United States v. Dean Walker

PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 16-4367
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
DEAN WASHINGTON WALKER,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, at
Columbia. Cameron McGowan Currie, Senior District Judge. (3:15-cr-00827-CMC-1)
Argued: March 24, 2017 Decided: May 24, 2017
Before TRAXLER and WYNN, Circuit Judges, and DAVIS, Senior Circuit Judge.
Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Traxler wrote the opinion, in which Judge Wynn
and Senior Judge Davis joined.
ARGUED: Kimberly Harvey Albro, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC
DEFENDER, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellant. William E. Day, II, OFFICE OF
THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Florence, South Carolina, for Appellee. ON
BRIEF: Beth Drake, Acting United States Attorney, Jimmie Ewing, Assistant United
States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Columbia, South
Carolina, for Appellee.
TRAXLER, Circuit Judge:
Dean Washington Walker, a native of Jamaica, pleaded guilty to illegal re-entry
after being convicted of an aggravated felony. See 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2). At sentencing,
the district court concluded that Walker’s prior drug conviction in Ohio qualified as a
“drug trafficking offense,” and the district court therefore applied the 16-level
enhancement called for by the then-current version of U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(i)
(2015). With the 16-level enhancement, Walker’s offense level was 21, which, when
combined with his category III criminal history, yielded an advisory sentencing range of
46-57 months. The district court varied downward and sentenced Walker to 30 months’
imprisonment.
Walker appeals, challenging only the application of the 16-level enhancement.
Finding no error, we affirm.
I.
To determine whether a prior conviction qualifies as a predicate offense under §
2L1.2, we apply the categorical approach, comparing the elements of the underlying
offense to the federal definition. See, e.g., United States v. Alfaro, 835 F.3d 470, 472 (4th
Cir. 2016). If the elements of the underlying offense “correspond[] in substance” to the
federal definition, Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 599 (1990), the underlying
offense categorically qualifies for the enhancement.
In 2004, Walker pleaded guilty to a charge of drug trafficking under Ohio law.
The statute under which he was convicted states:
2
No person shall knowingly . . . [p]repare for shipment, ship, transport,
deliver, prepare for distribution, or distribute a controlled substance or a
controlled substance analog, when the offender knows or has reasonable
cause to believe that the controlled substance or a controlled substance
analog is intended for sale or resale by the offender or another person.
Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2925.03(A)(2).
At the time of Walker’s sentencing, U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 provided for a 16-level
enhancement in illegal entry cases where the defendant was deported after “a conviction
for a felony that is . . . a drug trafficking offense for which the sentence imposed
exceeded 13 months.” U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(i) (2015). 1 The Commentary to §
2L1.2 defined “drug trafficking offense” as
an offense under federal, state, or local law that prohibits the manufacture,
import, export, distribution, or dispensing of, or offer to sell a controlled
substance (or a counterfeit substance) or the possession of a controlled
substance (or a counterfeit substance) with intent to manufacture, import,
export, distribute, or dispense.
U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, cmt. n.1(B)(iv) (2015) (emphasis added).
A.
Focusing on the “with intent to manufacture . . .” language of the Guidelines,
Walker argues that his Ohio conviction does not qualify as a drug trafficking offense
because the statute requires only that the defendant act knowingly rather than with
specific intent, as he contends is required by the Guidelines. According to Walker, his
1
This section of the Sentencing Guidelines was amended effective November 1,
2016. The present version of § 2L1.2 provides for escalating offense-level enhancements
based on the length of sentence imposed for prior convictions. See U.S.S.G. §
2L1.2(b)(2) (2016).
3
prior conviction qualifies only as a “felony,” which warrants a 4-level enhancement
under § 2L1.2(b)(1)(D). We disagree.
Walker’s argument is based on a misreading of the Guidelines’ definition of a
“drug trafficking offense.” As Walker reads the definition, the “with intent . . .” language
applies to every one of the listed prohibited acts, not just to the act of possession.
Walker thus effectively rewrites the definition of “drug trafficking offense” to read:
an offense under federal, state, or local law that prohibits the manufacture,
import, export, distribution, possession or dispensing of, or offer to sell a
controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) or the possession of a
controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) with intent to manufacture,
import, export, distribute, or dispense.
Of course, we must apply the definition as written, not as Walker wishes it were written.
