Rule v. Best Industries Inc

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
NANCY L. RULE,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
BEST INDUSTRIES, INCORPORATED,
No. 96-1624
Defendant-Appellee,
and
ROANOKE MEMORIAL HOSPITAL,
Defendant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Virginia, at Roanoke.
James C. Turk, District Judge.
(CA-92-73-R)
Argued: January 31, 1997
Decided: August 25, 1997
Before HALL and ERVIN, Circuit Judges, and
CLARKE, Senior United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Virginia, sitting by designation.
_________________________________________________________________
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion. Judge Ervin wrote a
dissenting opinion.
_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: David Burton, BURTON & KILGORE, Princeton, West
Virginia, for Appellant. Jeffery Scott Sexton, GENTRY, LOCKE,
RAKES & MOORE, Roanoke, Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF:
Debra Kilgore, BURTON & KILGORE, Princeton, West Virginia;
Mark S. Hicks, Dublin, Virginia, for Appellant. Leisa Kube Ciaffone,
GENTRY, LOCKE, RAKES & MOORE, Roanoke, Virginia, for
Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Nancy Rule appeals an order of the district court granting summary
judgment to the defendant in Rule's product liability suit. We affirm.
I.
In the fall of 1989, plaintiff Nancy Rule was diagnosed with squa-
mous cell carcinoma of the cervix. She was referred to the Cancer
Center of Southwest Virginia in Roanoke for radiation therapy. Dr.
Robert Heath was her lead physician there.
After 25 sessions of external radiation, Dr. Heath decided to use a
"cesium implant" in the uterus to apply radiation internally. Two
attempts to place the implant using a "tandem" were unsuccessful.
Dr. Heath, along with Drs. Patton Saul and Thomas Stoecker, then
decided to use a device Dr. Heath had learned about at the University
of North Carolina, a type of thin catheter called a"Flexineedle."
Defendant Best Industries, Inc., manufactures the Flexineedle that Dr.
Heath ordered. The hospital's physicist, Joseph Surace, procured the
Flexineedle from Best.
A Flexineedle has a needle-like metal core (called the obturator)
surrounded by a thin plastic catheter. The purpose of the obturator is
2
to make the Flexineedle rigid during placement. Once the catheter is
in place -- a fact usually verified by ultrasonography -- the obturator
is withdrawn and the catheter is filled with the prescribed medication.
It can then be left inside the patient for several weeks.
The procedure was performed on January 29, 1990, by Dr. Heath
with the assistance of Drs. Stoecker and Saul. None of the doctors
read the instructions or warnings that Best enclosed with the Flexi-
needle. Rule is obese, and Dr. Heath had trouble seeing the Flexi-
needle on the ultrasound machine. The doctors decided to remove the
obturator and fill the catheter with saline. They hoped that this strata-
gem would allow them to see the catheter and to wiggle and jiggle it
into place.
These things were done, and, unknown to the doctors, they had
manipulated the catheter into a curved position. Rather than withdraw
the catheter and start over, Dr. Heath reinserted the obturator. When
the metal needle encountered the curved inner surface of the fragile
catheter, it simply sawed the catheter off. Nine and one-half centime-
ters of the tubing were lost inside Rule's abdomen. The doctors were
unable to find it.
The wayward catheter soon caused Rule great abdominal discom-
fort. She eventually had to have a radical hysterectomy and resections
of her urinary tract. During this surgery, the catheter was found in her
bladder. She has since lost her right kidney.
Under Virginia law, claims of medical malpractice may be referred
to an administrative "medical review panel" by the accused health
care provider, and, if so referred, they are not cognizable in court until
the review concludes. Va. Code § 8.01 581.2. Rule's claims against
the doctors went this administrative route. However, out of fear that
the statute of limitations on any claims against Best or the hospital
might run while the medical review panel deliberated, she filed a sep-
arate action against them in district court. Jurisdiction was based on
diversity of citizenship. The hospital moved to dismiss the claims
against it, arguing that they, too, were subject to the state administra-
tive review procedure. The district court agreed and granted the hos-
pital's motion.
3
After discovery, Best moved for summary judgment. The district
court initially denied the motion, but granted it on Best's motion for
reconsideration.1
Rule appeals.
II.
