Fuller v. Moore

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
RAYMOND LEE FULLER,
Petitioner-Appellee,
v.
LONNIE M. MOORE, Warden,
Petersburg Federal Correctional
Institute,
Respondent-Appellant.
No. 97-6390
TAMARA BAYLES; SUSAN BOYLE;
SANDRA LEWIS COCKRELL; MARSHA
POORE CRAWFORD; MARLENEDEWYLIA
DUKES; BRETINSA GARY; MANDY
GRIFFIN; MARY KATHLEEN LOBBINS;
KIM LOVVORN; SHARON STRAUS;
MILDRED THOMPSON; LORI TUTTLE,
Amici Curiae.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Richmond.
Robert R. Merhige, Jr., Senior District Judge.
(CA-96-727)
Argued: October 1, 1997
Decided: December 29, 1997
Before RUSSELL and MOTZ, Circuit Judges, and THORNBURG,
United States District Judge for the Western District of
North Carolina, sitting by designation.
_________________________________________________________________
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Joan Elizabeth Evans, Assistant United States Attorney,
Richmond, Virginia, for Appellant. Amy Milton Curtis, BOWEN,
BRYANT, CHAMPLIN & CARR, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: Helen F. Fahey, United States Attorney, Richmond, Vir-
ginia, for Appellant. Thomas P. Collins, ECK, COLLINS & MARS-
TILLER, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee. Tamara Bayles, et al.,
Alderson, West Virginia, Pro Se Amici Curiae.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
This case is before the court on appeal by Respondent-Appellant
Lonnie M. Moore, Warden of FCI Petersburg, Petersburg, Virginia,
from an order entered by the district court granting Petitioner-
Appellee Raymond L. Fuller's petition for a writ of habeas corpus
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(3). In its order, the district court
found that the Bureau of Prison's (BOP) Program Statement 5162.02,
Section 9, is void and that the Petitioner is eligible, in the discretion
of the Bureau of Prisons, for a one-year reduction in his sentence pur-
suant to 18 U.S.C. § 3621(e)(2)(B). This court has jurisdiction pursu-
ant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and reviews the district court's order under
a de novo standard. United States v. Cheek, 94 F.3d 136, 140 (4th Cir.
1996). For the reasons set forth hereafter, we affirm.
In October 1992, Fuller was convicted of one count of conspiracy
to possess with intent to distribute cocaine hydrochloride in violation
of 21 U.S.C. § 846. At sentencing, the district court applied a two-
point guideline enhancement of his offense level pursuant to U.S.S.G.
§ 2D1.1(b)(1)1 because Fuller was arrested at a co-defendant's resi-
_________________________________________________________________
1 U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1), relating to specific offense characteristics,
advises that if a defendant possessed a dangerous weapon, his base
offense level shall be increased by 2 levels.
2
dence where firearms as well as drugs were present. As a result, Ful-
ler was sentenced to 84 months incarceration to be followed by four
years of supervised release.
As part of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act
(VCCLEA), Congress has mandated and extensively funded2 pro-
grams for substance abuse treatment and rehabilitation at federal cor-
rectional facilities. As an incentive to federal prisoners to enroll in
and successfully complete these programs, the statute provides that
The period a prisoner convicted of a nonviolent offense
remains in custody after successfully completing a treatment
program may be reduced by the Bureau of Prisons, but such
reduction may not be more than one year from the term the
prisoner must otherwise serve.
18 U.S.C. § 3621(e)(2)(B) (emphasis added).
While in prison, Fuller successfully completed a 1,000-hour resi-
dential drug treatment program. He then applied for a sentence reduc-
tion pursuant to the statute. Based on the sentencing court's two-level
enhancement for the possession of a firearm, the BOP determined that
Fuller had been convicted of a crime of violence and thus was not eli-
gible for a one-year reduction in his sentence.
At issue is the BOP's interpretation of the term"nonviolent
offense" which is not defined by the statute. The BOP implemented
the sentence reduction provision by promulgating regulations and pro-
gram statements to define the term "nonviolent offense." Section
550.58 of 28 Code of Federal Regulations provides that despite the
successful completion of the treatment program, an inmate will not be
eligible for early release if his "current offense is determined to be a
crime of violence as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)." That statute
defines a "crime of violence" as any offense which is a felony and
which
_________________________________________________________________
2 Twenty million dollars were authorized for appropriation for this pro-
gram in 1997. 18 U.S.C. § 3621(e)(4).
3
(A) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened
use of physical force against the person or property of
another, or
(B) that by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physi-
cal force against the person or property of another may be
used in the course of committing the offense.
18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3). The BOP also promulgated Program Statement
No. 5162.02 which defines the term "nonviolent offense" to exclude
an offense for which the sentencing court enhanced the inmate's
offense level because force was used in the commission of the crime.
Thus, a criminal offense may be a crime of violence depending on the
specific offense characteristics assigned by the sentencing judge.
