aware, through Jackson’s statements
and Dr. Cohen’s opinions, that he was impaired at the time of
the killing and that this evidence would have been admissible at
7
trial to rebut the government’s evidence that Jackson had the
requisite specific intent to commit first degree murder.
Jackson argues that counsel should have formulated a defense on
this basis rather than recommending that he plead guilty for a
sentence of life imprisonment. Instead, Jackson contends that
his counsel erroneously told him that his intoxication was not a
defense to the charges against him. See J.A. 82 (“Counsel said
it was not a mitigating factor and could not be raised in trial
or before the court.”); J.A. 105 (“Counsel advised movant that a
mental defense of mental impairment wasn’t allowed in federal
court.”). Jackson further argues that, had he known that his
voluntary intoxication could have been submitted to rebut the
government’s evidence of specific intent, and reduce his first
degree murder to a lesser offense, he would have rejected the
plea offer and proceeded to trial. Without waiting for a
response from the government to the § 2255 motion, the district
court summarily denied Jackson’s motion as frivolous.
III.
A.
Rule 4(b) of the Rules Governing Section 2255 Proceedings
authorizes a district court to summarily dismiss a claim without
obtaining a response from the Government, but only “[i]f it
plainly appears from the motion, any attached exhibits, and the
record of prior proceedings that the moving party is not
8
entitled to relief.” Rules Governing Section 2255 Proceedings
for the United States District Courts, Rule 4(b). Otherwise,
the district court shall order the government to file a response
or take other appropriate action. See id.; 28 U.S.C. § 2255(b)
(“Unless the motion and the files and records of the case
conclusively show that the prisoner is entitled to no relief,
the court shall cause notice thereof to be served upon the
United States attorney, grant a prompt hearing thereon,
determine the issues and make findings of fact and conclusions
of law with respect thereto.”); see also United States v. Dyess,
730 F.3d 354, 359 (4th Cir. 2013) (noting that “vague and
conclusory allegations contained in a § 2255 petition may be
disposed of without further investigation by the District
Court”) (internal quotation marks omitted); cf. Raines v. United
States, 423 F.2d 526, 529 (4th Cir. 1970) (“Where the files and
records conclusively show that the prisoner is entitled to no
relief, summary dismissal is appropriate. If the petition be
frivolous or patently absurd on its face, entry of dismissal may
be made on the court’s own motion without even the necessity of
requiring a responsive pleading from the government.”).
However, as we long ago recognized, “[i]n most cases, . . .
the better practice would be to require, at the very least, a
responsive pleading so that United States attorneys may be
afforded the opportunity to state the government’s position and
9
sometimes, as not infrequently occurs, to admit the merit or
veracity of some or all of the petitioner’s assertions.”
Raines, 423 F.2d at 529. And, of course, when evaluating the
pleadings, evidence, and record, we must view the facts in the
light most favorable to the petitioner. See United States v.
Poindexter, 492 F.3d 263, 267 (4th Cir. 2007).
In this case, we granted a limited certificate of
appealability on the issue of whether the district court erred
in ruling that Jackson’s counsel was not constitutionally
deficient in advising Jackson that evidence of his voluntary
intoxication would not be admissible, pursuant to United States
v. Worrell, 313 F.3d 867 (4th Cir. 2002), to establish that he
lacked the requisite specific intent to commit first degree
murder. We denied a certificate of appealability as to the
other claims raised in Jackson’s informal brief, and we
appointed counsel to represent Jackson on his appeal. At
appointed counsel’s request, we also granted Jackson’s motion to
expand the COA to include as an issue whether Jackson’s counsel
was also constitutionally deficient in advising Jackson that
evidence of his voluntary intoxication would not be admissible
to establish that he lacked the specific intent to commit
assault with intent to commit murder.
To succeed on his Sixth Amendment claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel, Jackson must demonstrate that: (1)
10
counsel’s failures fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness; and (2) counsel’s deficient performance was
prejudicial. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687
(1984). In Hill v. Lockhart, the Supreme Court held that “the
two-part Strickland v. Washington test applies to challenges to
guilty pleas based on ineffective assistance of counsel.” 474
U.S. 52, 58 (1985). “[I]n order to satisfy the ‘prejudice’
requirement [in the guilty plea context], the [petitioner] must
show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would
have insisted on going to trial.” Id. at 59. To be sure,
“[s]urmounting Strickland’s high bar is never an easy task.