The substantive law of Virginia applies in this diversity case. We
review a summary judgment de novo; consequently, we apply the
same standard as did the district court -- whether the plaintiff has
presented sufficient evidence that a reasonable trier of fact could
return a verdict for her. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.
242, 252 (1986). The plaintiff's evidence must be assumed to be true,
and any disputed issues resolved in her favor, but it must nonetheless
be of such quantity and character that crediting it would be rational.
See Sylvia Development Corp. v. Calvert County, 48 F.3d 810, 817-
818 (4th Cir. 1995).
Rule's theory is not that the Flexineedle was itself defective in
either design or manufacture. Instead, she asserts that the actions of
the doctors were a foreseeable and dangerous misuse of the product,
and Best therefore had a duty to warn against such misuse. See Logan
v. Montgomery Ward & Co., 216 Va. 425, 219 S.E.2d 685, 687
(1975).
This theory faces several hurdles. First of all, several experts testi-
fied, and none said otherwise, that reinsertion of the obturator into a
fragile catheter is more or less absurd. For example, Dr. Margaret
Barnes, who was an expert retained by Rule to testify against the doc-
tors, stated, "I believe that it is not unreasonable to expect any
modern-day physician who has ever started an IV to be familiar with
that risk [breaking the catheter with a needle]." Because Best sold the
Flexineedles only to medical professionals --"learned intermedi-
_________________________________________________________________
1 While this suit was pending below, the medical review panel com-
pleted its work, and Rule filed a separate suit against the doctors and hos-
pital. She moved to consolidate the cases; the district court denied the
motion. She challenges this ruling on appeal, but, because we affirm the
summary judgment for Best, the issue is moot.
4
aries" -- it is entitled to assume that these professionals have a certain
modicum of basic medical knowledge. See Pfizer, Inc. v. Jones, 221
Va. 681, 272 S.E.2d 43, 44-45 (1980).
No one, not even plaintiff's expert Dr. Mahesh Varia,2 testified that
removing the obturator and then reinserting it is acceptable medical
practice. Rule points to portions of Dr. Varia's testimony in which he
calls Dr. Heath's use of the product "reasonable," but it is quite clear
from the rest of his testimony that he meant only that it is reasonable
to use the Flexineedle in a deep body cavity. Indeed, on cross-
examination, Varia was asked whether it would be a deviation from
the standard of care to remove the obturator from the Flexineedle
before it was properly placed, to which he replied,"Yes, I think that
you want to leave the [obturator] in until you position the catheter."
In a later affidavit, Dr. Varia stated, among other things:
It is common knowledge among medical professionals
using Flexineedles or similar catheters that withdrawal of an
obturator and reinsertion while the Flexineedle is in body
tissue could potentially cause the Flexineedles to crack or
break.
The only other evidence arguably in Rule's favor is the testimony
of the doctors who performed the procedure and Surace (who is not
a physician) to the effect that they were "surprised" that the needle
broke. But Rule admitted in interrogatories that these physicians acted
negligently; she cannot simultaneously rely on their negligent "sur-
prise" to posit that the product was being reasonably used.
The second problem with Rule's failure-to-warn theory is its very
premise. Though there is no specific "warning" about removing and
reinserting the obturator while the device is inside the body,3 the
Flexineedle's instructions state that "obturators are left in place until
the time each is afterloaded with the appropriate radioactive source."
_________________________________________________________________
2 Dr. Varia is Associate Chairman of the Department of Radiation
Oncology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
3 There is a warning that the needle tips can break if they encounter
bone or other hard tissue, which would, at the very least, call any physi-
cian's attention to their fragility.
5
Thus, though there is no warning against the particular misuse here,
there is a clear instruction of proper use that, if followed, would elimi-
nate the possibility of such misuse. We believe that, especially inas-
much as the user is a professional, this "warning" is sufficient.
Finally, as the district court noted, Dr. Heath did not even read the
materials provided by Best. He had used the Flexineedles before and
had observed their use by others. He was confident that he knew what
he was doing. It would not have mattered what Best's warnings said,
and the alleged lack of warning was not a proximate cause of Rule's
injury.4
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
AFFIRMED
ERVIN, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
Because I believe the majority misconstrues the nature of Nancy
Rule's complaint and otherwise misapplies the standards for granting
summary judgment, I respectfully dissent.