Moreover, the Statement provides that a conviction for drug posses-
sion may be categorized as a crime of violence if the inmate pos-
sessed a firearm during the commission of the crime because the
presence of a gun substantially increases the risk of force. Id.Appellant argues that when Congress has entrusted a matter to the
discretion of an agency, the courts must defer to the agency's con-
struction of the statute unless that interpretation is in conflict with the
plain language of the statute. However, as recently noted by the Ninth
Circuit, the BOP Program Statements (internal agency guidelines) are
not subject to the "rigors" of the Administrative Procedure Act,
including public notice and comment, and therefore, are only entitled
to "some deference." Downey v. Crabtree , 100 F.3d 662, 666 (9th Cir.
1996) (quoting Reno v. Koray, 115 S. Ct. 2021, 2027 (1995)). More-
over, "[w]hen the Bureau's ``interpretation is . . . in conflict with the
plain language of the statute, deference is [not] due.'" Id. (quoting
Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Boston & Maine Corp. , 503 U.S. 407,
417 (1992)). This court determines that BOP's interpretation made
here is in conflict with the plain language of the statute.3
_________________________________________________________________
3 Appellant also notes that deference should be afforded BOP's inter-
pretation because a related term, "violent offender," is defined by the
VCCLEA as a person convicted of an offense during the course of which
he used or carried a firearm. Thus, it was not an abuse of discretion to
exclude Fuller's crime (which involved a firearm) from a nonviolent
4
Title 18, United States Code, Section 3621 provides that the "pe-
riod a prisoner convicted of a nonviolent offense remains in custody
. . . may be reduced." 18 U.S.C. § 3621 (emphasis added). The statute
is phrased in terms of a conviction of a nonviolent offense. However,
BOP defines that term by reference to the statutory definition of a
"crime of violence." But, Fuller was not convicted of a violation of
18 U.S.C. § 924(c). "In other words, the statute makes clear that it is
impermissible to consider facts other than those that form the basis
for the elements of the offense for which the prisoner was convicted."
Roussos v. Menifee, ___ F.3d ___, 1997 WL 401319 at *3 (3rd Cir.
1997). As noted by the Downey court,
[t]he relevant statute speaks clearly and unambiguously. The
operative word of § 3621(e)(2)(B) is "convicted." Downey
was convicted of a drug-trafficking offense, which is not a
crime of violence. Section 3621(e)(2)(B) addresses the act
of convicting, not sentencing or sentence-enhancement fac-
tors. The Bureau erred by conflating the guilt-determination
(conviction) and sentencing processes.
Downey, 100 F.3d at 668.
This court agrees with the Ninth and Third Circuits that BOP's
interpretation contravenes the language of the statute which refers to
a "convicted" person rather than to the "commission" of an offense.
The Supreme Court has phrased this as the categorical versus factual
approach. In Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575 (1990), the Court
reviewed the provisions of 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) which enhanced the
punishment of a defendant found guilty of being a felon in possession
of a firearm if he had previous convictions for certain crimes. In
determining whether or not the defendant's prior conviction for bur-
glary was a violent felony under the statute, the Court held the sen-
_________________________________________________________________
offense. However, that provision of the Act has been repealed. Davis v.
Crabtree, 109 F.3d 566, 569 (9th Cir. 1997). Moreover, the Supreme
Court in its recent decision of Bailey v. United States, 116 S. Ct. 501(1995), held that in order to be convicted of using a firearm during a drug
trafficking crime, the government must prove the defendant actively
employed the firearm to effectuate the drug offense.
5
tencing court must look only to the fact of conviction and the
definition of the prior offense; i.e., it could not go behind the convic-
tion and look at the facts of the offense. "If Congress had meant to
adopt an approach that would require the sentencing court to engage
in an elaborate factfinding process regarding the defendant's prior
offenses, surely this would have been mentioned somewhere in the
legislative history." Id., at 601. As noted by the Third Circuit,
Roussos, like Downey, has been denied eligibility for sen-
tence reduction under § 3621(e)(2)(B) not because his
offense has been classified as a "crime of violence" under
§ 924(c)(3), but based solely upon the Program Statement
that categorically declares all inmates with two-level sen-
tencing enhancements for firearm possession ineligible. By
ignoring the offense of conviction and looking only to sen-
tencing factors, the BOP has attempted to transmogrify a
"nonviolent offense" into "a crime of violence." In other
words, the BOP converted a nonviolent crime into a violent
one by means of a Program Statement that is inconsistent
with the language of the statute, and its own regulations.
Roussos, supra, at *4. Thus, the interpretation is in conflict with the
language of the statute and no deference is warranted. We thus affirm
the district court's determination that Fuller is eligible for a one-year
reduction in sentence pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3621.
Nonetheless, while the court may declare an inmate's eligibility,
the BOP retains the ultimate discretion regarding whether to grant or
deny eligible inmates a sentence reduction. "The courts may not order
the Bureau to grant such reductions." Downey , 100 F.3d at 671. The
district court's order remanding the case to the BOP for any further
discretionary decisions consistent with these determinations is like-
wise affirmed.
AFFIRMED
6