Moreover, to obtain relief on this type of claim, a petitioner
must convince the court that a decision to reject the plea
bargain would have been rational under the circumstances.”
Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 371-72 (2010) (citations
omitted).
As the district court correctly observed, under the
Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984, 18 U.S.C. § 17, (“IDRA”),
“voluntary intoxication is not . . . an affirmative defense” to
a murder charge. J.A. 144. However, the “IDRA does not
prohibit psychiatric evidence of a mental condition short of
insanity when such evidence is offered purely to rebut the
11
government’s evidence of specific intent, although such cases
will be rare.” Worrell, 313 F.3d at 874.
In its order sua sponte denying Jackson’s § 2255 motion,
the district court found no error in counsel’s purported advice
regarding the admissibility of evidence of Jackson’s voluntary
intoxication as relevant to the government’s evidence of
Jackson’s specific intent to commit murder, and found no
prejudice from the purported advice. On the present record,
however, we cannot affirm the district court’s legal
conclusions. See id.; see also United States v. Darby, 37 F.3d
1059, 1064 (4th Cir. 1994) (discussing general intent verses
specific intent crimes and noting that “defenses such as
diminished mental capacity and voluntary intoxication are viable
only for specific intent crimes, because such defenses directly
negate the required intent element of those crimes”) (footnote
omitted). Indeed, while the government argues that such
evidence would have been an unlikely winner at a jury trial and
that Jackson could have still faced a possible death sentence if
convicted of second degree murder, the government admits that
the evidence would have been admissible to refute the specific
intent necessary to obtain a first degree murder conviction.
Setting aside for the moment the obvious question of
whether such a defense would have been a good one from a
strategic point of view in light of the facts known and admitted
12
to at the time, therefore, it does appear that the defense might
have been an available one. However, it is premature at this
point to render a determination as to whether Jackson’s counsel
was constitutionally deficient or, if so, whether Jackson was
prejudiced as a result of counsel’s advice. There are a number
of factual inconsistencies between the stipulated facts
pertaining to the shootings that day, Dr. Cohen’s report of
Jackson’s version of the facts, and Jackson’s more recent
factual representations regarding the events of the day and, in
particular, what he now purports to recall about them. Also,
because the district court denied the petition before obtaining
a response from the government, there is nothing in the record
from trial counsel as to what conversations took place between
him and Jackson, what advice counsel did or did not provide
Jackson regarding the general admissibility of the evidence of
his voluntary intoxication, and what advice counsel may or may
not have provided regarding the practical viability of such a
strategy in light of the government’s evidence and Jackson’s
admissions.
B.
Our colleague in dissent describes a view of this case in
which we need not evaluate the performance prong of Strickland
at all because the lack of any prejudice is so clear. And in
13
the end, his belief that there was no prejudice may prove to be
correct.
Nevertheless, the as-yet uncontested, sworn allegations are
that Jackson pled guilty to first degree murder and accepted a
sentence of life imprisonment because his counsel erroneously
advised him, in response to his specific inquiry, that evidence
of his intoxication and mental distress was not admissible in
federal court to reduce the first degree murder charge to a
lesser-included offense, or to otherwise mitigate his actions.
He likewise avers that had he been accurately advised, he would
have rejected the plea and insisted on going to trial. There is
no evidence, at this point, that Jackson’s primary motivation in
taking the guilty plea was to avoid the death penalty at all
costs. In fact, the government has represented that the plea
agreement was negotiated “[w]hile the Attorney General was
considering whether to authorize the United States Attorney to
seek the death penalty.” Appellee’s Brief at 2 (emphasis
added). Clearly, the plea agreement contemplated that Jackson’s
guilty plea to first degree murder was conditioned upon the
AUSA’s ability to obtain the Attorney General’s agreement not to
authorize death as a potential punishment for the crime. And,
of course, Jackson would have been free to withdraw his guilty
plea to first-degree murder if the Attorney General decided to
the contrary. But this quid-pro-quo agreement cannot be viewed
14
in isolation from counsel’s alleged erroneous representation
that Jackson had no defense to the first-degree murder charge,
no hope at all of obtaining a conviction to a lesser included
offense, and nothing to gain but the removal of the threat of
death as a potential punishment. Thus, we can envision an
argument that Jackson, had he known that the evidence was
admissible, might have rejected the plea and hoped for the
possibility that the Attorney General would decline to authorize
the death penalty and that he would ultimately receive a less-
than-life sentence. Again, we express no view as the ultimate
merits of Jackson’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim.