I.
Virginia products liability law is not extensively developed, but its
general precepts are relatively clear. A manufacturer is not an insurer
of its product's safety. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Watson,
413 S.E.2d 630, 634 (Va. 1992). It therefore need not supply an
accident-proof product. Turner v. Manning, Maxwell & Moore, Inc.,
217 S.E.2d 863, 868 (Va. 1975). When a cause of action depends
upon a defect in the product, the manufacturer must satisfy essentially
the same standard of safety whether the theory of liability be labeled
_________________________________________________________________
4 Rule does attempt to lay part of the blame for the doctors' failure to
read Best's Flexineedle literature at Best's doorstep. Her expert witness,
W. Patrick McVay, opined that it is "conceivable" for Best to provide the
Flexineedle instructions and warnings in a "breather bag" that could be
available in the operating room should a physician desire to consult
them. This opinion is precisely the sort of conjecture that we held insuffi-
cient to prevent summary judgment in Sylvia Development Corp.
6
warranty or negligence. Logan v. Montgomery Ward & Co., 219
S.E.2d 685, 687 (Va. 1975).
The product must be fit for the ordinary purposes for which
it is to be used. . . . Under either the warranty theory or the
negligence theory the plaintiff must show, (1) that the goods
were unreasonably dangerous either for the use to which
they would ordinarily be put or for some other reasonably
foreseeable purpose, and (2) that the unreasonably danger-
ous condition existed when the goods left the defendant's
hands.
Id. (citations omitted).
A cause of action may also be predicated upon a failure to warn or
inadequate warnings. However, a manufacturer possesses a duty to
warn only if it knows or has reason to know--but not "should know"
--that its product is dangerous. Watson, 413 S.E.2d at 634-35. Liabil-
ity will be extended to the manufacturer in these circumstances if it
(a) knows or has reason to know that the chattel is or is
likely to be dangerous for the use for which it is supplied,
and
(b) has no reason to believe that those for whose use the
chattel is supplied will realize its dangerous condition, and
(c) fails to exercise reasonable care to inform them of its
dangerous condition or of the facts which make it likely to
be dangerous.
Featherall v. Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., 252 S.E.2d 358, 366
(Va. 1979) (quoting and adopting Restatement (Second) of Torts
§ 388). There is no duty to warn "when the product is used in an
unlikely, unexpected or unforeseeable manner." Id. at 367 (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Layne-Atlantic Co. v.
Koppers Co., 201 S.E.2d 609, 614 (Va. 1974).
A.
Although the majority contends that Rule only alleges a cause of
action for breach of the duty to warn, and not for a defective product,
7
see slip op. at 4, Rule's complaint plainly states a cause of action
under a defective product theory, see J.A. at 6, and the district court
expressly stated that she was proceeding on both theories, see J.A. at
27. I consider first, then, Rule's claim that the Flexineedle was defec-
tive.
Although there is little Virginia case law to support it, we have pre-
viously stated:
In determining what constitutes an unreasonably danger-
ous defect, a court will consider safety standards promul-
gated by the government or the relevant industry, as well as
the reasonable expectations of consumers. Consumer expec-
tations, which may differ from government or industry stan-
dards, can be established through evidence of actual
industry practice, . . . published literature, and from direct
evidence of what reasonable purchasers considered defec-
tive.
Alevromagiros v. Hechinger Co., 993 F.2d 417, 420-21 (4th Cir.
1993) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing and quoting Sexton
v. Bell Helmets, Inc., 926 F.2d 331, 337 (4th Cir.) (applying Kentucky
law), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 820 (1991)). The district court relied
upon this formulation in determining that Rule had failed to rebut
Best's affidavits establishing that reasonable physicians, the appropri-
ate consumer group in this case, would not have expected that the
obturator could be reinserted into the catheter while the catheter
remained in the body. See J.A. at 31-34.
In particular, Best points to the deposition testimony or affidavits
of a number of medical specialists. Dr. Margaret Barnes, a radiation
oncologist and expert for Rule, stated:
You really should never pull the plastic catheter back
against the metal trochar, whether it's a sharp needle or a
blunt metal trochar because shearing can occur.
And I believe that it is not unreasonable to expect any
modern day physician who [has] ever started an IV to be
familiar with that risk.