Given the Guidelines’ repetition of the object of the prohibited acts – “controlled
substance (or a counterfeit substance),” it is clear that “drug trafficking offense”
encompasses two kinds of offenses: (1) offenses involving the manufacturing,
importation, or distribution of controlled (or counterfeit) substances, and (2) offenses
involving possession of controlled (or counterfeit) substances where that possession is for
the specific purpose of engaging in distribution-related activities. See United States v.
Ponce-Rodriguez, 863 F. Supp. 2d 536, 539 (E.D. Va. 2012) (“An offense of conviction
constitutes a ‘drug trafficking offense’ under § 2L1.2 if, and only if, the offense actually
required proof of either (i) ‘the manufacture, import, export, distribution, or dispensing
of, or offer to sell a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance)’ or (ii) ‘the
possession of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) with intent to
manufacture, import, export, distribute, or dispense.’” (quoting U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, cmt.
4
n.1(B)(iv)). This reading of the Guidelines’ definition makes sense, as courts have long
distinguished between mere possession of drugs and trafficking in drugs. See, e.g., Lopez
v. Gonzales, 549 U.S. 47, 53-54 (2006) (noting that “ordinarily ‘trafficking’ means some
sort of commercial dealing,” and rejecting argument that “would often turn simple
possession into trafficking, just what the English language tells us not to expect”); United
States v. Renteria-Martinez, 847 F.3d 297, 300 (5th Cir. 2017) (per curiam) (“Possession
alone does not equate to drug trafficking.”).
We therefore conclude that, under the previous version of § 2L1.2, the specific
“intent to manufacture, import, export, distribute, or dispense” is an element that must be
established only for drug possession offenses. 2 The absence of a specific-intent
requirement in the Ohio statute thus does not prevent Walker’s conviction from
qualifying as a drug trafficking offense under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(i) (2015).
B.
Because the absence of a specific-intent element in the Ohio statute does not
preclude application of the 16-level sentence enhancement, the dispositive question is
2
Although § 2L1.2 does not specify a mens rea for the non-possession offenses
qualifying as drug trafficking, we think it clear that the “knowing” standard reflected in
the Ohio statute is sufficient. As noted above, the Guidelines define “drug trafficking
offense” as an offense under state or federal law prohibiting distribution of controlled
substances. See U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, cmt. n.1(B)(iv) (2015). The federal statute prohibiting
distribution of controlled substances applies to defendants who “knowingly or
intentionally” violate its terms. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(a). If the “knowing” standard used
in the Ohio statute were not sufficient to qualify distribution offenses as “drug trafficking
offenses” under the Guidelines, then § 841 would be overbroad for purposes of the
categorical approach, such that no federal convictions under § 841 would qualify as drug
trafficking offenses under § 2L1.2.
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whether Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2925.03(A)(2) categorically qualifies as a statute
prohibiting “the manufacture, import, export, distribution, or dispensing of, or offer to
sell a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance).” U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, cmt.
n.1(B)(iv) (2015). We believe that question must be answered in the affirmative.
The Ohio statute qualifies as a drug trafficking offense under the categorical
approach only if all of the ways of violating the statute, including the least culpable,
satisfy the Guidelines’ definition of a drug trafficking offense. 3 See, e.g., United States v.
Flores-Granados, 783 F.3d 487, 492 (4th Cir. 2015); United States v. King, 673 F.3d
274, 278 (4th Cir. 2012). As noted above, the statute applies to defendants who
knowingly “prepare for shipment, ship, transport, deliver, prepare for distribution, or
distribute” controlled substances, so long as the defendants do those acts “knowing, or
having reason to know, that the substance is intended for sale.” State v. Cabrales, 886
N.E.2d 181, 188 (Ohio 2008).
In United States v. Karam, 496 F.3d 1157 (10th Cir. 2007), the Tenth Circuit
considered whether a conviction under the same Ohio statute qualified as a “controlled
3
If the various acts listed in Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2925.03(A)(2) were alternate
elements of what amount to separate crimes, the statute would be “divisible,” such that
we could consult a limited universe of documents “to determine what crime, with what
elements, [Walker] was convicted of.” Mathis v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 2243, 2249
(2016). It appears that the acts listed in § 2925.03(A)(2) are various means by which the
single trafficking offense can be committed and that the statute therefore is not divisible.
See State v. Cabrales, 886 N.E.2d 181, 189 (Ohio 2008). Nonetheless, even if the statute
were divisible, the indictment against Walker simply tracks the statutory language and
lists all of the acts mentioned in the statute. The modified categorical approach thus
would be of no assistance in this case.