However, viewing the present record in the light most favorable
to Jackson, we are unprepared to say that a decision to reject
the plea agreement and proceed to trial would have been an
irrational one on Jackson’s part, see Padilla, 559 U.S. at 372,
or that Jackson’s § 2255 claim is “frivolous or patently absurd
on its face,” Raines, 423 F.2d at 529. Rather than summary
dismissal, the better practice is to return Jackson’s § 2255
motion to the district court for a response and, if necessary,
an evidentiary hearing.
C.
To be sure, this was a terrible event, and we in no way
seek to diminish the atrocity that occurred that day. However,
in the absence of a fully developed record below, we simply
15
cannot fairly evaluate whether Jackson’s counsel’s performance
fell below an objective standard of reasonableness or, even if
it did, whether Jackson was prejudiced as a result.
Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s order denying
Jackson’s § 2255 motion and remand this case to the district
court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
VACATED AND REMANDED
16
WILKINSON, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
Counsel here may well have spared his client the death
penalty. He may well have saved his life. For that, the
attorney should not be hung on an ineffective assistance of
counsel claim. I would affirm the judgment and respectfully
dissent.
I.
For many years, couples young and old have pulled their
vehicles off the Blue Ridge Parkway onto a scenic overlook and
watched their affections glow in the shadows of Virginia’s
beautiful Blue Ridge Mountains. For that joyful and wholly
innocent activity, one member of the couple here paid with his
life. The other was seriously injured, and scarred for the rest
of hers.
Counsel was presented with a perfectly dreadful case.
There was no question of innocence. No one disputes that
Jackson committed heinous crimes. According to the stipulation
of facts agreed to by Jackson as part of his plea, Jackson shot
Davis at least twice with a shotgun, ultimately killing him.
Davis fell over the guardrail and Jackson fired again, this time
hitting Floyd and causing one of her lungs to collapse. To this
day Floyd has eight shotgun pellets lodged in her back. Even
after Jackson realized that Floyd was not his daughter –- his
purported reason for attacking Davis -- he continued to struggle
17
with her, causing her to fall to the ledge approximately half a
story below. Jackson blocked Floyd’s attempt to escape and then
threw rocks at her, causing two skull fractures and a broken
finger. According to witnesses, when Floyd escaped in the
vehicle that rescued her, Jackson fired at it. These are the
facts counsel was left with to do the best he could.
The legal standards applicable to this case are well
established. The two-part performance and prejudice test of
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984), applies to
ineffective assistance of counsel challenges to guilty pleas.
Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 58 (1985). As the Supreme Court
has emphasized, it’s enough, and often preferable, to say there
wasn’t prejudice in rejecting a Strickland claim. See
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697; see also Hill, 474 U.S. at 60
(rejecting a plea-bargaining Strickland claim on prejudice
grounds without analyzing performance).
Although the prejudice prong turns on whether “there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel's errors, [the
defendant] would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted
on going to trial,” Hill, 474 U.S. at 59, the “petitioner must
convince the court that a decision to reject the plea bargain
would have been rational under the circumstances,” Padilla v.
Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 372 (2010). These inquiries will often
be determined by the counterfactual trial outcome: “[W]here the
18
alleged error of counsel is a failure to advise the defendant of
a potential . . . defense to the crime charged, the resolution
of the ‘prejudice’ inquiry will depend largely on whether the
. . . defense likely would have succeeded at trial.” Hill, 474
U.S. at 59. And, as in the ordinary Strickland case, the trial
outcome is to be determined “objectively, without regard for the
‘idiosyncrasies of the particular decisionmaker.’” Id. at 60
(quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695).