8
J.A. at 199. Dr. Mahesh Varia, a radiation oncologist who testified on
Heath's behalf at the medical review board hearing, later stated in an
affidavit on behalf of Best:
It is common knowledge among medical professionals using
Flexineedles or similar catheters that withdrawal of an obtu-
rator and reinsertion while the Flexineedle is in body tissue
could potentially cause the Flexineedle[ ] to crack or break.
J.A. at 397. Best also presented the affidavits of two other radiation
oncologists, Dr. Dattatreyudu Nori and Dr. Silvio Aristizabal, to simi-
lar effect. See J.A. at 402, 407.
The district court found these statements dispositive: "Rule has not
come forward with any expert testimony to counteract Best's evi-
dence." J.A. at 33. The majority agrees, although somehow in the
context of Rule's duty to warn theory. See slip op. at 4-5. However,
the district court, and apparently the majority as well, has miscon-
strued the burden placed on Rule to oppose Best's motion for sum-
mary judgment and improperly rejected or ignored her countervailing
evidence. Since Best relied upon supporting affidavits in its Rule
56(c) motion, Rule 56(e) merely requires that Rule not rely solely on
her pleadings. As the Supreme Court made clear in Celotex:
. . . Rule 56(e) therefore requires the nonmoving party to go
beyond the pleadings and by her own affidavits, or by the
"depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on
file," designate "specific facts showing that there is a genu-
ine issue for trial."
We do not mean that the nonmoving party must produce
evidence in a form that would be admissible at trial in order
to avoid summary judgment. Obviously Rule 56 does not
require the nonmoving party to depose her own witnesses.
Rule 56(e) permits a proper summary judgment motion to
be opposed by any of the kinds of evidentiary materials
listed in Rule 56(c), except the mere pleadings themselves,
and it is from this list that one would normally expect the
nonmoving party to make the showing to which we have
referred.
9
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986) (quoting Fed. R.
Civ. P. 56(e)).
Rule did go beyond her pleadings. She presented the testimony of
Dr. Varia, who had testified on behalf of Heath at the medical review
board hearing and stated in the following colloquy:
Q. [In] the circumstances in this case[,] after they started
the process of trying to place the interstitial needle and the
ultrasonographer [Stoecker] requested that they remove the
st[y]let and inject some saline in in order to see if he could
better visualize it, was that a reasonable thing to do under
the circumstances at that time?
[Varia]: I think that that was a very good thought under
the circumstances. There was a lot of difficulty with the
placement of the catheter. That would help to visualize the
catheter.
J.A. at 342. The district court entirely rejected this testimony of Varia,
relying instead on Varia's newly filed affidavit on behalf of Best. See
J.A. at 33. The majority ignores the fact that this testimony of Varia
came on redirect examination, after the cross-examination to which
the majority refers, and was specifically pointed at what Varia had
just said during that cross-examination. See slip op. at 5. While
Varia's credibility is certainly in question, as the nonmoving party
Rule is entitled to the inference that the jury would believe Varia's
first statement and not his second. See Ross v. Communications Satel-
lite Corp., 759 F.2d 355, 364 (4th Cir. 1985).
The district court also rejected the various statements of Heath,
Saul, and Stoecker to the effect that they were"surprised" when the
catheter was severed by the obturator, as does the majority, see slip
op. at 5, the district court labeling them as "conclusory," J.A. at 33.
Moreover, the district court refused to accept the evidence at all, rul-
ing that "when [Rule] questions the propriety of her physicians'
actions herself, she certainly cannot come before this court and claim
that those same doctors can testify regarding what reasonable con-
sumers would expect the consequences of their actions to be." J.A. at
34 (emphasis in original). The majority uses nearly the same words.
10
See slip op. at 5. However, it is certainly not inconsistent for Rule to
claim both that her physicians' misuse of the Flexineedle was negli-
gent and that that misuse was reasonably foreseeable by Best. Fur-
thermore, there certainly seems to be a genuine dispute as to a
material issue created by Barnes's statement that"it is not unreason-
able to expect any modern day physician who [has] ever started an IV
to be familiar with th[e] risk [of shearing]" and the joint decision of
three medical specialists--modern day physicians all--to withdraw
the obturator and then reinsert it while the catheter remained within
the body. Are we to believe that three totally unreasonable physicians
just happened to be jointly performing a medical procedure on Rule?