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substance offense” under the career-offender guideline. See U.S.S.G. § 4B.1.2(b). 4 The
court concluded that all of the acts prohibited by the Ohio statute qualify as
“distribution”:
While the relevant portion of the Ohio statute prohibits conduct
which alone may consist of no more than mere possession, it does so only
“when the offender knows or has reasonable cause to believe the controlled
substance is intended for sale or resale by . . . another.” Ohio Rev. Code
Ann. § 2925.03(A)(2). This language makes clear that the statute prohibits
only acts of distribution and does not extend to the possession of drugs for
personal use. If an individual has knowledge or reasonable cause to believe
drugs are intended for sale by another, the preparation for shipment,
shipment, or transport of those drugs cannot simply involve the possessory
act of one person moving his own drugs, as Karam asserts. Rather, each of
these acts is an integral part of the distribution process and is therefore an
act of distribution in and of itself. Simply because the Ohio statute
prohibits each of the various phases of the distribution process does not
make any one of these intervening acts any less an act of distribution than
the final step in the process.
Karam, 496 F.3d at 1167-68; accord United States v. Fuentes-Oyervides, 541 F.3d 286,
289 (5th Cir. 2008) (per curiam) (“[W]e agree with the Tenth Circuit’s understanding that
an individual who prepares for shipment, ships, transports, delivers, prepares for
distribution, or distributes a controlled substance while he knows or should know that the
substance is intended for sale, commits an act of distribution under the Guidelines.”).
4
The Guidelines’ definition of “controlled substance offense” is substantively
identical to the definition of “drug trafficking offense” at issue here. See U.S.S.G. §
4B.1.2(b) (“‘[C]ontrolled substance offense’ means an offense under federal or state law,
punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, that prohibits the
manufacture, import, export, distribution, or dispensing of a controlled substance (or a
counterfeit substance) or the possession of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit
substance) with intent to manufacture, import, export, distribute, or dispense.”).
7
We agree. Because the Ohio statute requires that the prohibited acts be done with
knowledge of the intended sale, each of the prohibited acts are acts of distribution, not
mere possession. If nothing else, a defendant who packs drugs for shipment knowing that
someone else intends to sell the drugs has at least aided and abetted drug distribution,
which is sufficient to support the enhancement. See U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, cmt n.5 (2015)
(“Prior convictions of offenses counted under subsection (b)(1) include the offenses of
aiding and abetting, conspiring, and attempting, to commit such offenses.”). Convictions
under the Ohio statute therefore categorically qualify as drug trafficking offenses under
the Guidelines.
Walker contends, however, that this court in United States v. Maroquin-Bran, 587
F.3d 214 (4th Cir. 2009), held that transporting drugs -- one of the acts prohibited by the
Ohio statute -- does not qualify as drug trafficking activity under § 2L1.2. We disagree.
At issue in Maroquin-Bran was a conviction under a California statute that
“prohibits two offenses: sale of marijuana and transportation of marijuana.” Maroquin-
Bran, 587 F.3d at 218. Pointing to a California case holding that a defendant could be
convicted under the statute for transporting marijuana for personal use, see People v.
Rogers, 486 P.2d 129 (Ca. 1971), we explained that a transportation conviction “may
not” qualify as a drug trafficking offense because that conviction could be based on a
defendant’s mere possession of marijuana. Maroquin-Bran, 587 F.3d at 218; see Rogers,
486 P.2d at 132 (“Nor can we agree with defendant[] . . . that the offense of illegal
transportation requires a specific intent to transport contraband for the purpose of sale or
distribution, rather than personal use.”).
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Maroquin-Bran therefore did not hold that transportation of a controlled substance
could never qualify as a drug trafficking offense; it simply held that a conviction under
the particular California statute at issue was not categorically a drug trafficking offense
because it could be based on an act of simple possession, rather than possession “with
intent to manufacture, import, export, distribute, or dispense,” as required by the
Guidelines. U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, cmt. n.1(B)(iv). Because the Ohio statute in this case
requires that the defendant have knowledge that the controlled substance is intended for
sale, the statute does not apply to simple possession. Nothing in Maroquin-Bran compels
a different conclusion.
II.
Accordingly, we agree with the district court that Walker’s prior conviction under
Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2925.03(A)(2) categorically qualifies as a “drug trafficking
offense” as defined in U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, cmt. n.1(B)(iv) (2015). Because the district
court properly applied the 16-level enhancement, we affirm Walker’s conviction and
sentence.
AFFIRMED
9