Given the horrific facts of this case, a better outcome
than that which Jackson received was highly unlikely, and thus
equally unlikely would have been Jackson’s decision to go to
trial. Not only were the facts as unsympathetic as they could
possibly have been, but counsel undoubtedly recognized that
pressing Jackson’s sole defense of “voluntary intoxication” was
unlikely to gain traction. Voluntary intoxication is well known
to be a weak defense to present to a jury, both because it is
voluntary and, in this case, even after Jackson was fully aware
that he knew none of the people involved, he continued to visit
mayhem upon them. The chances that a trial would have produced
a better outcome than the plea bargain did were slim to none.
Moreover, the chances of a worse outcome were clearly
present. Jackson would have been eligible for the death
sentence upon a conviction of first-degree murder. 18 U.S.C.
§ 1111(b). A lot of times prosecutors bluff with the death
19
penalty in order to get a plea of life imprisonment. Given
these facts, however, there is reason to believe that the
prosecution was not bluffing, and that counsel acted wisely in
getting the death penalty off the table. In sum, a more lenient
disposition than that in the plea agreement was unlikely and a
stricter disposition was hardly implausible.
Even if Jackson is correct that a defense of voluntary
intoxication would have lowered the conviction from first- to
second-degree murder, he would still have faced the prospect of
a death sentence. 18 U.S.C. § 924(j)(1) clearly provides that
any “murder (as defined in [18 U.S.C. §] 1111)” caused “through
the use of a firearm” in the course of violating § 924(c) may be
“punished by death or by imprisonment for any term of years or
for life.” Section 1111(a) defines murder as being one of two
types: first or second degree. Section 924(c)(1)(A), under
which the government charged Jackson and to which he pled
guilty, criminalizes the use of a firearm “during and in
relation to any crime of violence.” Thus, as we have
recognized, the law clearly permits “the enhanced punishment
provided for under . . . § 924(j)(1)” for second-degree murder.
United States v. Williams, 342 F.3d 350, 356 (4th Cir. 2003).
This conclusion is supported by the Eleventh Circuit’s
careful analysis in United States v. Julian, 633 F.3d 1250 (11th
Cir. 2011). Julian held that “[t]he main point of section
20
924(j) is to extend the death penalty to second-degree murders
that occur in the course of violations of section 924(c).”
Julian, 633 F.3d at 1256. In coming to this conclusion, the
Eleventh Circuit examined the heading of that section of the
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 that added
§ 924(j): “Death Penalty for Gun Murders During Federal Crimes
of Violence and Drug Trafficking Crimes.” Pub. L. 103-322,
§ 60013, 108 Stat. 1796, 1973. Given the statutory text and
this clear indication of congressional intent, I can see no
error in the district court’s reasoning that Jackson would still
have been death eligible had he been convicted of the second-
degree murder charge he now asks us to let him face at trial.
If convicted of second- or first-degree murder -- as is
highly probable considering the gruesome and largely uncontested
facts of the case -- Jackson could have been sentenced to death
under at least three of the gateway mental states in 18 U.S.C.
§ 3591(a)(2). There is more than enough evidence to conclude,
even in the face of a voluntary-intoxication defense, that
Jackson intended to kill Davis, see 18 U.S.C. § 3591(a)(2)(A);
intentionally inflicted serious bodily injury that resulted in
Davis’s death, see id. § 3591(a)(2)(B); or “intentionally and
specifically engaged in an act of violence [shooting at Davis],
knowing that the act created a grave risk of death to a person
. . . such that participation in the act constituted a reckless
21
disregard for human life and the victim died as a direct result
of the act,” id. § 3591(a)(2)(D). Although Jackson argues that,
on the balance of aggravating and mitigating factors in 18
U.S.C. § 3592, no jury could have sentenced him to death, this
wishful thinking ignores the heinous and degenerate nature of
Jackson’s crime. Importantly, this balancing test would be the
same were Jackson convicted of second- or first-degree murder.