That three such specialists were "surprised" hardly seems conclusory
but rather is probative of Rule's claim that their misuse of the device
was reasonably foreseeable.
Finally, the district court ignored altogether in this context the
report of Rule's biomedical device expert, W. Patrick McVay.
Although his report did deal specifically with the issue of adequate
warnings, his analysis found that
[s]ince the failure of the product may have been associated
with retracting and replacing the obturator while the needle
is located within tissue, the "Flexi-Needle" product labeling
contained no warning statement against withdrawing and
reinserting the obturator once the needle penetrates skin or
tissue. This type of misuse is inherent to the device since
plastic materials are flexible, can kink and, therefore, be
possibly torn or transected by the obturator tip if it should
be replaced blindly.
J.A. at 42 (emphasis added).
Plainly, Rule opposed Best's motion for summary judgment with
evidentiary material going beyond her pleadings. Taken together, the
material amounts to the "specific facts" that three medical specialists,
faced with the difficulty of visualizing the device via ultrasound,
jointly embarked on a course that appeared to them at the time to be
"a very good thought under the circumstances" but which nevertheless
constituted a "misuse . . . inherent to the device." A de novo review
thus plainly reveals that Rule has "set forth specific facts showing
11
there is a genuine issue for trial." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e). The district
court therefore improperly granted Best summary judgment on the
ground that Rule's physicians' misuse of the Flexineedle was not rea-
sonably foreseeable. I believe this court should reverse the district
court's order on her defect claim and remand for further proceedings.
B.
Rule's inadequate warnings claim is somewhat more problematic.
As the district court properly noted, the plaintiff must show not only
a breach of a duty to warn but also that the breach was a proximate
cause of the injury. See J.A. at 35; see also Butler v. Navistar Int'l
Transp. Corp., 809 F. Supp. 1202, 1208 (W.D. Va. 1991) (stating that
even if there were a breach of a duty to warn, "plaintiff cannot
recover unless she established this breach as the proximate cause" of
the injury); Beale v. Jones, 171 S.E.2d 851, 853 (Va. 1970) (discuss-
ing nature of proximate cause). The district court ruled that because
Rule's physicians never even read, let alone relied on, the warnings
that were given by Best, this failure to read was a superseding cause
that vitiates any negligence on Best's part. See J.A. at 35-36; see also
Johnson v. Niagara Mach. & Tool Works, 666 F.2d 1223, 1225 (8th
Cir. 1981) (stating that "an issue as to the adequacy of a warning nec-
essarily presupposes that the operator has read the warning"). The
majority agrees with this conclusion. See slip op. at 6.
Rule argues that her claim is not merely that Best failed to provide
adequate warnings but that Best failed to provide adequate warnings
that would reasonably be expected to reach the end-user physician.
See Br. of Appellant at 23. To this end, Rule points to the following
statement of her biomedical device expert McVay:
It has been the practice in the medical device industry to
print labeling requirements as stated above either on an
insert included inside the primary package of each device or
onto a package panel or label attached to the primary pack-
age. In the "Flexi-Needle" product it is conceivable to pro-
vide a "breather bag" with the information listed on the
Tyvek side of the pouch so that this information was readily
available for the user to read if he so chooses[,] or alterna-
tively, an insert would be placed inside the pouch along with
12
the product if the label copy was too long for the space
available. If proper labeling was available, the physician
would have had an opportunity to refresh his knowledge of
the product before attempting to use the "Flexi-Needle"
product.
J.A. at 42. The district court appears to ignore this statement and this
aspect of Rule's claim altogether.
In this case it is necessary to balance Heath's testimony that he did
not read any of the instructions or warnings that Best did provide,*
see J.A. at 268, with the fact that the Flexineedle used here showed
up in the operating room sterilized and ready for use sans all packag-
ing. The question thus seems to be whether Best had a duty to provide
its warnings on the side of a breather bag that a physician could
examine in the operating room or whether a physician has an affirma-
tive duty, prior to entering the operating room, to seek out instructions
and warnings on the products he may use in the procedure. It is diffi-
cult to see how this issue could be resolved on Best's motion for sum-
mary judgment. The case relied upon by the district court to support
its ruling that the failure to read was a superseding cause, Panousos
v. Allen, 425 S.E.2d 496 (Va. 1993), in effect establishes the contrary.