During Jackson’s Rule 11 plea colloquy, the court made sure
that Jackson understood that the government would not seek the
death penalty on the first-degree murder charge and that Jackson
would instead be sentenced to life in prison on his guilty plea.
The court also twice confirmed that Jackson was “fully satisfied
with the counsel, representation and advice given to [him] in
this case by [his] attorneys.” Throughout, Jackson never
exhibited any hesitation or second thoughts about pleading
guilty. Given that “in the absence of extraordinary
circumstances, the truth of sworn statements made during a Rule
11 colloquy is conclusively established,” United States v.
Lemaster, 403 F.3d 216, 221-22 (4th Cir. 2005), Jackson’s
conduct in his Rule 11 colloquy taken together with his plea
bargain make clear that his primary motivation for pleading
guilty was to avoid the death penalty. Moreover, I cannot
accept the argument that because Jackson was 57-years old at the
time of his plea bargain, he may have been willing to roll the
22
dice and face a possible death penalty at trial. A reasonable
person of even an advanced age still values his life.
The majority advances the odd hypothesis that, because the
Attorney General had not yet decided whether to authorize the
death penalty in this case at the time Jackson agreed to the
plea bargain, “[t]here is no evidence, at this point, that
Jackson’s primary motivation in taking the guilty plea was to
avoid the death penalty at all costs.” Maj. op. at 14. On the
contrary, the evidence is clearly there in the text of the plea
agreement itself. The only plea provision –- set, no less, in
all caps -- that would explicitly allow Jackson to withdraw his
plea to first-degree murder was if the government sought the
death penalty. The agreement reads:
It is further agreed that if I comply with my
obligations under the plea agreement, the United
States will not seek the death penalty as to any death
eligible charge to which I have pled guilty. IT IS
EXPRESSLY AGREED AND UNDERSTOOD THAT THE DECISION TO
SEEK OR NOT SEEK THE DEATH PENALTY IS SOLELY IN THE
DISCRETION OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED
STATES AND THE AGREEMENT NOT TO SEEK THE DEATH PENALTY
IS CONDITIONED UPON HIS WRITTEN APPROVAL. IF SUCH
APPROVAL IS NOT GRANTED, THE UNITED STATES AND I AGREE
THAT I MAY WITHDRAW MY PLEA OF GUILTY TO ANY DEATH
ELIGIBLE COUNT SET FORTH IN THE SUPERSEDING INDICTMENT
AND PROCEED TO TRIAL ON SUCH COUNTS. J.A. 22.
While the majority speculates what the government might or
might not have done at a trial, the defendant decided not to
take that risk. A critical purpose of a plea agreement is to
limit downside risk. That was done. In other words, the very
23
lynchpin of the plea agreement was that Jackson would be spared
a possible death sentence. The reality -– as opposed to the
majority’s speculation –- is that the government did not seek a
capital sentence and let the plea agreement stand.
II.
Although we need not reach the performance prong, in this
case there is some overlap between prejudice and performance,
because the result that was achieved was realistically a good
one. As for the performance prong, had the lawyer persuaded his
client to go to trial, and a poor outcome ensued, we would have
another ineffective assistance of counsel claim before us: that
counsel performed deficiently in not properly advising his
client to accept the plea. This darned-if-you-do/darned-if-you-
don’t situation is one in which ineffective claims are the least
justifiable, because they illustrate the perils of applying
hindsight bias to permissible strategic choices. See Premo v.
Moore, 131 S. Ct. 733, 741 (2011).
Jackson today is not on death row. The lawyer did his job.
Jackson received a considerable benefit and buyer’s remorse
should not be dressed in the garb of an ineffective assistance
of counsel claim. While the majority recognizes that the
district court was permitted by law to dismiss Jackson’s
petition without obtaining a response from the government or
holding a hearing, it proposes just such proceedings and argues
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that they would be “better practice.” Maj. op. at 15. But a
response and a hearing are only needed where there is something
to respond to or be heard. Under Strickland, there is no
reasonable probability that Jackson or any reasonable defendant
would have gone to trial had he been told that voluntary
intoxication was a possible defense to first-degree murder. The
district court did not err in dismissing the petition, and I
would affirm its judgment.
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