In Panousos, the Virginia Supreme Court rejected three arguments
that a superseding cause instruction should have been given to the
jury, differentiating between intervening and superseding causes as
follows:
There may, of course, be more than one proximate cause of
an event. And not every intervening cause is a superseding
cause. In order to relieve a defendant of liability for his neg-
ligence, negligence intervening between the defendant's
negligence and the injury must so entirely supersede the
operation of the defendant's negligence, that it alone,
_________________________________________________________________
*The district court twice states that none of the three doctors had read
the warnings Best provided. See J.A. at 35-36. However, I could only
find in the record a statement from Heath that he had not read the warn-
ings and nothing from Saul or Stoecker on the matter. Thus, there may
still be a genuine issue as to whether Saul and Stoecker did read the
warnings, a point which the majority ignores.
13
without the defendant's [negligence contributing] thereto in
the slightest degree, produces the injury.
Id. at 499 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted) (emphasis
added). Because it cannot be said in this posture that Best's failure to
provide adequate warnings that could reasonably have been expected
to reach the physician did not in the slightest degree cause Rule's
injury, the district court's determination that proximate cause could
not be established as a matter of law is incorrect. A de novo review
shows that there remains a genuine issue as to whether Best breached
a duty to get its warnings to Rule's physicians, warnings which the
district court already indicated presented a material question as to
their adequacy, see J.A. at 35. I believe this court should thus reverse
the district court's order on this claim and remand for further proceed-
ings.
II.
Finally, there remains the district court's denial of Rule's motion
to consolidate this action against Best with her action against her
treating physicians. The majority does not reach this issue because of
its disposition. See slip op. at 4 n.1. I believe that the district court's
ruling on this issue should be reversed as well.
It is true that the district court possesses broad discretion as to
whether to order consolidation under Rule 42(a). See A/S J. Ludwig
Mowinckles Rederi v. Tidewater Constr. Corp., 559 F.2d 928, 933
(4th Cir. 1977). In this case, the district court stated only, "For the
reasons given during the hearing on this motion, the court is of the
opinion that consolidation is inappropriate." J.A. at 19. We, however,
have no indication as to what those reasons were. As we have recently
indicated, it is hard to review for abuse the exercise of a court's dis-
cretion when the reasons are nowhere apparent. See Steinke v. Beach
Bungee, Inc., 105 F.3d 192, 197 (4th Cir. 1997).
Probative case law in this area is non-existent. Because I believe
that the grant of summary judgment was improper as to both of Rule's
claims, in these circumstances I think we should find it appropriate
to consider either (1) vacating the order denying the consolidation
motion and instructing the district court to provide reasons for its
14
decision or (2) reversing the lower court and instructing it to consoli-
date. And of these two possibilities, the latter is preferable in this
instance. The facts of this case practically scream res ipsa loquitur.
Whether the physicians were negligent in their use of the Flexineedle
or Best provided a defective product or failed to adequately warn or
both, clearly someone was at fault in Rule's injury. Unfortunately, it
is too easy to imagine a jury in the Best case deciding it was the phy-
sicians' fault and a jury in the physicians' case deciding the blame
should lie with the company. A single jury, however, could hardly fail
to find fault somewhere or apportion fault among these defendants.
Rule is surely correct that she is being put to a double burden in terms
of costs, time, and efficiency or further delay in prosecuting the same
basic facts simultaneously. See Reply Br. of Appellant at 7. This is
a burden not of her making but purely one that is a quirk of Virginia's
Medical Malpractice Act which forced her to file two separate actions
to avoid the instant case being barred by the statute of limitations.
Rule 42(a) contemplates consolidation precisely to avoid unnecessary
costs or delay when actions involve common questions of law or fact.
In these circumstances, I think Rule's actions should be consolidated:
Let the physicians and Best fight out their liability in one trial.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, I believe that Rule has shown that genu-
ine issues of material fact remain, that summary judgment was
improvidently granted, and that Rule's case against Best should be
consolidated with her case against the physicians. Because the major-
ity has misapplied the burdens of a summary judgment motion and
drawn the inferences in favor of the moving party, instead of the non-
moving party, I must dissent.
15